石墨烯/钴镍双氢氧化物复合材料的制备及其超电容特性

采用氧化石墨(GO)还原法制备石墨烯(GNS),以氨水为沉淀剂,在石墨烯存在的情况下,通过Co²⁺和Ni²⁺化学共沉积的方法合成了石墨烯/钴镍双氢氧化物复合电极材料,采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、比表面积测试(BET)等技术手段表征了产物的组成、结构和形貌,用循环伏安、恒电流充放电等测试方法对复合材料的电化学性能进行了研究。 研究发现,石墨烯纳米片均匀分散在钴镍双氢氧化物中,改善了钴镍双氢氧化物的传导性和结构稳定性。 电化学测试表明,在1 A/g的电流密度下,复合材料比电容高达2770 F/g,且循环500次后,比电容仍能保持93.4%,呈示该复合材料具有优异的电化学性能。     

酸性黄25插层水滑石薄膜的制备及其性能研究

采用原位生长法在铝片基底表面制备了ZnAl-NO3-LDHs水滑石薄膜,以其为前驱体,在弱酸性条件下通过离子交换反应将酸性黄25阴离子插层至ZnAl-LDHs/Al薄膜层间,制备了酸性黄25插层水滑石薄膜,并采用XRD、SEM、FTIR、TG-DTA、UV-Vis和色差计等手段对薄膜进行了表征。XRD和FTIR表征结果表明,酸性黄25阴离子成功地插层到了水滑石薄膜层间,ZnAl-LDHs的层间距由0.87 nm增加到2.96 nm,NO3-阴离子在1 384 cm-1处的特征吸收峰消失,同时出现了酸性黄25阴离子的特征吸收峰。SEM照片显示,水滑石晶片主要以c轴平行于铝片基底生长。TG-DTA分析、UV-Vis分析、色差分析和紫外光老化结果表明,插层后酸性黄25阴离子的耐热性和耐光性均得到了提高。     

镁铝双金属氢氧化物及氧化物去除硫离子(S2-)性能及其机理研究

利用层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)层间阴离子的可交换性及其结构记忆效应，研究了氯离子插层镁铝双金属氢氧化物(MgAl-Cl-LDHs)及镁铝双金属氧化物(MgAl-LDO)去除S^2-的性能及机理。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP)等表征技术，详细探讨了焙烧复原法及离子交换法得到的不同产物的结构和去除S^2-性能，提出了MgAl-Cl-LDHs和MgAl-LDO对S^2-的不同去除机理。结果表明，MgAl-LDO具有较MgAl-Cl-LDHs更为优良的去除S^2-性能。文中所有去除实验的pH值均为9，此时S^2-发生水解且主要以HS-存在于溶液中。采用MgAl-Cl-LDHs为前体时，HS^-的离子交换能力比Cl^-弱，不能通过与Cl^-交换进入层间，S^2-的去除机理主要是表面吸附HS^-及将其氧化成S₂O₃^2-。以MgAl-LDO为前体时，HS^-通过LDO结构恢复能迅速进入层间，且受MgAl-LDO的催化氧化性能的影响，在结构恢复的同时HS-被氧化成S₂O₃^2-、S^2-和S^3-，可以高效去除溶液中的S^2-。n_Mg/n_Al比为2的LDHs在500 ℃下焙烧的产物MgAl-LDO对S^2-的去除率能够达到98%以上，以MgAl-LDO去除S^2-的方法可作为一种高效除S^2-的方法。     

层状双金属氢氧化物及复合材料对放射性元素铀的吸附及机理研究

随着核工业的快速发展，大量放射性元素铀被排放到环境中，造成严重的环境污染并给人类健康带来重大危害.层状双金属氢氧化物（LDHs）因其具有比表面积大、离子交换能力强以及独特的纳米结构等优点，在铀酰离子的去除及环境水污染处理方面展现出巨大潜力.同时，将层状双金属氢氧化物进行改性可大大增加活性位点，进一步提高材料对放射性元素铀的吸附性能.详细介绍了层状双金属氢氧化物及复合材料的制备及改性方法，通过光谱分析技术阐述了层状双金属氢氧化物对环境中铀酰离子的吸附效果以及作用机理.最后，对层状双金属氢氧化物在治理水污染中的应用前景给出个人见解，以期为今后的环境治理工作的深入研究和实际应用提供参考依据.     

