Ultra-stable Ni catalysts for methane reforming by carbon dioxide

Methane reforming by carbon dioxide has been studied over ultra-stable Ni catalysts. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, IR and TEM and temperature programmed hydrogenation. The nickel–magnesia solid solution catalyst containing low nickel has shown excellent stability (>3000 h) and no carbon deposition in the methane reforming by carbon dioxide. It was also found that the small nickel metal particle interaction with support surface is effective for the inhibition of carbon formation.     

水热法制备Ni-Sm/SiC催化剂甲烷二氧化碳重整性能的研究

通过水热法制备了Ni-Sm/SiC催化剂（Ni的含量固定为9%,钐的含量固定为5%）。采用XRD、BET、ICP、H₂-TPR、TG-DTA和TEM等技术对催化剂进行表征。对催化剂在甲烷二氧化碳重整反应中的催化活性、不同镍前驱体的影响、催化剂的积炭行为进行了研究。研究结果表明,水热法制备的Ni-Sm/SiC催化剂有着优异的催化活性、稳定性和抗积炭能力。不同镍前驱体对催化剂的性能没有影响。     

Catalytic reactions of hydrocarbon with carbon dioxide over metallic catalysts

The catalytic reaction between hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, e.g. CH₄+ +CO₂2CO+2H₂ and C₆H₆CH₃+CO₂C₆H₆+2CO+H₂, has been investigated over various metallic catalysts under atmospheric pressure. In general, Rh–Al₂O₃ catalyst was found to be excellent in activity and selectivity. The reaction rates were moderately dependent on the pressure of carbon dioxide, whereas it was little influenced by the pressure of hydrocarbon.

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, ., CH₄+CO₂2CO+2H₂ C₆H₅CH₃+CO₂C₆H₆+2CO+X₂, . , Rh–Al₂O₃ . , .

     

钙钛矿型氧化物负载Ni催化剂上甲烷二氧化碳重整反应研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列MTiO₃(M=Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba)钙钛矿型氧化物负载的Ni催化剂(Ni的负载量为5%,质量分数),通过XRD、氮吸附、H₂-TPR、CO₂-TPD、XPS和TG等技术对催化剂进行了表征,对其甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的催化性能进行了研究。结果表明,M为不同碱土金属时,催化剂上金属载体相互作用、活性组分的表面原子浓度以及催化剂晶格氧的流动性都发生了变化。Ni/CaTiO₃催化剂上金属载体相互作用较强,还原出的活性组分Ni的含量较多,晶格氧流动性较高,因而具有较好的催化性能。SrTiO₃载体颗粒粒径较大,Ni/SrTiO₃催化剂上Ni的分散度不高,金属载体的相互作用较弱,表面Ni原子相对含量较低,晶格氧的流动性较差,其甲烷二氧化碳重整反应活性也最低。     

Hydrogen production by conversion of methane over nickel-supported USY-type zeolite catalysts

Hydrogen production by conversion of methane over Ni-supported zeolite catalysts was investigated, and Ni-supported USY-type zeolite (Si/Al₂ = 14.0, 360) was found to have longer catalytic lifetime than Ni-supported silica (Cab-O-Sil) catalyst, which had been reported to have the longest catalytic lifetime for this reaction.     

Carbon deposition in methane reforming with carbon dioxide

Coke formation in the dry reforming of methane was studied using a thermobalance (TG) and with a catalytic microreactor in the temperature range 800–950 K. Silica-supported and lanthana-supported nickel catalysts were examined. The effects of process variables such as temperature and gas composition (He dilution, CH₄/CO₂ ratio) on the coke formation rate were determined. The reactivity of H₂ on several kinds of carbon was also investigated. The morphology of the coke was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The induction times for coke formation were significantly affected by temperature and by the CO content in the feed gas. The results of catalytic tests were consistent with the TG measurements. The behaviour of SiO₂ and La₂O₃ supported Ni catalysts agree with a mechanism in which the lanthana support plays an important role in the carbon deposition.     

