Electrical post-compensation of intrachannel nonlinearities in 10GBaud coherent QPSK transmission systems

Electrical post-compensation of intrachannel nonlinearities in 10GBaud coherent QPSK transmission systems is proposed. The channel inversion method is implemented with a coarse split-step Fourier algorithm through digital signal processing at the receiver side. Simulation results show that simultaneous compensation of intrachannel nonlinearities and chromatic dispersion can be achieved with much simplified signal processing structure. The required optical signal-to-noise ratio at certain bit error ratio is remarkably reduced when the intrachannel nonlinearities induced impairments are dominant.     

Reversing intrachannel ghost-pulse generation by midspan self-phase modulation

Intrachannel pulse interactions are the dominating nonlinear effects in modern transmission systems with high modulation speeds. Scaled symmetries have proved to be effective in suppressing amplitude and timing jitter of mark pulses due to nonlinearity but not for ghost-pulse generation into the empty slots. A method of using midspan self-phase modulation to reverse the generation of ghost pulses due to intrachannel four-wave mixing is proposed. Computer simulations demonstrate significant improvement of signal quality by a combination of scaled symmetries and midspan self-phase modulation.     

Resonant nonlinear intrachannel interactions in strongly dispersion-managed transmission systems

Nonlinear intrachannel interactions in a transmission system with strong periodic dispersion management are studied. The ghost pulse at the zero bit is shown to grow resonantly as a result of periodic forcing and temporal phase matching with the signal pulses. The growth rate depends on the degree of overlap between the signals. The analysis agrees with direct numerical simulation of the full system. Growth rates for various bit patterns as a function of map strength are obtained.     

Suppression of intrachannel four-wave-mixing induced ghost pulses in high-speed transmissions by phase inversion between adjacent marker blocks

We propose a method for suppressing the intensity of the worst ghost pulse (a single ghost pulse between two long marker blocks) resulting from intrachannel four-wave mixing (FWM) in strongly dispersion-managed on-off keying optical transmissions by inverting the optical phases of the marker blocks surrounding the ghost pulse. We show both analytically and numerically that the method provides substantial suppression of the maximum ghost pulse energy. The suppression is experimentally verified in 40-Gbit/s transmission experiment over a 100-km non-zero-dispersion-shifted fiber. The proposed method may extend the reach of high-bit-rate optical transmission systems in which intrachannel FWM is the dominating nonlinear penalty.     

Convergence of phase fluctuation induced by intrachannel four-wave mixing in differential phase-shift keying transmission systems via phase fluctuation averaging

This work investigates the effect of phase fluctuation averaging on phase fluctuation induced by intrachannel four-wave mixing (IFWM) in highly dispersed differential phase-shift keying transmission systems. Through repeatedly averaging the phase fluctuations of adjacent pulses, a simple analytical model and numerical simulation revealed that the IFWM-induced differential phase fluctuation is suppressed and convergent, even after an ultralong transmission. The influence of averaging the phase fluctuations on the bit error rate is also evaluated by the semianalytical method.     

Timing jitter induced by intrachannel interactions in optical fiber communication systems using CFG as dispersion compensator

In this paper, a theoretical model is proposed for the analysis of timing jitter induced by intrachannel interactions in optical fiber communication systems using chirped fiber grating (CFG) as dispersion compensator. And for the first time, the impact of group-delay ripple (GDR) on timing jitter is taken into account in detail, theoretically and numerically. Results show that the GDR may increase or decrease the timing jitter of certain pair of adjacent pulses, deciding by the ripple parameters. The maximum influence will be obtained when ripple period is about 2/5 of the input pulse width. In practical systems, the GDR enhance the timing jitter for some adjacent pulses while reduce it for some other adjacent pulses, depending on the pulse pattern and the GDR parameters. In our simulation, the GDR guarantees a 3.04 ps increase of the standard deviation of the timing jitter.     

Optical phase conjugation and pseudolinear transmission

We describe the use of optical phase conjugation (OPC) to suppress intrachannel nonlinearities that limit pseudolinear transmission. We show that OPC combined with appropriate dispersion mapping is effective in suppressing intrachannel nonlinearities, even in the absence of signal-power evolution symmetry that is generally required by OPC to compensate fiber nonlinearity. An increase in signal power by 5.5 dB is observed when a single OPC is used for 40-Gbit/s pseudolinear transmission over 32 x 100 km of passive-fiber spans.     

Investigation of Intrachannel Nonlinear Distortion in 40 Gbit/s Transmission over Standard Fiber

We describe new distance-dependent experiments investigating intrachannel nonlinear distortion in 40 Gbit/s optical time division mulitplexed transmission over standard fiber. Simulation results predicting significant reduction in the distortion due to intrachannel four-wave mixing by using alternating pulse polarization were experimentally confirmed.     

Investigation of Intrachannel Nonlinear Distortion in 40 Gbit/s Transmission over Standard Fiber

We describe new distance-dependent experiments investigating intrachannel nonlinear distortion in 40 Gbit/s optical time division mulitplexed transmission over standard fiber. Simulation results predicting significant reduction in the distortion due to intrachannel four-wave mixing by using alternating pulse polarization were experimentally confirmed.     

Spin-orbit scattering in the quantum Hall effect

We study dynamics of electrons in a magnetic field using a network model with two channels per link with random mixing, while the intrachannel potential is periodic (non-random); the channels represent two spin states. We consider channel mixing as function of the energy separation of the two extended states, and show that the phase diagram is different from the standard quantum Hall diagram for random intrachannel potential.     

