Electric field and force on a conducting sphere in contact with a dielectric solid

This paper presents the analysis of electric field and force on a conducting sphere lying on a dielectric solid under a uniform field. To achieve high accuracy, we have applied the analytical method of successively placing three infinite sequences of point and dipole charges (zero- or first-order multipoles). The electric field is highest at the contact point, called the triple junction, where the conductor, the dielectric solid, and the surrounding medium (gas or vacuum) meet together. Both the contact-point field and the force increase with the permittivity ratio of the solid to that of the surrounding medium. The resulting force always attracts the sphere to the solid, in contrast to the repulsive force in the case of a conducting sphere lying on a plane conductor under an external field. We have given very simple formulae for approximating the contact-point field and the force which agree with the precise values within a difference of 3% for permittivity ratios up to 32 and 64, respectively.     

不同工质中汽泡周围电场特性研究

为探明外加电场作用下,不同工质对强化沸腾换热的影响,本文采用了FC-72、R11、R113和R123四种工质,定量研究了两相系统中汽泡周围电场分布特性,探讨了工质介电常数对汽泡的作用规律．结果表明:随着工质介电常数的增加,电场非均匀性增强,电场对汽泡的作用加剧．这为不同工质对EHD沸腾强化效果不同提供了理论依据．     

System of two dielectric cylinders involving charge sources: I. Calculation of the electric field

The electric field of two dielectric straight circular cylinders containing line charges on their axes is investigated. The cylindrical bodies in question are parallel and touch each other from the exterior. They have different dielectric permittivities, charges, and radii. Also, they are surrounded by an arbitrary dielectric medium. An analytic solution to the respective boundary-value problem is given, and the most important particular cases are analyzed. Special features of the electric field in the region around the contact of the dielectric cylinders are studied versus the permittivity of the material used and the relationship between electric charges.     

Enhancement and inversion of an alternating-current electric field in a finely dispersed dielectric

It has been found that a sinusoidal electric field is enhanced by a factor of more than 10³ in two plane-parallel layers of different dielectrics placed between plates of a parallel-plate capacitor. The implementation of the enhancement of the electric field requires that the following two conditions should be satisfied: (1) one of the two layers should consist of finely dispersed dielectric particles with ionized donor centers formed on their surface and free electrons in their bulk, and (2) the dielectric permittivity of the powder should have a negative value. It has also been found that, in the powder layer, the enhancement of the electric field occurs simultaneously with its inversion.     

高功率微波作用下介质窗表面电子运动2维仿真

建立了真空中高功率微波作用下介质窗表面电子运动2维仿真模型,充分考虑了微波电磁场及介质表面静电场等影响因素。通过对不同电子出射初始角度和微波场参数(电场幅值、频率及电子出射时电场相位)对电子运动状态影响的仿真分析,得到了二次电子倍增过程中电子在复合场下的运动轨迹、电子重新返回介质表面的撞击能量及返回时间等状态参数,获得了电子运动状态参数随电子出射角度和微波场参数的变化规律。研究发现:电子出射角度对其运动状态有显著影响,电子存在运动轨迹最大的某一出射角度,该角度下电子拥有最大的撞击能量;微波电场幅值的增加将使电子撞击能量增加,返回时间减小,微波电场相位的变化使电子的撞击能量和返回时间呈周期振荡,这从本质上解释了电子数量在二次电子倍增过程中以微波频率两倍周期振荡的原因;随着微波频率的增加电子将由简单的类抛物线运动转变为复杂的振荡运动。     

Microwave measurement of the permittivity of ferroelectric films by electrodeless and coplanar waveguide methods

Ferroelectric films on dielectric substrates prepared by reactive rf sputtering have been studied. The temperature and external electric field dependencies of the permittivity of the films are deduced. It is shown that deposition of metallic electrodes onto the surface of the film leads to an increase in the permittivity and to an enhancement of the dependency of on temperature and the external electric field. The observed effects may be explained by the formation of an electrode-film interface layer.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 8–12, April, 1990.     