Effect of Electrolytes and Polymers on the Thixotropy of Mg‐Al‐Layered Double Hydroxides/Kaolinite Dispersions

The effect of electrolytes (NaCl and CaCl₂) and polymers (CPAM and HPAM) on the thixotropy of Mg‐Al‐layered double hydroxide (LDHs)/kaolinite dispersions has been investigated. It was observed that the type of thixotropy in LDH/kaolinite dispersions may be affected by NaCl, but not by CaCl₂ in range of concentration of interest. The type of thixotropy in LDH/kaolinite dispersion with R=0 transformed from positive thixotropy to complex thixotropy and at last positive thixotropy again with the concentration of NaCl in range of 0.00–0.10 mol·L⁻¹; the type of thixotropy in LDHs/kaolinite dispersions with R=0.25 transformed from complex thixotropy to positive thixotropy and then complex thixotropy again with the concentration of NaCl in range of 0.00–0.10 mol·L⁻¹. The type of thixotropy in LDH/kaolinite dispersion with R=0 may be not affected by cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM); but the LDHs/kaolinite dispersions with R=0.25 transformed from complex thixotropy to positive thixotropy with the both polymers concentration in range of interest, which indicated that the microstructure of the dispersion changed from weak folc sediments structure to steric network structure.     

Fe3O4/MAl水滑石(M=Zn、Co、Ni)复合物光催化降解亚甲基蓝的性能、动力学与机理

基于低成本、无毒害、光吸收性强的四氧化三铁（Fe₃O₄）和大比表面、高稳定性的水滑石（LDHs）,制备了Fe₃O₄@MAl-LDHs （M=Zn、Co、Ni）复合物并用于典型偶氮染料亚甲基蓝的光催化降解。通过X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、紫外可见（UV-Vis）吸收光谱、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）以及N₂吸附-脱附测试表征了复合材料的组成与结构。光催化实验表明,最佳反应条件为催化剂用量50 mg、光照强度500 W、pH=9、反应温度40℃,此时,Fe₃O₄@MAl-LDHs复合材料对亚甲基蓝的降解率从LDHs的23.2%大幅提升到87.0%。LDHs对亚甲基蓝的降解主要来自·OH,而Fe₃O₄@CoAl-LDHs光降解活性的贡献主要由·OH和空穴提供。此外,LDHs和Fe₃O₄@CoAl-LDHs的电化学性质也存在较大差异。     

锌铝水滑石对亚甲基蓝光催化降解性能

采用共沉淀法制备了物质的量的比为3∶1的锌铝水滑石(Zn3Al-LDHs),并用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和热重-差热(TG-DTA)等技术对催化剂的结构和性质进行表征。考察了不同催化剂投入量、光照时间等因素对锌铝水滑石降解亚甲基蓝(Methylene Blue)的影响,找到了最佳的催化剂用量为150～200 mg,光照时间为120 min。在最佳实验条件下,光照180 min后亚甲基蓝的特征峰消失,发色基团破坏,其降解率达到了95%左右。此外,通过探讨光催化过程动力学及降解机理,表明该降解反应符合一级反应动力学模型。     

Comparative Study of Mg/M(III) (M=Al, Ga, In) Layered Double Hydroxides Obtained by Coprecipitation and the Sol-Gel Method

Various layered double hydroxides (LDHs) consisting of magnesium and a trivalent metal (Al, Ga or In) in an Mg/M(III) ratio of 3 were prepared by precipitation from the corresponding nitrates and also from magnesium ethoxide and the acetylacetonates of the trivalent metals using the sol-gel method. The six LDHs thus obtained were calcined at 500°C. All solids were characterized by XRD and IR spectroscopy prior to and after calcination. Their textural properties were determined from nitrogen adsorption measurements and their surface chemical properties by CO₂ chemisorption.     

酸性湖蓝7在LDO上吸附性能及机理的研究

探讨了Mg/Al＝3的水滑石焙烧产物(MgAl-LDO)对染料酸性湖蓝7(AB7)的吸附性能及其机理. 考察了不同因素对MgAl-LDO吸附AB7性能的影响, 并研究了吸附过程的热力学机理. 实验结果表明: MgAl-LDO对AB7具有优异的吸附性能, 在288 K, pH＝6.74条件下, 0.33 g·L^-1 MgAl-LDO对150 mg·L^-1AB7溶液的吸附容量和去除率分别达到446.9 mg·g^-1和99.31%. 热力学研究表明: MgAl-LDO对AB7的吸附过程同时符合Langmuir 和 Freundlich等温吸附方程, 并且是个放热、自发的过程. 计算所得的吉布斯自由能绝对值在8～10 kJ·mol^-1, 这主要是由染料分子与水滑石层板的氢键作用产生, 结合Materials Studio 5.5软件模拟AB7染料分子在MgAl-LDHs上的排列分布, 推测MgAl-LDO对AB7的吸附机理是表面吸附作用. 同时, 经4次回收, LDO对AB7的去除率仍达到85%以上.     