Analysis of nonlinear phase noise in single-channel return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying transmission systems

Self-phase modulation and intrachannel cross-phase-modulation- (IXPM) induced nonlinear phase noise is investigated by the variational method. IXPM can cause a considerable increase of phase noise. We show, however, that IXPM leads to a partial correlation between the phase noises of adjacent pulses, which tends to reduce the influence of nonlinear phase noise in return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying transmission. In highly dispersive transmission systems, intrachannel four-wave mixing-induced differential phase fluctuations are typically larger than differential nonlinear phase noise. The analysis is validated by Monte Carlo simulation.     

Pulse-overlapped dispersion-managed data transmission and intrachannel four-wave mixing

We show that strong overlap of adjacent pulses in dispersion-managed return-to-zero transmission reduces pulse-to-pulse interaction and timing jitter. The limiting factors for this pulse-overlapped transmission are the amplitude fluctuations and the ghost pulse generation induced by four-wave mixing between spectral components within a single channel.     

Intrachannel four-wave mixing in highly dispersed return-to-zero differential-phase-shift-keyed transmission with a nonsymmetric dispersion map

Nonlinear penalties due to intrachannel four-wave mixing (IFWM) in highly dispersed return-to-zero differential-phase-shift-keyed transmission are studied for both symmetric and nonsymmetric dispersion maps. As the dispersion map changes from symmetric to nonsymmetric, the nonlinear amplitude fluctuation overtakes the effect of the nonlinear phase fluctuation and dominates the system's nonlinear performance. The effect of IFWM on the bit error rate is assessed by using the semianalytical method.     

Optical 10-20 and 20-40 Gbits/s pseudorandom bit sequence data multiplexing utilizing conversion-dispersion-based tunable optical delays

We experimentally demonstrate all-optical 2(7)-1 pseudorandom bit sequence data multiplexing using wavelength conversion, interchannel chromatic dispersion, and intrachannel dispersion compensation. Bit-rate tuning capability is demonstrated with 10-20 and 20-40 Gbits/s multiplexing, achieving a bit-error rate <10(-9) for both rates.     

Phase-only sampled 45 channel fiber Bragg grating written with a diffraction-compensated phase mask

A novel phase-only sampled 45 channel fiber Bragg grating (channel spacing, 100 GHz) with high interchannel and intrachannel reflection uniformity and precise dispersion matching capability to an 80 km SMF-28 fiber is demonstrated. This grating is fabricated by the side-writing technique, in which phase information of continuous phase-only sampling is completely incorporated into a diffraction-compensated phase mask.     

Performance comparison for RZ-DPSK signal in DCF-based and CFBG-based dispersive transmission system

The impact of the phase noise induced by self-phase modulation and intrachannel nonlinear effect for return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (RZ-DPSK) in long haul 40 Gb/s transmission systems where dispersion is compensated by chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) is analyzed and numerical evaluated, and it is compared with what is derived from the conventional DCF-based phase-modulated system. Our work also provides a clear physical picture of how the transmission performance is affected by CFBG, which is instructive for further research on CFBG compensated phase-modulated formats.     

Intrachannel pulse interactions in dispersion-managed transmission systems: energy transfer

Energy transfer between adjacent pulses as a result of nonlinear intrachannel interactions in a transmission system with strong periodic dispersion management is analyzed. With small average dispersion, the energy change between nonzero bits grows linearly with respect to distance in the presence of loss and lumped amplification, whereas in a lossless system the energy change is found to be significantly suppressed. The analytical results compare favorably with the results of direct numerical simulation of the full system.     

Intrachannel pulse interactions in dispersion-managed transmission systems: timing shifts

Nonlinear intrachannel interactions responsible for timing shifts in a transmission system with strong periodic dispersion management are investigated. Formulas describing the evolution of the timing shift are obtained for general bit patterns. When average dispersion is negligible, the timing shift is shown to grow linearly in distance in a system with loss and lumped amplification, whereas in a lossless system the timing shift is sufficiently small at every chirp-free point. The analysis agrees with direct numerical simulations.     

氢分子在磁场中回归谱的散射矩阵理论研究

利用散射矩阵理论,结合扩展的半经典闭合轨道理论和多通道量子亏损理论,计算了磁场中高里德堡H2分子的回归谱.该方法使用了两个空间散射矩阵来描述里德堡电子的动力学性质,计算中可以包括所有阶的实散射的作用.回归谱的每一个尖峰对应着一条闭合轨道,新的额外峰是由于弹性散射和非弹性散射所引起的通道内和通道间的轨道组合,进一步证明了体系通道间和通道内的散射具有同等的重要性.     

Phonemic and phonetic factors in adult cross-language speech perception

Previous research has indicated that young infants can discriminate speech sounds across phonetic boundaries regardless of specific relevant experience, and that there is a modification in this ability during ontogeny such that adults often have difficulty discriminating phonetic contrasts which are not used contrastively in their native language. This pattern of findings has often been interpreted as suggesting that humans are endowed with innate auditory sensitivities which enable them to discriminate speech sounds according to universal phonetic boundaries and that there is a decline or loss in this ability after being exposed to a language which contrasts only a subset of those distinctions. The present experiments were designed to determine whether this modification represents a loss of sensorineural response capabilities or whether it shows a shift in attentional focus and/or processing strategies. In experiment 1, adult English-speaking subjects were tested on their ability to discriminate two non-English speech contrasts in a category-change discrimination task after first being predisposed to adopt one of four perceptual sets. In experiments 2, 3, and 4 subjects were tested in an AX (same/different) procedure, and the effects of both limited training and duration of the interstimulus interval were assessed. Results suggest that the previously observed ontogenetic modification in the perception of non-native phonetic contrasts involves a change in processing strategies rather than a sensorineural loss. Adult listeners can discriminate sounds across non-native phonetic categories in some testing conditions, but are not able to use that ability in testing conditions which have demands similar to those required in natural language processing.