Reduction by hydrogen transfer processes, II. Reduction of substituted derivatives of benzaldehyde

In the present paper, date are reported on transfer hydrogenation of aromatic aldehydes with commercial and synthetic Pd catalysts, based on SiO₂–AlPO₄ (2080 mass). Cyclohexenes and ,-unsaturated alcohols have been tested as hydrogen donors. The reaction products obtained upon reduction of benzaldehyde were benzyl alcohol and toluene (hydrogenation) and benzene and formaldehyde (hydrogenolysis), while methyl, ethoxycarbonyl and hydroxyl groups also present are not affected by the reaction. The selectivity towards each product depends on both the hydrogen donor and the catalyst used. When electron-donor substituents exist on the substrate, a decrease of the reaction rate towards the hydrogenolysis products is observed.

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, SiO₂–AlPO₄ (20–80 ). ,- . () (), , -, , . , . - , .

     

Studies on nickel oxide mixed catalysts, V. Propene dimerization on Nio?Al2O3/SiO2 catalysts

The catalytic activity of various NiO–Al₂O₃/SiO₂ catalysts has been investigated in a tubular fixed-bed reactor at high pressure. High selectivities to propene dimers were obtained on catalysts with a high Ni/Al ratio. The surface acidity of the catalysts influences strongly the selectivity and the product distribution.

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NiO–Al₂O₃/SiO₂ . , Ni/Al . .

     

Dehydroxylation and catalytic activity of dealuminated Y zeolites

Dehydroxylation and catalytic conversion of m-xylene over dealuminated zeolites were studied.

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- .

     

Asymmetric hydrogenation of tryptophan precursors catalyzed by rhodium-DIOP complexes

Z-2-benzamido(acetamido)-3-(3-indolyl)-2-propenoic acids were hydrogenated with neutral and cationic rhodium(I) complexes containing the chiral diphosphine (–) or (+)–2,3-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-butane [(–) or (+)–DIOP].

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Z-2- ()-3-(3-)-2- () (I), (–) (+)-2,3--2,3--1,4- ()-.

     

Energy dissipation and selectivity in the catalytic oxidation of ammonia

A qualitative interpretation of selectivity changes in ammonia oxidation, based on considerations of energy dissipation processes is presented.

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, .

     

Kinetics of reaction between 1,3-butadiene and p-benzoquinone

Kinetics of Diels-Alder reaction between 1,3-butadiene and p-benzoquinone in benzene and glacial acetic acid as a catalyst has been studied. Influence of reactant and catalyst concentrations on the rate has been established. Kinetic equation has been derived to describe experimental data.

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- 1,3- 1,4- - . , .

     

Effects of radioactivity on surfaces: I. Influence of Cr-51 on the catalytic activity of chromium catalysts

Chromium catalysts were prepared on monolith supports, some of them with radioactive Cr-51 in the surface. The dehydrogenation-hydrogenation reaction of cyclohexene was used to compare the catalytic activities of the radioactive and inactive catalysts. Differences were observed in the distribution of the main products at low temperatures and of the byproducts also at high temperatures.

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, Cr-51. - . , — , .

     

Thermoanalytical investigations of thallous nitrate

Thallous nitrate was investigated using TG, DTA, and DSC in conjunction with gas chromatography and X-ray diffraction analysis. TG showed a weight loss beginning at 380° with a 50 percent loss by 520°. This weight loss was demonstrated to be caused by boiling rather than thermal decomposition. The DTA extrapolated onset temperature for the boiling was 467°. Two solid-solid transition points and the melting point were determined by DTA to be 77, 145, and 207°, respectively. Heat of transition values determined by DSC were 0.15 kcal/mole at 77°, 0.87 kcal/ mole at 145°, and 2.18 kcal/mole for the melting at 207°.

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Zusammenfassung Thallium(I)nitrat wurde mittels TG, DTA und DSC, mit Gaschromatographie und Röntgendiffraktionsanalyse gekoppelt, untersucht. TG zeigte einen beginnenden Gewichtsverlust ab etwa 380° und einen Verlust von 50% bis 520°. Es wurde gezeigt, daß dieser Gewichtsverlust eher vom Sieden als von der thermischen Zersetzung verursacht wird. Die aus DTA-Daten extrapolierte Anfangs-Siedetemperatur war 467°. Die Fest-festphasen Übergangspunkte und der Schmelzpunkt lagen, wie durch DTA ermittelt, bei 77, 145, bzw. 207°. Die mittels DSC bestimmten Wärmen der Übergangswerte betrugen 0.15 kcal/Mol bei 77°, 0.87 kcal/Mol bei 145° und 2.18 kcal/Mol für das Schmelzen bei 207°.