电场作用下的气泡受力分析

本文在蠕动流近似的基础上分析计算了具有不同介电常数工质的气泡在外电场力作用下的受力状况。计算结果表明电场力的水平分力使气泡沿场强方向伸长,并且液体和气体相对介电常数之比越大的工质所受的电场力越大。从而,沸腾换热过程中外加电场对液体和气体相对介电常数比值较大的工质能够产生更大的影响。     

A model for the dependence of the dielectric loss factor of a ferroelectric on the microwave signal amplitude

The nonlinear phenomena occurring in ferroelectrics were studied using a model for the dependence of the ferroelectric polarization on the amplitude of the applied field. The inclusion of the static internal defect field made it possible to determine the dependence of the complex permittivity of a ferroelectric on the dc electric field strength. The dependences of the complex permittivity and the dielectric loss factor on the amplitude of microwave oscillations were obtained using the Poynting theorem for harmonic microwave oscillations.     

Enhancement of electron density in the interaction of high-power electromagnetic waves with inhomogeneous magnetized plasma

Propagation characteristics of a high-power electromagnetic wave through an inhomogeneous magnetized plasma is investigated. Considering the momentum transfer equations for electrons and ions and taking into account the ponderomotive force, the distribution of electron density and dielectric permittivity are obtained. Using non-linear dielectric permittivity and Maxwell's equations in the absence of external current and charge densities, non-linear wave equations are achieved. The results indicate that the external static magnetic field can modify the profiles of both the electric and magnetic fields. It is also shown that the external static magnetic field enhances the amplitude of the electron density and the non-linear dielectric permittivity.     

用一维光子带隙结构增强硫化镉双光子吸收研究

用真空镀膜方法制备了含有单个CdS缺陷层的具有不同周期和结构参量的TiO2／SiO2一维光子晶体。用抽运一探测技术研究了CdS缺陷层的双光子吸收（TPA）现象。实验结果表明：一维光子晶体中CdS缺陷层的双光子吸收显著增强。不同周期和结构参量的一维光子晶体中CdS缺陷层的双光子吸收系数不同。双光子吸收的增强来源于由光局域化导致的缺陷层的电场强度的增加。缺陷层电场强度与一维光子晶体的结构有关,如周期,光子带隙的位置与宽度及缺陷模式等因素都会影响缺陷层电场强度。采用四分之一波长的高低折射率介质层和与入射波长匹配的缺陷模可以得到最大的缺陷层电场强度。     

Dielectric tensor elements for the description of waves in rotating inhomogeneous magnetized plasma spheroids

The dielectric permittivity tensor elements of a rotating cold collisionless plasma spheroid in an external magnetic field with toroidal and axial components are obtained. The effects of inhomogeneity in the densities of charged particles and the initial toroidal velocity on the dielectric permittivity tensor and field equations are investigated. The field components in terms of their toroidal components are calculated and it is shown that the toroidal components of the electric and magnetic fields are coupled by two differential equations. The influence of thermal and collisional effects on the dielectric tensor and field equations in the rotating plasma spheroid are also investigated. In the limiting spherical case, the dielectric tensor of a stationary magnetized collisionless cold plasma sphere is presented.     

A study of the microwave dielectric permittivity of liquid crystals in electric and magnetic fields

A microwave detector based on a self-sustained oscillator circuit is proposed as a means to investigate the real and imaginary components of the dielectric permittivity of liquid crystals in external electric and magnetic fields. Results are given for measurements of a 500 MHz oscillator frequency for two types of nematic crystals, 5CBP and MBBA. Fundamental regularities are identified in the behavior of the microwave dielectric permittivity of samples in electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that the minimum of the high-frequency dielectric loss in liquid crystals correspond to a situation in which the long axes of the molecules are oriented parallel to the direction of the microwave electric field. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 117–121 (January 1998)     

Field emission properties of electrophoretic deposition carbon nanotubes film

The field emission properties of electrophoretic deposition(EPD) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) film have been improved by depositing CNTs onto the titanium (Ti)-coated Si substrate, followed by vacuum annealing at 900 °C for 2 h, and the enhanced emission mechanism has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Field emission measurements showed that the threshold electric field was decreased and the emission current stability was improved compared to that of EPD CNTs film on bare Si substrate. XRD and Raman spectroscopy investigations revealed that vacuum annealing treatment not only decreased the structural defects of CNTs but made a titanium carbide interfacial layer formed between CNTs and substrate. The field emission enhancement could be attributed to the improved graphitization of CNTs and the improved contact properties between CNTs and substrate including electrical conductivity and adhesive strength due to the formed conductive titanium carbide.     

