锕系单分子磁体研究进展

单分子磁体是一类由单个分子组成的磁性材料,其磁性起源于单个分子的磁矩,有望在超高密度存储、量子计算机、自旋电子学等领域得到应用.由于锕系元素极大的旋轨耦合效应及5f轨道的延展性,锕系单分子磁体越来越受到人们的关注,期待未来磁学性能甚至能超越过渡及镧系金属.然而,目前对于锕系单分子磁体的弛豫机理及慢磁行为的影响因素仍尚未明确.本综述总结了近10多年以来报道的锕系单分子磁体,发现有效能垒的实验值和理论值极不相符,一定程度限制了锕系单分子磁体的发展.最后,对未来的锕系单分子磁体研究方向进行了展望.     

B[a]A甲基衍生物致癌活性的从头计算研究

甲基多环芳烃的代谢过程中,角环湾区的阳离子及亚甲基阳离子孰是＂终致癌剂＂的理论一直存在争论。本文以B[a]A为例,依据生物体内的代谢模型、应用量子化学从头计算方法和密度泛函理论（DFT）,系统计算了苯并[a]蒽母体及其各个位置取代甲基衍生物代谢过程产物的总能量,发现碳正离子形成的难易程度是引起其致突和致癌活性差异的一个重要因素。计算结果表明,湾区阳离子与甲基阳离子两个亲电活性中心两种作用机制相比较,显然后者的相关性更为明显。     

将密度泛函理论计算纳入高等化学教学初探——对乙酸乙酯碱性水解机理的理论研究

使用Gaussian 09软件对乙酸乙酯碱性水解反应的机理进行了研究。本研究融合了本科教学中有机化学、物理化学和结构化学的相关知识,以乙酸乙酯水解机理为问题导向,阐述了研究和解决问题的思路和方法,探索了将第一性原理计算引入高等教育的方式。     

密度泛函理论下的分子电负性Ⅲ: 分子总能量的直接计算

本文根据密度泛函理论, 在分子基态总能量表达式中, 考虑了组成原子的内在能量、电负性和硬度的价态特征, 并引入协调原子间相互作用能项的k因子,不仅使处理和解释更为合理, 而且大大提高了计算精度和适用范围。据此, 我们提出和设计了一个直接计算体系基态总能量的新方案, 可广泛应用于各类分子和基团, 同时给出了一套较为普遍的实用参数, 通过上百个大小分子或基团的实际计算, 结果与从头计算结果符合相当好, 相对误差不到千分之一。此外, 该方案具有简单快速、易于执行等优点, 为大分子体系的能量计算提供了一个切实有效的方法。     

绝对硬度的量化探究——介绍一个计算化学实验

介绍了利用Gaussian软件定量研究软硬酸碱中化合物硬度的实验设计,涉及化合物的构型优化和高精度单点能计算。旨在通过本实验,学生能够初步掌握运用量子化学计算绝对硬度的基本步骤,加深对软硬酸碱理论的理解,为今后从事相关科研工作打下基础。     

NBO电荷计算对电中性原理的检验

我们在B3LYP/6-31++G（d,p）计算级别下计算了[M（H₂O）₆]³⁺（M=Sc~Co）、[Co（Ⅲ）L₆]（L=F^-、H₂O、NH₃、CN^-）,以及基于α-Al₂O₃晶体结构搭建的铝氧簇Al₃O（OH）₇（H₂O）₅（Al₃）和Al₆O₆（OH）₆（H₂O）₅（Al₆）的NBO电荷。除[Co（NH₃）₆]³⁺外,其它化合物均不符合经典教科书中的电中性原理,具有超出-1~+1范围的电荷。此外,我们发现中心原子的电荷受到配位原子种类的极大影响,而这一规律未在电中性原理的表述中。计算结果表明,从[CoF₆]^3-到[Co（CN）₆]^3-,中心离子上所带电荷量从+1.639变化至-1.360,且中心离子上所带电荷随其离子势的增大而降低。另外基于对铝氧簇的计算,我们预测α-Al₂O₃中的Al原子所带电荷应为2.1±0.1。     