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Résumé On a étudié le nitrate de thallium(I) par TG, ATD et DSC conjointement à la Chromatographie en phase gazeuse et à l'analyse par diffraction des rayons X. La TG révèle une perte de masse à partir d'environ 380°, avec une perte de 50 p. c. à 520°. On montre que cette perte de masse est provoquée par l'ébullition plutôt que par la décomposition thermique. La température initiale de l'ébullition, extrapolée à partir des données ATD, est de 467°. Deux points de transition solide-solide ainsi que le point de fusion ont été déterminés par ATD et correspondent aux températures respectives de 77, 145 et 207°. Les valeurs des chaleurs de transition ont été déterminées par DSC: 0.15 kcal, mol^–1 à 77°, 0.87 kcal. mol^–1 à 145 et 2.18 kcal. mol^–1 pour la fusion à 207°.

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, , - . , 380° 50% 520°. , , . 467°. - , , 77, 145 207°. , , 0.15 / 77°, 0,87 / 145° 2.18 / 207°.

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The authors thank F. J. Conrad and W. J. Andrzejewski for gas analysis results and G. T. Gay for X-ray diffraction analyses.This work was supported by the United States Department of Energy.     

The thermal properties of polysiloxanes poly(dimethyl siloxane) and poly(diethyl siloxane)

New measurements and literature data on polysiloxanes covering heat capacities, transition parameters, enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies are presented and critically reviewed. TheATHAS computation method is used to bring heat capacities into agreement with an approximate frequency spectrum. The various crystal and mesophases are discussed. TheATHAS (1990) recommended data are as follows: For poly(dimethyl siloxane) the glass transition is at 146 K with an increase in heat capacity of 29.24 J/(K mol). The completely crystalline sample melts at about 219 K with a heat of fusion of 2.75 kJ/mol. For poly(diethyl siloxane) the glass transition is at 135 K with an increase in heat capacity of 34.48 J/(K mol). The completely crystalline sample changes to a condis crystal at 206.7 K with a heat of disordering of 2.72 kJ/mol. The transition to a poorly characterized viscous crystal with thermodynamic properties close to the melt occurs at 282.7 K with an enthalpy of transition of 1.84 kJ/mol. Final fusion occurs at 308.5 K and a small endotherm of about 231 J/mol. Tables of heat capacities, enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies are given from 0 K to 550 K.

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Zusammenfassung Neue Messungen und Literaturangaben von Polysiloxanen über Wärmekapazität, Umwandlungsparameter, Enthalpien, Entropien und Gibbssche Energien werden vorgestellt und kritisch betrachtet. Das Rechenverfahren ATHAS wurde benutzt, um die Wärmekapazitäten mit einem annähernden Frequenzspektrum in Einklang zu bringen. Es wurden die verschiedenen Kristall- und Mesophasen diskutiert. Die von ATHAS (1990) empfohlenen Werte sind wie folgt: Für Poly(dimethylsiloxan) beträgt der Glasumwandlungspunkt 146 K bei Zunahme der Wärmekapazität um 29.24 J/(K.mol). Die vollständing kristalline Probe schmilzt bei etwa 219 K mit einer Schmelzwärme von 2.75 kJ/mol. Für Poly(diethylsiloxan) beträgt der Glasumwandlungspunkt 135 K bei Zunahme der Wärmekapazität um 34.48 J/(K.mol). Die vollständig kristalline Probe wandelt sich bei 206.7 K um, die Fehlordnungswärme beträgt 2.72 kJ/mol. Die Umwandlung in einen wenig verstandenen viskosen Kristall, dessen thermodynamische Eigenschaften denen der Schmelze gleichen, erfolgt bei 282.7 K mit einer Umwandlungsenthalpie von 1.84 kJ/mol. Letztendlich verläuft das Schmelzen bei 308.5 K mit einem kleinen endothermen Effekt von etwa 231 J/mol. Wärmekapazitäten, Enthalpien, Entropien und Gibbssche Energien sind für den Bereich 0 K–550 K tabellarisch angegeben.

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, , , , . ATHAS , - . . ATHAS (1990) : 146 29,24 / ·. 219 2,75 /. 135 34,48 /·. 206,7 2,72 /. « » 282,7 1,84 /. 308,5 231 /. , , 0–550 .

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This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, Polymers Program, Grant #DMR 83-17097 and early work of J.P.W. was supported by the Am. Chem. Soc. Petroleum Research Found, Grant 12431-AC7. In addition at Oak Ridge National Laboratory the work was sponsored by the Division of Materials Sciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc.     

Thermal decomposition of 5-Nitro-2-Furaldehyde Semicarbazone

Nitrofurazone, 5-nitro-2-furaldehydesemicarbazone, pharmaceutical compound, has been synthesized and its thermal behaviour studied by DTA, DSC and TG. The resulting thermoanalytical curves, showing that the maximum change in mass occurred at 516.5 K, with a 67% weight loss, are in good correlation with the enthalpy of the decomposition reaction, 326.93 kJ mol^–1. On the basis of the results, it is possible to establish the mechanism of the thermal decomposition and to acquire information on the stability of the analyzed organic compound, 5-nitro-2-furaldehydesemicarbazone.