Synthesis and Characterization of [Zn‐Al] Layered Double Hydroxides: Effect of the Operating Parameters

In this study, [Zn‐Al] layered double hydroxides (LDHs ) were prepared using the coprecipitation method at constant pH . The synthesis parameters (including the aging time, synthesis pH , nature of the alkali, concentration of metallic salts, and the cationic molar ratio R = Zn/Al) were varied in order to elucidate their effect on the properties of the obtained materials. Different characterization techniques, namely X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis‐differential thermogravimetry, transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, inductively coupled plasma, and photoluminescence, were used in this study. It was found that obtaining well‐crystallized LDHs requires (i) an aging time of 24 h and (ii) a synthesis pH value in the range 8–12. Our results also show that the concentration of the cationic metallic salts has no influence on the structural properties of the LDHs . The use of NH₄OH as alkali for adjusting the pH value during the synthesis favors the formation of nitrated LDH phases while NaOH gives rise to carbonated ones. Moreover, it was found that irrespective of the molar cationic ratio used (between 1 and 5), [Zn‐Al] LDHs could be obtained. The sample synthesized at R = 2 exhibited the best crystallinity.     

层状LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料的合成及电化学性能研究

采用液相法在800 ℃空气中烧结20 h合成出层状LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂正极材料。通过XRD、IR、SEM、XPS和电化学性能测试考察了产物的组成、结构、形貌及电化学性能。结果表明，所合成的LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3O₂为六方单相，层状结构发育完善；产物呈球形且粒度小，分布窄，平均粒径为0.3 μm。以1 mA·cm^-2的电流密度，在2.7～4.3 V区间进行充放电测试，前4周的充放电比容量分别为168/160 mAh·g^-1、169/162 mAh·g^-1、165/160 mAh·g^-1、163/158 mAh·g^-1，循环性能优良。循环伏安实验表明，该材料在3.9 V附近出现了一对对称性好的氧化还原峰。     

Amine‐Assisted Syntheses of Carbonate‐Free and Highly Crystalline Nitrate‐Containing Zn‐Al Layered Double Hydroxides

Zn‐Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs), with nitrate as the charge balancing anion in the interlayer space, were synthesized by precipitation from homogeneous solution containing different amines [e.g., hexamethylenetetraamine (HMTA), diethylenediamine (DEDA), trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylamine (DMA)]. The applied method does not require nitrogen atmosphere. The solution pH and concentration of different amines were varied in order to identify the controlling parameters and whether nitrate or carbonate are the interlayer anion. Particularly, the addition of amines turns out to be an effective tool for the synthesis of nitrate containing Zn‐Al LDHs independent from the nitrogen atmosphere. The structure, textural, composition, and morphological properties were investigated using the powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FT‐IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analyses showed that the samples had high crystallinity and purity. The NO₃‐ZnAl LDHs samples show that LDH sheets are predominantly smooth textured and the thickness of LDH sheets are found to be around 23 nm. The results also indicate that this method successfully produces a NO₃^– form Zn‐Al LDH that is almost identical to the one synthesized by conventional methods.     

Sm0.5Sr0.5Co1−xNixO3−δ—A Novel Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Reactions

The development of non-precious metal catalysts with excellent bifunctional activities is significant for air–metal batteries. ABO₃-type perovskite oxides can improve their catalytic activity and electronic conductivity by doping transition metal elements at B sites. Here, we develop a novel Sm_0.5Sr_0.5Co_1−xNi_xO_3−δ (SSCN) nanofiber-structured electrocatalyst. In 0.1 M KOH electrolyte solution, Sm_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Ni_0.2O_3−δ (SSCN82) with the optimal Co: Ni molar ratio exhibits good electrocatalytic activity for OER/ORR, affording a low onset potential of 1.39 V, a slight Tafel slope of 123.8 mV dec⁻¹, and a current density of 6.01 mA cm⁻² at 1.8 V, and the ORR reaction process was four-electron reaction pathway. Combining the morphological characteristic of SSCN nanofibers with the synergistic effect of cobalt and nickel with a suitable molar ratio is beneficial to improving the catalytic activity of SSCN perovskite oxides. SSCN82 exhibits good bi-functional catalytic performance and electrochemical double-layer capacitance.     