典型锕系超分子组装体的构筑原理及研究进展

锕系超分子化学是锕系元素化学的重要研究领域,可以为乏燃料后处理的配位化学基础研究提供重要信息,并为探索锕系功能材料在发光、传感、催化和分离等方面的功能应用提供关键材料体系。本文介绍了基于锕系金属离子的金属-有机超分子组装体这一新兴领域的最新研究进展。从锕系超分子组装体的构筑原理出发并结合笔者自身研究情况,对基于主客体准轮烷配体的锕系-轮烷配位聚合物、具有闭合结构的锕系配位组装体和基于超分子相互作用的锕系超分子聚合物这三类典型的锕系超分子组装体的研究进展进行了梳理和总结阐述。期望为未来新型锕系超分子组装体的设计合成提供参考,促进相关领域的进步和发展。     

研究型计算化学实验改革与实施

针对目前的计算化学实验进行改革,在不知晓实验结果的前提下,通过学生自主查阅文献,设计机理,计算验证,数据分析,并得出结论,从而充分发挥学生的主观能动性和创新性,使其将所学的理论知识加以综合运用来解决实际问题。该实验是为拔尖班学生独立开设的课程,有助于本科研究型人才的培养。     

Gaussview在化学教学中的一些应用

Gaussian量子化学计算程序包是美国Gaussian公司开发的一个功能强大的量子化学综合软件包。可执行各类不同精度的分子轨道计算(包括Hartree-Fock水平从头算(HF)、Post-HF从头算、密度泛函理论(DFT)以及多种半经验量子化学方法),进行分子和化学反应性质的理论预测。目前已成为国     

机器学习结合密度泛函理论计算在材料科学中的研究进展

近年来,材料科学研究中密度泛函理论(DFT)计算与机器学习相结合的方法呈现爆炸式增长的趋势。本文综述了DFT及其高通量方法产生的大量计算数据与机器学习相结合的原理和意义,从DFT计算的基本原理出发,重点介绍了机器学习方法的流程、常用的算法及其在催化材料预测热门研究方向中的应用,最后剖析了这个新兴领域目前存在的研究问题、挑战以及未来的发展前景。     

Environmental Effects in Computational Spectroscopy: Accuracy and Interpretation

Spectroscopic techniques are valuable tools for understanding the structure and dynamics of complex systems, such as biomolecules or nanomaterials. Most of the current research is devoted to the development of new experimental techniques for improving the intrinsic resolution of different spectra. However, the subtle interplay of several different effects acting at different length and time scales still makes the interpretation and analysis of such spectra a very difficult task. In this respect, computational spectroscopy is becoming a needful and versatile tool for the assignment and interpretation of experimental spectra. It is in fact possible nowadays to model with relatively high accuracy the physical–chemical properties of complex molecules in different environments, and to link spectroscopic evidence directly to the structural and dynamical properties of optically or magnetically active solvated probes. In this Review, significant steps toward the simulation of entire spectra in condensed phases are presented together with some basic aspects of computational spectroscopy, which highlight how intramolecular and intermolecular degrees of freedom influence several spectroscopic parameters.     

Hydrogenated Graphene and Hydrogenated Silicene: Computational Insights

Density functional calculations are performed to study the energetic, structural, and electronic properties of graphene and silicene functionalized with hydrogen. Our calculations predict that H atoms bind much more strongly to silicene than to graphene. The adsorbed H atoms tend to cooperatively stabilize each other leading to a two‐dimensional nucleation and growth mechanism. The different structural and electronic modifications induced by H in fully functionalized graphene and silicene (known as graphane and silicane) are also explained. Finally, the electronic properties of defective graphane with multiple hydrogen vacancies are investigated. Engineering the vacancies in graphane offers a way to modify the electronic properties of this material.     

亚烷基卡宾及取代亚烷基卡宾与环氧乙烷反应的量子化学研究

用量子化学的密度泛函理论(DFT)在6-311G(d,p)水平上对亚烷基卡宾及取代亚烷基卡宾与环氧乙烷的氧转移反应机理进行了系统的研究. 用IRC对过渡态进行了确认. 并用组态混合模型讨论了反应势垒(ΔE^≠)与XYC＝C:的单-三态能量差ΔE_ST之间的关系, 结果表明, 取代基的电负性是控制反应的主要因素, 取代基的电负性越大, 取代基越多, π电子给予体越多, 单-三态能量差ΔE_ST就越小, 该反应的活化能就越小, 反应越容易发生. 同时还研究了该反应中环氧乙烷中C—O键的解离过程. 发现两个C—O键解离是一个不同步的协同过程.     