Catalytic reaction of methane with carbon dioxide

High activities and selectivities of Ni on SiO₂ catalysts producing CO in the reaction of CH₄ with CO₂, have been obtained at relatively low temperatures. These aspects are considerably different from the activities or selectivities of other catalysts, and have been explained by assuming that the Ni on SiO₂ catalyst markedly suppresses carbon deposition.

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CO Ni SiO₂ CH₄ CO₂. , Ni SiO₂.

     

Nickel catalysts supported on MgO with different specific surface area for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

In this paper, three kinds of MgO with different specific surface area were prepared, and their effects on the catalytic performance of nickel catalysts for the carbon dioxide reforming of methane were investigated. The results showed that MgO support with the higher specific surface area led to the higher dispersion of the active metal, which resulted in the higher initial activity. On the other hand, the specific surface area of MgO materials might not be the dominant factor for the basicity of support to chemisorb and activate CO₂, which was another important factor for the performance of catalysts. Herein, Ni/MgO(CA) catalyst with proper specific surface area and strong ability to activate CO₂ exhibited stable catalytic property and the carbon species deposited on the Ni/MgO(CA) catalyst after 10 h of reaction at 650 °C were mainly activated carbon species.     

Zeolite-supported Ni catalyst for methane reforming with carbon dioxide

In the present work, we compare the catalytic behaviour, in the dry reforming of methane, of Ni-based Silicalite-1 type catalyst obtained by different post-synthesis treatments. The Silicalite-1 type material, used as Ni-support, has been treated in order to observe the role of the silanol groups on the Ni impregnation, and then on the overall catalyst performance. Among the applied treatments (ionic-exchange, calcinations and silylation), the silylation is the one that allows the formation of smaller and more reducible Ni-oxide species that not only improve the methane conversion but also reduce the deactivation of the catalyst, due to the coke deposition.     

Selectivity of the steam reforming of methane over metallic catalysts

The activity and selectivity of the methane-steam reaction has been studied in a gradientless reactor at atmospheric pressure and 700–850 °C. Differences were found in the course of the reaction on Pd relative to other metals, viz. Ni, Pt and Ru, and an interpretation of the results is proposed.

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700–850°C. Pd , ., Ni, Pt Ru, .

     

CO2 reforming of methane over zirconia-supported nickel catalysts, I. Catalytic specificity

CO₂ reforming of methane is performed over zirconia-supported nickel catalysts. The catalysts show high activity toward CH₄ and CO₂ conversions. Over the high Ni loading catalyst, long-term performances without significant deactivations have been achieved at 1023 K for 30 h and 1123 K for 20 h, respectively. The effects of reduction and calcination temperatures on the catalytic activities are also examined.     

Adsorption isotherms and ideal selectivities of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide over methane for the Si-CHA zeolite: comparison of carbon dioxide and methane adsorption with the all-silica DD3R zeolite

Adsorption isotherms of H₂S, CO₂, and CH₄ on the Si-CHA zeolite were measured over pressure range of 0–190 kPa and temperatures of 298, 323, and 348 K. Acid gases adsorption isotherms on this type of zeolite are reported for the first time. The isotherms follow a typical Type-I shape according to the Brunauer classification. Both Langmuir and Toth isotherms describe well the adsorption isotherms of methane and acid gases over the experimental conditions tested. At room temperature and pressure of 100 kPa, the amount of CO₂ adsorption for Si-CHA zeolite is 29 % greater than that reported elsewhere (van den Bergh et al. J Mem Sci 316:35–45 (2008); Surf Sci Catal 170:1021–1027 (2007)) for the pure silica DD3R zeolite while the amounts of CH₄ adsorption are reasonably the same. Si-CHA zeolite showed high ideal selectivities for acid gases over methane at 100 kPa (6.15 for H₂S and 4.06 for CO₂ at 298 K). Furthermore, H₂S adsorption mechanism was found to be physical, and hence, Si-CHA can be utilized in pressure swing adsorption processes. Due to higher amount of carbon dioxide adsorbed and lower heats of adsorption as well as three dimensional channels of Si-CHA pore structure, this zeolite can remove acid gases from methane in a kinetic based process such as zeolite membrane.     

