高活性铜催化剂无受体乙醇催化脱氢制乙醛研究

相较于Wacker工艺进行乙醛工业化生产,发展多相催化体系实现乙醇直接无氧催化脱氢制乙醛和副产氢气,从生产工艺和经济价值方面无疑是一条更加安全高效的路线.在此,我们发展了一种高效、稳固的Cu/SiO₂催化剂,用于乙醇的无受体催化脱氢.通过氨蒸发法制备得到高度分散的Cu颗粒,在没有任何平衡气体的纯乙醇进料条件下,显示出超强的热稳定性.活性组分Cu和载体SiO₂之间的强相互作用,使其具有优异的催化性能.通过反应条件优化,在250℃下实现了较高的乙醇转化率(>40%)和乙醛选择性(>95%),且催化剂在固定床连续反应过程中可稳定运行超过400 h.     

氯化钙在乙醇氧化制乙醛实验中的应用

应用氯化钙与乙醇形成的结晶醇在加热条件下释放出乙醇的性质,作为乙醇氧化成乙醛实验中乙醇蒸气的固体载体,增加实验操作的方便性,同时节约了乙醇;将乙醛生成和检验实验同步进行,解决了演示实验时间长和教材实验依靠闻乙醛气味的不可靠性。     

纳米Ce1—xMnxO2催化剂上乙醇催化氧化发光研究

研究了纳米Ce_1—xMn_xO₂上乙醇催化氧化发光特性, 重点考察了反应温度和催化剂组成(Ce/Mn比)对发光强度的影响规律. 为研究催化发光机理, 在相近的反应条件下考察了纳米Ce_1—xMn_xO₂上乙醇催化氧化反应的活性和选择性. 结果表明: 催化发光强度与催化反应中生成CH₃CHO的产率有很好的顺变关系, 表明CH₃CHO是导致C₂H₅OH分子在纳米Ce_1—xMn_xO₂催化剂上氧化发光的“活性分子”.     

肝醇脱氢酶催化乙醇氧化生成乙醛反应机理的理论研究

 采用 B3LYP 方法研究了肝醇脱氢酶催化烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸氧化乙醇生成乙醛的反应机理. 优化得到了反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物的几何构型, 并计算了在蛋白质或水环境下有或没有肝醇脱氢酶时的反应势垒. 结果表明, 没有催化剂时, 乙醇负离子的形成及其被氧化生成乙醛的反应势垒都很高, 常温下反应难以进行; 当肝醇脱氢酶存在时, 乙醇负离子可以与肝醇脱氢酶中的 Zn2+配位形成络合物, 从而极大地降低了这两步的反应势垒, 使得反应在常温下容易进行.     

微波合成Pt/WC催化剂及其对甲醇的电催化性能

分别采用微波加热乙二醇还原法(MW)和浸渍还原法(IR)制备以碳化钨(WC)为载体的Pt/WC催化剂, 并分别标记为: MW-Pt/WC及IR-Pt/WC. 用XRD、SEM对两种方法制备的复合材料的结构与形貌进行表征. 循环伏安测试结果表明MW-Pt/WC催化剂在酸性条件下的甲醇氧化性能比IR-Pt/WC催化剂更优, 表现在同一电位下MW-Pt/WC催化剂具有更高的电流且其氧化起始电位负移约30 mV, 还具有更大的电化学比表面积. 此外计时电流法实验结果表明MW-Pt/WC催化剂的稳定性高于IR-Pt/WC催化剂.     