Knots “Choke Off” Polymers upon Stretching

Long polymer chains inevitably get tangled into knots. Like macroscopic ropes, polymer chains are substantially weakened by knots and the rupture point is always located at the “entry” or “exit” of the knot. However, these phenomena are only poorly understood at a molecular level. Here we show that when a knotted polyethylene chain is tightened, most of the stress energy is stored in torsions around the curved part of the chain. The torsions act as “work funnels” that effectively localize mechanical stress in the immediate vicinity of the knot. As a result, the knot “chokes” the chain at its entry or exit, thus leading to bond rupture at much lower forces than those needed to break a linear, unknotted chain. Our work not only explains the weakening of the polymer chain and the position of the rupture point, but more generally demonstrates that chemical bonds do not have to be extensively stretched to be broken.     

CHF_2CF_2CH_2OCHF_2与OH自由基反应机理的理论研究

采用从头算和密度泛函方法研究了多通道反应CHF2CF2CH2OCHF2+OH→产物的反应机理.首先在BMK/6-311+G(d,p)水平下优化了稳定点的几何构型并计算了振动频率;然后在BMC-CCSD水平下,对势能面进行高水平能量校正.结果表明,此反应存在提氢和取代两类反应通道,但是无论从动力学还是从热力学分析,提氢反应通道才是主要的反应通道,且从-CH2-基团上提取氢原子的提氢通道是主要的反应通道.     

Temperature Dependence of 1H Paramagnetic Chemical Shifts in Actinide Complexes,Beyond Bleaney's Theory: The AnVIO22+–Dipicolinic Acid Complexes (An=Np,Pu) as an Example

Actinide +VI complexes ( = , and ) with dipicolinic acid derivatives were synthesized and characterized by powder XRD, SQUID magnetometry and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, and complexes were described by first principles CAS based and two-component spin-restricted DFT methods. The analysis of the ¹H paramagnetic NMR chemical shifts for all protons of the ligands according to the X-rays structures shows that the Fermi contact contribution is negligible in agreement with spin density determined by unrestricted DFT. The magnetic susceptibility tensor is determined by combining SQUID, pNMR shifts and Evans’ method. The SO-RASPT2 results fit well the experimental magnetic susceptibility and pNMR chemical shifts. The role of the counterions in the solid phase is pointed out; their presence impacts the magnetic properties of the complex. The temperature dependence of the pNMR chemical shifts has a strong contribution, contrarily to Bleaney's theory for lanthanide complexes. The fitting of the temperature dependence of the pNMR chemical shifts and SQUID magnetic susceptibility by a two-Kramers-doublet model for the complex and a non-Kramers-doublet model for the complex allows for the experimental evaluation of energy gaps and magnetic moments of the paramagnetic center.     

A comparative study of DFT and traditional ab initio methodologies on the OsO4 molecule

The performance of different conventional ab initio methodologies and density functional procedures is compared through its application to the theoretical calculation of the bond distance and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the OsO₄ molecule. The problem of the basis set is first considered, with up to nine different basis sets being tested in calculations using the hybrid Becke3LYP density functional, and the most appropriate basis set is used in the comparison of Hartree–Fock, post‐Hartree–Fock, and density functional methods. The post‐Hartree–Fock methods analyzed are MP2, CISD, and CCSD(T), and the density functionals tested are SVWN, BLYP, BPW91, and Becke3LYP. The results show that for this particular system density functional methods perform better than do HF‐based methods with the exception of CCSD(T), which gives the best overall results. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 77: 544–551, 2000     

Ab initio calculations on halogen-bonded complexes and comparison with density functional methods

A systematic theoretical investigation on a series of dimeric complexes formed between some halocarbon molecules and electron donors has been carried out by employing both ab initio and density functional methods. Full geometry optimizations are performed at the Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation (MP2) level of theory with the Dunning's correlation-consistent basis set, aug-cc-pVDZ. Binding energies are extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit by means of two most commonly used extrapolation methods and the aug-cc-pVXZ (X = D, T, Q) basis sets series. The coupled cluster with single, double, and noniterative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] correction term, determined as a difference between CCSD(T) and MP2 binding energies, is estimated with the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. In general, the inclusion of higher-order electron correlation effects leads to a repulsive correction with respect to those predicted at the MP2 level. The calculations described herein have shown that the CCSD(T) CBS limits yield binding energies with a range of -0.89 to -4.38 kcal/mol for the halogen-bonded complexes under study. The performance of several density functional theory (DFT) methods has been evaluated comparing the results with those obtained from MP2 and CCSD(T). It is shown that PBEKCIS, B97-1, and MPWLYP functionals provide accuracies close to the computationally very expensive ab initio methods.