电解Co-Ni-Mn合金制备LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3正极材料

由Co-Ni-Mn合金出发，采用电解方法合成了含3种过渡金属元素的前驱物，再利用该前驱物制备了锂离子二次电池正极材料LiCo_1/3Ni_1/3Mn_1/3。XRD测试结果表明通过该方法制备的正极材料具有较好的层状结构，SEM测试则显示材料由规则形状的1 μm左右颗粒组成。通过XPS实验证明Co、Ni、Mn 3种过渡金属元素在该材料中的价态分别为+3，+2，+4。采用循环伏安法对材料的电化学行为进行了研究，表明该材料具有较好的充放电可逆性。该材料在150 mA·g^-1电流下经过50周的恒电流充放循环后容量仍能保持在160 mAh·g^-1。     

Mo3S132− Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide: Highly Selective Removal of Heavy Metals and Simultaneous Reduction of Ag+ Ions to Metallic Ag0 Ribbons

We demonstrate a new material by intercalating Mo₃S₁₃^2? into Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (abbr. Mo₃S₁₃-LDH), exhibiting excellent capture capability for toxic Hg²⁺ and noble metal silver (Ag). The as-prepared Mo₃S₁₃-LDH displays ultra-high selectivity of Ag⁺, Hg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ in the presence of various competitive ions, with the order of Ag⁺>Hg²⁺>Cu²⁺>Pb²⁺≥Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺. For Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺, extremely fast adsorption rates (≈90 % within 10 min, >99 % in 1 h) are observed. Much high selectivity is present for Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺, especially for trace amounts of Ag⁺ (≈1 ppm), achieving a large separation factor (SF_Ag/Cu) of ≈8000 at the large Cu/Ag ratio of 520. The overwhelming adsorption capacities for Ag⁺ (q_m^Ag=1073 mg g^?1) and Hg²⁺ (q_m^Hg=594 mg g^?1) place the Mo₃S₁₃-LDH at the top of performing sorbent materials. Most importantly, Mo₃S₁₃-LDH captures Ag⁺ via two paths: a) formation of Ag₂S due to Ag-S complexation and precipitation, and b) reduction of Ag⁺ to metallic silver (Ag⁰). The Mo₃S₁₃-LDH is a promising material to extract low-grade silver from copper-rich minerals and trap highly toxic Hg²⁺ from polluted water.     

Improvement of high-voltage cycling behavior of Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cathodes by Mg, Cr, and Al substitution

To improve the electrochemical properties of Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ at high charge end voltage (4.6 V), a series of the mixed transition metal compounds, Li(Ni_1/3Co_{1/3 − x} Mn_1/3M _x )O₂ (M = Mg, Cr, Al; x = 0.05), were synthesized via hydroxide coprecipitation method. The effects of doping Mg, Cr, and Al on the structure and the electrochemical performances of Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂ were compared by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The XRD results show that all the samples keep layered structures with R3m space group as the Li[Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3]O₂. SEM images show that all the compounds have spherical shapes and the Cr-doped sample has the largest particle size. Furthermore, galvanostatic charge–discharge tests confirm that the Cr-doped electrode shows improved cycling performance than the undoped material. The capacity retention of Li(Ni_1/3Co_{1/3 − 0.05}Mn_1/3Cr_0.05)O₂ is 97% during 50 cycles at 2.8∼4.6 V. The improved cycling performance at high voltage can be attributed to the larger particle size and the prevention of charge transfer resistance (R _ct) increase during cycling.     