制备方法对ZnO-ZrO2催化剂上乙醇转化制异丁烯反应的影响

采用恒pH值共沉淀法和非恒pH值共沉淀法制备了ZnO-ZrO₂混合氧化物催化剂,考察了制备方法对乙醇转化制异丁烯反应的影响,并用低温N₂吸附、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、NH₃程序升温脱附和CO₂程序升温脱附对催化剂进行了表征。研究结果表明,相比于非恒pH值共沉淀法制备的ZnO-ZrO₂,恒pH值共沉淀法制备的ZnO-ZrO₂具有较高的比表面积,更多的酸量和碱量,从而表现出更好的乙醇转化制异丁烯催化性能。在450℃和乙醇质量空速0.2 h^-1的反应条件下,两种催化剂的乙醇转化率均为100%,恒pH值共沉淀法制备的催化剂的异丁烯得率为54.9%,明显高于非恒pH值共沉淀法制备的催化剂（45.7%）,并且稳定性也是前者明显高于后者。     

制备方法对ZnO-ZrO2催化剂上乙醇转化制异丁烯反应的影响

采用恒p H值共沉淀法和非恒p H值共沉淀法制备了Zn O-Zr O2混合氧化物催化剂,考察了制备方法对乙醇转化制异丁烯反应的影响,并用低温N2吸附、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、NH3程序升温脱附和CO2程序升温脱附对催化剂进行了表征。研究结果表明,相比于非恒p H值共沉淀法制备的Zn O-Zr O2,恒p H值共沉淀法制备的Zn O-Zr O2具有较高的比表面积,更多的酸量和碱量,从而表现出更好的乙醇转化制异丁烯催化性能。在450℃和乙醇质量空速0.2 h-1的反应条件下,两种催化剂的乙醇转化率均为100%,恒p H值共沉淀法制备的催化剂的异丁烯得率为54.9%,明显高于非恒p H值共沉淀法制备的催化剂(45.7%),并且稳定性也是前者明显高于后者。     

微波辐射对TiO2制备及其光催化氧化乙醛性能的影响

采用微波辐射与常规加热法由TiO₂溶胶制备出TiO₂催化剂，采用高频低功率微波-光催化装置考察了微波对两种催化剂上CH₃CHO光催化氧化转化率和产物分布的影响。结果表明，微波干燥制备的TiO₂晶体比普通加热制备的TiO₂晶体对乙醛有更高的光催化活性和更强的氧化能力，且它们对乙醛光催化氧化的途径不同，前者的初始中间体为甲醛和甲酸，后者的初始中间体却为乙酸。还发现，微波辐射对两种样品上乙醛的光催化转化率有不同的影响，对微波辐射法所制样品的影响比对常规加热法所制样品的影响显著。微波辐射通过场效应可加速光催化初始中间体的转化，但它不改变光催化反应的途径，反应途径取决于光催化剂的特性。     

Methane Conversion Over Sr2+/La2O3 Catalyst Modified with Nickel and Copper

Methane transformation over Ni and Cu modified Sr²⁺/La₂O₃ catalysts has been studied. These species favor formation of reducible mixed oxides and change the surface reactivity of the Sr²⁺/La₂O₃ system, modifying the reaction mechanism, since Sr²⁺/La₂O₃ favors methane oxidative coupling but with copper methane combustion is favored and nickel favors partial oxidation.     

Magnetically Induced Continuous CO2 Hydrogenation Using Composite Iron Carbide Nanoparticles of Exceptionally High Heating Power

The use of magnetic nanoparticles to convert electromagnetic energy into heat is known to be a key strategy for numerous biomedical applications but is also an approach of growing interest in the field of catalysis. The heating efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles is limited by the poor magnetic properties of most of them. Here we show that the new generation of iron carbide nanoparticles of controlled size and with over 80 % crystalline Fe_2.2C leads to exceptional heating properties, which are much better than the heating properties of currently available nanoparticles. Associated to catalytic metals (Ni, Ru), iron carbide nanoparticles submitted to magnetic excitation very efficiently catalyze CO₂ hydrogenation in a dedicated continuous‐flow reactor. Hence, we demonstrate that the concept of magnetically induced heterogeneous catalysis can be successfully applied to methanation of CO₂ and represents an approach of strategic interest in the context of intermittent energy storage and CO₂ recovery.     