Non‐linear absorption of an intense laser pulse propagating in wiggler‐assisted underdense collisional plasma

In this article, the propagation of an intense laser pulse through underdense collisional plasma in the presence of planar magnetostatic wiggler is studied. It is shown that the electron density distribution, in the presence of planar wiggler with increasing of the normalized plasma length, increases initially and then reaches a peak for different values of wiggler amplitudes. In addition, it is found that the existence of wiggler field leads to an increase in the electron density distribution and subsequently enhancement of electric field. Moreover, it is observed that by increasing the wiggler field, as a result of the increase of the electron density distribution, the dielectric permittivity constant is reduced. It is seen that while wiggler magnetic field was applied appropriately, the total absorption coefficient in the underdense collisional isothermal magnetized plasma improves. In fact, increase of wiggler magnetic field causes the enhancement of the total absorption coefficient of plasma medium.     

铁电相变中极化与介电性的随机场效应

基于随机场Ising模型描述的有序无序相变中偶极子在电场作用下的反转运动, 研究了有序无序相变过程中电场与极化强度的关系. 认为tanh(x) 的函数关系与位移型二阶铁电相变极化强度随电场变化的实验结果完全相同. 由此得出基本结论: 偶极子的集体转向造成了极化强度的增大并等同于内电场的增加. 通过区分光学模和偶极子对介电隔离率的贡献, 考虑偶极子极化对介电常数复数形式的频率色散关系, 发现从高斯分布的居里温度可以导出二阶铁电相变过程中介电常数与温度和频率的色散关系. 关键词： 铁电相变 极化强度 随机场     

Theoretical model for thin ferroelectric films and the multilayer structures based on them

A modified Weiss mean-field theory is used to study the dependence of the properties of a thin ferroelectric film on its thickness. The possibility of introducing gradient terms into the thermodynamic potential is analyzed using the calculus of variations. An integral equation is introduced to generalize the well-known Langevin equation to the case of the boundaries of a ferroelectric. An analysis of this equation leads to the existence of a transition layer at the interface between ferroelectrics or a ferroelectric and a dielectric. The permittivity of this layer is shown to depend on the electric field direction even if the ferroelectrics in contact are homogeneous. The results obtained in terms of the Weiss model are compared with the results of the models based on the correlation effect and the presence of a dielectric layer at the boundary of a ferroelectric and with experimental data.     

导电炭黑／硅橡胶复合材料介电常数与压应力的关系

以填充了导电炭黑的导电硅橡胶和绝缘硅橡胶为主体材料,分别采用质量比1：9;3：7配比进行混炼、制备,研究了压力下复合材料的介电特性．实验结果表明：在恒压下样品介电常数实部ε’随外加电场频率的增加而减小;在恒压、同频率时导电硅胶含量大的样品介电常数大;在同频率时,增大压应力,样品介电常数实部ε’都会增加,导电硅胶含量大,增幅大．     

The giant dielectric tunability effect in bulk La2NiMnO6 around room temperature

The effect of applied dc bias electric field on dielectric permittivity in bulk La₂NiMnO₆ is investigated in this paper. It is found that a small bias field of 40 V/cm can greatly reduce the dielectric permittivity around the room temperature, compared to the much larger electric field that is required for conventional ferroelectric materials. The observed giant dielectric tunability is retained over a broad range of around room temperature and is most likely related to the charge ordering of Ni²⁺ and Mn⁴⁺ ions, further confirming the existence of electronic ferroelectricity in La₂NiMnO₆.     

细导线阵列产生负等效介电常数的简单推导

根据周期性细导线阵列结构的等效电路模型,从电介质材料的本构关系出发,推导出细导线阵列结构的等效介电常数的表达式,并从电场强度与电极化强度之间的相位关系,说明在特定的入射电磁波频段,它的等效介电常数为负.