NiO-CaO materials as promising catalysts for hydrogen production through carbon dioxide capture and subsequent dry methane reforming

In this work, CaO-NiO mixed oxide powders were evaluated as consecutive CO_2 chemisorbents and catalytic materials for hydrogen production thought the CH_4 reforming process. Between the NiO impregnated CaO and CaO-NiO mechanical composite, the first one presented better chemical behaviors during the CO_2 capture and CH_4 reforming processes, obtaining syngas(H_2+ CO) as final product. Results showed that syngas was produced at two different temperature ranges, between 400 and 600 °C and at T 800 °C, where the first temperature range corresponds to the CH_4 reforming process but the second temperature range was attributed to a different catalytic reaction process: CH_4 partial oxidation. These results were confirmed through different isothermal and cyclic experiments as well as by XRD analysis of the final catalytic products, where the nickel reduction was evidenced. Moreover, when a CO-O_2 flow was used during the carbonation process a triple process was achieved:(i) CO oxidation,(ii) CO_2 chemisorption and(iii) CH_4 reforming. Using this gas flow the hydrogen production was always higher than that obtained with CO_2.     

Effect of MgO promoter on Ni-based SBA-15 catalysts for combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane

A series of Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with Ni contents ranging from 5 wt% to 15 wt%, as well as another series of 10%Ni/MgO/SBA-15 catalysts, in which the range of the MgO content was from 1 wt% to 7 wt%, were prepared, and their catalytic performances for the reaction of combined steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane were investigated in a continuous flow microreactor. The structures of the catalysts were characterized using the XRD, H2-TPR and CO2-TPD techniques. The results indicated that the CO selectivity for this reaction was very close to 100%, and the H2/CO ratio of the product gas could be controlled by changing the H2O/CO2 molar ratio of the feed gas. The simultaneous and plentiful existing of steam and CO2 had a significant influence on the catalytic performance of the 10%Ni/SBA-15 catalyst without modification. After reacting at 850 °C for 120 h over this catalyst, the CH4 conversion dropped from 98% to 85%, and the CO2 conversion decreased from 86% to 53%. However, the 10%Ni/3%MgO/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited a much better catalytic performance, and after reacting for 620 h, the CO2 conversion over this catalyst dropped from 92% to around 77%, while the CH4 conversion was not decreased. Oxidation of the Ni0 species as well as carbon deposition during the reaction were the main reasons for the deactivation of the catalyst without modification. On the other hand, modification by the MgO promoter improved the dispersion of the Ni0 species, and enhanced the CO2 adsorption affinity which in turn depressed the occurring of carbon deposition, and thus retarded the deactivation process.     

Reduction of carbon dioxide with methane over Ni-catalyst

The reaction CO₂+CH₄=2CO+2H₂+60 kcal/mol was carried out over some transition metal catalysts (Ni, Fe and Co) and Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst was then found to be the best for the reaction. The reaction rate expression and the apparent activation energy were also obtained over the Ni catalyst.

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CO₂+CH₄=2CO+2H₂+60 / (Ni, Fe Co). Ni/Al₂O₃ . Ni-.

     

羟基磷灰石负载Ni催化剂中Ni含量对催化甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气性能的影响

以低温沉淀方法制备的羟基磷灰石(HAp)为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Ni含量的Ni/HAp催化剂,并采用BET、H2-TPR、XRD、SEM、FT-IR、TEM和TG-DTA技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,NiO含量为13%的催化剂表现出最好的催化甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气活性,在850℃、空速3.6×104mL/(h·gcat)的反应条件下,甲烷和二氧化碳的转化率在10 h内分别稳定在72%和83%。这主要归因于催化剂中金属和载体之间的强相互作用。虽然反应后的催化剂表面有少量的积炭,但这些积炭多以丝状炭存在,并不会影响催化剂的活性和稳定性。     