Additive-Free,Robust H2 Production from H2O and DMF by Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by Cu/Cu2O Formed In Situ

Hydrogen production from organic/inorganic hydrides is a promising strategy for the development of novel clean energy resources to replace fossil fuels and satisfy ever-increasing energy demands. Most current processes involve small flammable chemicals and are catalyzed by noble metals in basic media with the release of the greenhouse gas CO₂. Herein, we describe an alternative pathway for highly efficient and robust H₂ production through a dehydrogenation reaction between water and N,N-dimethylformamide catalyzed by Cu/Cu₂O catalysts formed in situ. The catalysts exhibit high and robust activity for H₂ production. Importantly, the formation of H₂ as the sole gas and the valuable by-product N,N-dimethylaminoformic acid make this process clean and valuable with 100 % atom economy.     

Au Nanoparticles Modified with Pt,Ru and SnO2 as Electrocatalysts for Ethanol Oxidation Reaction in Acids

The anodic reaction in direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) faces challenges, such as incomplete electrooxidation of ethanol and high cost of the most efficient electrocatalyst, Pt in acidic media at low temperature. In this study, core‐shell electrocatalysts with an Au core and Pt‐based shell (Au@Pt) are developed. The Au core size and Pt shell thickness play an important role in the EOR activity. The Au size of 2.8 nm and one layer of Pt provide the most optimized performance, having 6 times higher peak current density in contrast to commercial Pt/C. SnO₂ as a support also enhances the EOR activity of Au@Pt by 1.73 times. Further modifying the Pt shell with Ru atoms achieve the highest EOR current density that is 15 and 2.5 times of Pt/C and Au@Pt. Our results suggest the importance of surface modification in rational design of advanced electrocatalysts.     

Selective Hydrogenation of CO2 to Ethanol over Cobalt Catalysts

Methods for the hydrogenation of CO₂ into valuable chemicals are in great demand but their development is still challenging. Herein, we report the selective hydrogenation of CO₂ into ethanol over non‐noble cobalt catalysts (CoAlO_x), presenting a significant advance for the conversion of CO₂ into ethanol as the major product. By adjusting the composition of the catalysts through the use of different prereduction temperatures, the efficiency of CO₂ to ethanol hydrogenation was optimized; the catalyst reduced at 600 ° gave an ethanol selectivity of 92.1 % at 140 °C with an ethanol time yield of 0.444 mmol g^?1 h^?1. Operando FT‐IR spectroscopy revealed that the high ethanol selectivity over the CoAlO_x catalyst might be due to the formation of acetate from formate by insertion of *CH_x, a key intermediate in the production of ethanol by CO₂ hydrogenation.     

Pt/WC/TiO2催化剂的制备及其电催化性能研究

以TiO2为载体制备了Pt/WC/TiO2三元复合催化剂,并由XRD、SEM和TEM等表征催化剂样品的形貌和结构特征.用循环伏安法测定了三元复合催化剂在酸性条件下对甲醇氧化的电催化性能,并将其与二元复合催化剂Pt/TiO2和Pt/WC的电催化性能进行比较.结果表明：三元复合催化剂具有更好的催化活性.进一步研究了二氧化钛晶相对Pt/WC/TiO2催化剂电催化活性的影响.     

介孔结构空心球状WC粉体催化剂的制备与表征

以偏钨酸铵为钨源, CO为还原性气体和碳源, 采用喷雾干燥微球化处理—气固反应法制备了具有介孔结构空心球状的WC粉体. 采用XRD, SEM, EDS和TG-DTA等分析手段对样品的形貌、物相组成、化学成分以及在空气中的热稳定性进行了表征. 结果表明, 碳化钨粉体为缺碳含氧的WC相, 化学成分为W, C, O, W与C的原子比接近1∶1; 碳化钨颗粒为分散性良好的空心球状, 表面具有介孔结构; TG-DTA曲线表明, 样品在空气中具有良好的热稳定性.     