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Zusammenfassung Das Arzneimittel Nitrofurazon (5-Nitro-2-furaldehyd-Semicarbazon) wurde synthetisiert und dessen thermisches Verhalten mittels DTA, DSC und TG untersucht. Die erhaltenen thermoanalytischen Kurven, die einen Gewichtsverlust von 67 Gew.-% mit maximaler Geschwindigkeit der Gewichtsabnahme bei 516,5 K zeigen, sind in guter Übereinstimmung mit der Enthalpie der Zersetzungsreaktion von 326,93 kJ·mol^–1. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen können der Mechanismus der thermischen Zersetzung abgeleitet und Informationen über die Stabilität von 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyd-Semicarbazon erhalten werden.

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, — 5-. , (67%) 516,5 , , 326,93 ·^–1. .

     

IR spectra of methane adsorbed on MgO

Methane adsorbed on MgO is activated to form CH₃ fragments stabilized on cations and OH groups.

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, MgO CH₃-, OH-.

     

A rapid method for catalyst testing. Zeolite catalysts for methanol conversion to hydrocarbon

A rapid method for testing catalysts is suggested, which permits a 30-fold reduction in the time of their examination. The method is recommended for studying catalytic processes taking place with either evolution or absorption of heat.

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- , Qj 30 . , .

     

A desk computer program for the calculation of rate constants

A desk computer program has been written in BASIC programming language to optimize the values of rate constants determined from kinetic measurements of time and concentration data. The program is capable of the simultaneous refinement of a maximum of 5 rate constants. A FORTRAN version using the Gear method is also available.

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, BASIC , . 5 . FORTRAN .

     

Kinetics of Fe3+ and Cu2+ sorption by fibrous polyampholite

The kinetics of Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ sorption from sulfate salt solutions by fibrous polyampholite have been studied.

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Fe³⁺ Cu²⁺ , .

     

Influence of neodymium content on the catalytic properties of zeolite NDHNaY

The influence of neodymium content on the catalytic properties of a HNaY zeolite was investigated using the cracking of n-heptane as model reaction. Neodymium zeolites were found to be more active for cracking and hydrogen transfer reactions than zeolites containing lanthanum, cerium or praseodymium.

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HnaY . , , , .

     

Effect of reduction temperature on the dehydrocyclizing activity of pure chromia and chromia containing K2O and CaO

The dehydrocyclization of n-heptane at 520–550°C over pure chromia and chromia with added CaO and K₂O (5 wt.% each) has been investigated. Introduction of an alkaline additive into Cr₂O₃ decreases markedly the yield of toluene. Raising of the reduction temperature of alkali-containing samples from 550 to 700°C results, in contrast to pure Cr₂O₃ and chromia-alumina systems, not in diminished, but in increased yields of toluene, the activity enhancement being particularly pronounced for the CaO-containing catalyst. These increased activities cannot be correlated either with variations in specific surface area or changes in the content of Cr⁶⁺ during subsequent oxidation, and presumably should be ascribed to more extensive catalyst reduction at higher temperatures.

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- 520–550° CaO K₂O ( 5% .). Cr₂O₃ . 550° 700° , Cr₂O₃ , , , CaO. , , .

     

Catalytic properties of V?Mo?O systems in acrolein oxidation

Catalytic properties of V–Mo–O systems have been studied in acrolein oxidation. When catalysts are activated in reaction mixtures at 673 K, then a solid solution of molybdenum oxides in reduced vanadium oxides is formed, which is responsible for deep oxidation. Also, several compounds are produced, which by their activity and selectivity to acrylic acid formation are arranged in the sequences VMo₃O₁₁VMo₂O_8+x>V₆Mo₄O₂₅, and VMo₃O₁₁>VMo₂O_8+xV₆Mo₄O₂₅, respectively.

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V–Mo–O . 673 K , , , : VMo₃O₁₁VMo₂O_8+x>V₆Mo₄O₂₅, : VMo₃O₁₁>VMo₂O_8+xV₆Mo₄O₂₅.

     

Bauxites as hydrotreatment catalysts

The effects of calcination temperature on structural and textural characteristics of two Greek bauxites were examined by different physicochemical techniques. Although the above minerals exhibited lower activity than a commercial CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst, they were evaluated as possible hydrotreating catalysts.

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. , CoMo/Al₂O₃, , .

     

Kinetics of ion exchange sorption of phosphate

The kinetics of phosphate sorption on Amberlite IRA-400 has been studied as a function of temperature, nature of counterions, at two different concentrations. The film and particle diffusion coefficients and the activation parameters of the process are calculated.

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IRA-400 , . .

     

Microcalorimetric studies of slag alkaline binders

Calorimetric measurements were carried out on the hydration of slag activated by sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and water glass at 60 °C. The results can be correlated with the mechanical properties of the cured cements. The studies confirmed the applicability of calorimetry in the testing of activators used in concrete technology.

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Zusammenfassung Die Hydratation von Schlacke bei 60 °C und Aktivierung mit Natriumhydroxid, Natriumcarbonat oder Wasserglas wurde durch kalorimetrische Messungen verfolgt. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich mit den mechanischen Eigenschaften der erhärteten Zemente korrelieren. Die Untersuchungen bestätigen die Brauchbarkeit der kalorimetrischen Methode zum Testen von Aktivatoren in der Betontechnologie.

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, 60° , . . , - .