负载型Pd/SnO2催化剂低温催化甲烷燃烧

天然气储量巨大,被广泛应用于发电和工业窑炉等.甲烷作为天然气中最主要的成分,是氢碳比最高的碳氢化合物,其温室效应显著.因此,不完全燃烧所引起的CH4排放,不仅导致能源浪费,同时也可造成环境污染.与传统火焰燃烧相比,CH4催化燃烧具有更高的燃烧效率,并可显著地减少大气污染物(CO,NOx和未完全燃烧的烃类)的排放.贵金属Pd催化剂对CH4催化燃烧表现出优异的催化性能,其中Pd颗粒的尺寸、Pd的化学状态、载体性质及其与Pd之间的相互作用等对其活性有显著影响.本文以不同温度(600,800,1000和1200℃)焙烧所得SnO2为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/SnO2催化剂,研究了SnO2焙烧温度对CH4催化燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的SnO2均为锐钛矿结构,并且随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,晶型愈加完美,晶粒尺寸显著增大.催化剂中引入的Pd以高分散形式存在,CH4催化燃烧反应活性随着载体SnO2焙烧温度的升高而显著提高,其中Pd/SnO2(1200)表现出最高的CH4燃烧活性,起燃温度和最低全转化温度分别为265和390℃.在反应温度为300℃时,Pd/SnO2(1200)上甲烷的反应速率是Pd/SnO2(600)的36倍.XPS等结果表明,随着SnO2焙烧温度的升高,Pd的化学状态也有所差异:对于低温焙烧的SnO2(<800℃),Pd以Pd4+的形式进入到SnO2晶格内;随着焙烧温度的升高(>1000℃),Pd以Pd2+物种的形式存在于载体表面.结合活性评价结果推测,Pd的化学状态可能并非是影响催化剂活性的最关键因素.TEM等结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1000)上PdO的(101)晶面与载体SnO2的(101)晶面相近,分别为0.2641 nm和0.2638 nm.O2-TPD和CH4-TPR结果表明,Pd/SnO2(1200)催化剂上单位Pd原子上O2的脱附量是Pd/SnO2(600)的3倍,单位Pd原子上CH4的消耗量比催化剂Pd/SnO2(600)高出45%.因此,PdO和SnO2在构型上存在的晶面匹配可提高催化剂对O2的活化能力.综上所述,SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配有利于氧在Pd-SnO2界面的活化,同时载体SnO2中的晶格氧亦可以通过"氧反溢流机理"补充到表面PdO/Pd上,从而增强催化剂对O2的吸附和活化能力,并提高CH4催化燃烧反应性能.升高SnO2的焙烧温度可强化SnO2和贵金属之间的晶格匹配,从而使催化剂活性随着SnO2焙烧温度升高而增大.     

甲烷和二氧化碳在煤焦上反应制备合成气实验研究

以煤与甲烷共转化制备合成气的研究为背景,通过考察固定床反应器上甲烷和二氧化碳分别在石英砂、煤灰和煤焦上的反应过程,证实了煤焦中的碳结构在共转化过程中对甲烷转化具有催化作用。同时考察了反应温度（1073K～1223K）、CH₄/CO₂比（0.33~3.00）和气固接触时间等工艺条件对甲烷转化率、气相产物中H₂/CO比的影响。结果表明,甲烷的转化率随着反应温度和气固接触时间的增加而增大,随CH₄/CO₂比的增加而减小。在考察范围内甲烷的转化率最高达到了86%。反应物中CH₄/CO₂比的改变可以起到调节产品气中H₂/CO比的作用,0.4~2.0调节。     

Effect of cobalt loading on suppression of carbon formation in carbon dioxide reforming of methane over Co/MgO catalyst

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Carbon dioxide reforming of methane was studied over Co/MgO catalyst which was prepared by using the direct sol–gel method with different Co loadings. The...