Highly Efficient and Selective Oxidation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde by a Hybrid Photocatalyst Consisting of SnO2 Nanorod and Rutile TiO2 with Heteroepitaxial Junction

Single-crystal SnO₂ nanorods were grown on rutile TiO₂ with a heteroepitaxial relation of SnO₂{001}/TiO₂{001} (SnO₂-NR#TiO₂) by a hydrothermal reaction. Resulting compressive lattice strain in the SnO₂-NR near the interface induces a continuous increase in the a-axis length extending over 60 nm to relax towards the [001] direction from the root to the tip. UV-light irradiation of the robust SnO₂-NR#TiO₂ stably progresses the selective oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde with an external quantum yield of 25.6 % at excitation wavelength (λ_ex)=365 nm under ambient temperature and pressure. Spectroscopic analyses and density functional theory simulation results suggested that the extremely high photocatalytic activity stems from the smooth interfacial electron transfer from TiO₂ to SnO₂-NR through the high-quality junction and subsequent efficient charge separation due to the lattice strain-induced unidirectional potential gradient of the conduction band minimum in the SnO₂-NR.     

Direct and Selective Production of Propene from Bio‐Ethanol on Sc‐Loaded In2O3 Catalysts

Propene, one of key building blocks for manufacturing plastics and chemicals, could be directly and stably produced from ethanol in good yields. The conversion degree of ethanol to propene reached approximately 60 mol % by using a 3 atom % scandium‐loaded indium oxide catalyst at 823 K in the presence of water and hydrogen. The introduction of Sc prevented the reduction of In₂O₃ to In metal during the reaction, and that of water decreased the coke formation. Both additions resulted in longer lifetimes of the catalysts. The hydrogen addition increased the conversion of acetone to propene. The reaction pathways are also suggested on the basis of the product distributions and the pulse experiments, ethanol→acetaldehyde→acetone→propene, which is quite different from the shape‐selective catalysis on zeolites and the dimerization‐metathesis of ethene on nickel ion‐loaded silica catalysts.     

铜酞菁的微波辐照法合成

在微波辐照条件下，对铜酞菁的合成进行了研究。考察了辐照时间、尿素和氯化亚铜的用量、催化剂的种类及用量对铜酞菁产率的影响。发现在高功率微波辐照条件下，采用间歇辐照方式，以苯酐质量3％的钼酸铵为催化剂，mol苯酐：mol尿素：mol氯化亚铜＝1：5：0.20-0.23，累计辐照630s，产率最高。若以氧化钼为催化剂，产率随其用量的增加而增加，并逐步趋向平稳，但催化效果不如钼酸铵。在相同原料配比条件下，微波法的产率比用常规的加热方法（200℃）高、反应时间短。两种方法所得产物的晶型经X－射线粉末衍射分析均是β型为主，经浓硫酸精制转变为α型。     

介孔空心球状WC微球结构与晶相形成机理

采用喷雾干燥微球化处理-气固反应法制备了介孔空心球状WC微球，应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对微球的形貌变化进行了表征。结果表明，介孔空心球状结构是逐步形成的。其中，空心球状结构形成于前驱体微球化处理过程中，介孔结构形成于空心微球还原碳化过程中。在与样品制备工艺条件相同的情况下，采用原位X射线衍射技术(in situ XRD)对样品的晶相演变规律进行了监测。结果表明，样品在CO/CO₂气氛中进行还原碳化时，当温度缓慢而连续上升到750 ℃时，其晶相变化遵循AMT → WO₃ → WO₂ → W₂C → WC规律;当采用“阶跃式”升温，即温度缓慢而连续上升到400 ℃，然后再快速上升到750 ℃，并在750 ℃下进行还原碳化时，其晶相变化规律为AMT → WO₃ → WO₂ → WC。这说明，样品的晶相演变不仅与还原碳化温度和时间有关，而且与升温方式和升温速率有关。