空气中合成固溶体荧光粉Ba_2(Zn,Mg)Si_2O_7∶Eu~(2+),Eu~(3+),Ce~(3+)及其发光特性

采用高温固相法在空气中合成了Ba1.97-yZn1-xMgxSi2O7∶0.03Eu,y Ce3+系列荧光粉。分别采用X-射线衍射和荧光光谱对所合成荧光粉的物相和发光性质进行了表征。在紫外光330~360 nm激发下,固溶体荧光粉Ba1.97-yZn1-xMgxSi2O7∶0.03Eu的发射光谱在350~725 nm范围内呈现多谱峰发射,360和500 nm处有强的宽带发射属于Eu2+离子的4f 65d1-4f 7跃迁,590~725 nm红光区窄带谱源于Eu3+的5D0-7FJ(J=1,2,3,4)跃迁,这表明,在空气气氛中,部分Eu3+在Ba1.97-yZn1-xMgxSi2O7基质中被还原成了Eu2+;当x=0.1时,荧光粉Ba1.97Zn0.9Mg0.1Si2O7∶0.03Eu的绿色发光最强,表明Eu3+被还原成Eu2+离子的程度最大。当共掺入Ce3+离子后,形成Ba1.97-yZn0.9Mg0.1Si2O7∶0.03Eu,y Ce3+荧光粉体系,其发光随着Ce3+离子浓度的增大由蓝绿区经白光区到达橙红区;发现名义组成为Ba1.96Zn0.9Mg0.1Si2O7∶0.03Eu,0.01Ce3+的荧光粉的色坐标为(0.323,0.311),接近理想白光,是一种有潜在应用价值的白光荧光粉。讨论了稀土离子在Ba2Zn0.9Mg0.1Si2O7基质中的能量传递与发光机理。     

Trivalent Cation Substitution Effect into Layered Double Hydroxides Co2Fey Al1−y(OH)6Cl·nH2O: Study of the Local Order: Ionic Conductivity and Magnetic Properties

A series of layered double hydroxide materials of composition Co₂Fe_yAl_1−y(OH)₆Cl·nH₂O (0≤y≤1) was prepared via chimie douce. The crystalline parameter related to the cation to cation distance obeys the expected variation, showing that the substitution is effective over the entire range. Local order around Co and Fe cations is studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Moduli of the Fourier transform at the Fe K-edge are superimposable, in agreement with an ordered model, although present in small domains since no superlattice is depicted. The ionic resistivity of the samples is highly dependent on the water molecule content. The conductivity is found to be thermally assisted, and the variation of the slope in the Arrhenius diagram is explained by a Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher-type behavior. Magnetic susceptibility measurements support the proposed cation composition and indicate the onset of local magnetic order at low temperature (below 10 K). The inter-sheet distance influences the magnetic response at low temperature, showing the presence of weak interactions between lamellae.     

Sr3Al2O6∶Eu2+红色发光纳米晶的新型形貌与发光性能的研究

A red luminescent Sr₃Al₂O₆∶Eu²⁺ nanocrystallites with new morphology were synthesized by sol-gel route assisted by microwave irradiation. The phosphor powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD)， scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results reveal that the calcination temperature of the Sr₃Al₂O₆∶Eu²⁺ phosphor crystallites greatly affects its morphology. With temperature increasing， the phosphor crystallites morphology showed primarily from nanorod-like， mixture of nanorod and flower-like to homogeneous flower-like morphology. The effects of new morphology on luminescent properties of phosphors were investigated. Uniformly dispersed flower-like Sr₃Al₂O₆∶Eu²⁺ phosphor powders showed the strongest luminescent intensity and the longest afterglow time.     

负载PtSn金属助剂的镁铝水滑石上的丙烷脱氢反应研究

我们研究了以镁铝水滑石作为载体,利用水滑石层间阴离子的可交换性,负载活性金属铂和锡的丙烷脱氢反应.在镁铝水滑石载体中加入Ga能够影响丙烷脱氢活性,当镓的含量为1%时催化剂丙烷脱氢反应活性最高,反应初始时,丙烷转化率为46.5%,反应2 h后,丙烷转化率仍有37.5%.当以Mg(Ga)(Al)O-1%为载体时,考察了不同H_2/C_3H_8摩尔比对丙烷脱氢活性的影响,结果表明当H_2/C_3H_8摩尔比为0.5∶1时,丙烷脱氢反应具有最佳的反应活性,即当在原料气中加入H_2时,能够使得丙烷脱氢的转化率大幅度提升,且选择性也有所提升.烷烃脱氢是一个吸热反应,同时考察了温度对烷烃脱氢反应性能影响,结果表明温度越高,丙烷脱氢反应具有更高的转化率.对催化剂进行长时间寿命实验考察,发现当反应经过40 h后,丙烷的转化率仍有23.5%,说明Pt Sn-Mg(Ga)(Al)O-1%催化剂具有较好的稳定性.