福建无烟粉煤催化气化

报导了福建无烟粉煤在碱性催化剂作用下的催化气化工作进展,在小型Φ１８ｍｍ固定床与Φ２０ｍｍ流化床中,进行了水蒸气气化、混合气（空气／水蒸气）气化,采用复合１催化剂添加量８％,８５０～９００℃及流化床条件下,即可获得产气率Ｖ＞３ｍ３／ｋｇ煤（无催化剂时,Ｖ＜１．６ｍ３／ｋｇ煤）及煤气热值ＱＬＶＨ＞９ＭＪ／ｍ３（水蒸气气化）与＞６ＭＪ／ｍ３（混合气气化）的结果,并与无烟煤气化的工业装置进行了比较,这为无烟粉煤有效转化的工业化试验提供了最重要的依据     

工业废液碱对福建无烟煤水蒸气催化气化的实验室研究

在Φ28mm的反应管中，采用工业废液碱用于福建无烟煤固定床水蒸气气化实验。结果表明，该废液碱对福建无烟煤气化有很强的催化活性。在添加3％－12％废液碱的情况下，碳转化率均比无催化剂时增加2.55倍－3．93倍，明显大于添加以Na2CO3为催化剂的碳转化率。同时该废液碱对煤气组成，产气量和煤气热值均有明显提高。在催化气化的同时加入适量的脱碱剂可极大地降低灰渣中的含碱量。     

福建无烟粉煤流化床混合气催化气化表观动力学的研究

在一模试流化床中,首次报道了福建劣质无烟粉煤（挥发分〈５％）采用工业副产碱盐为主制备的复合催化剂进行混合气催化气化的结果,指出这一复合催化剂适宜的添加饱和度为１０％;表观动力学实验表明在该添加饱和度下,使反应表观活化能由无催化剂时的Ｅａ＝７６．０３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ降为Ｅａ＝４５．８３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ（几乎降低了４０％）,并且在气化温度８５０℃条件下,其表观反应速率常数比无催化剂时提高２．７倍;在气化温度８５０－９００℃,催化剂浓度１０％的适宜操作范围,可获得产气率Ｖ＝３．７７－３．５８ｍ＾３／ｋｇ（１ｋｇ煤）,煤气热值ＱＬＨＶ＝５．３１＝６．０３ＭＪ／ｍ＾３与冷煤气效率η＝７９．７２＝８５．７３％的良好结果,这对劣质无烟粉煤催化气化生产燃料气与化工副产碱盐制取廉价催化的工业化实践具有重要的应用价值与可操作的现实意义。     

福建无烟粉煤纸浆黑液富氧流化床催化气化研究

在实验室小型流化床反应器中研究了福建龙岩无烟粉煤纸浆黑液富氧催化气化的特性，考察了纸浆黑液催化剂添加量不同时氧体积分数变化对碳转化率、产气率、煤气组成与热值的影响。结果表明，纸浆黑液催化和富氧气体燃烧的双重作用明显地提高了煤的碳转化率和煤气有效组成；纸浆黑液中钠碱对煤焦气化的催化与对煤灰分中SiO2和Al2O3等氧化物的熔制反应同时发生并存在着竞争；纸浆黑液中钠碱对高温碳与气化剂之间多种反应表现出不同程度的促进。龙岩无烟粉煤在纸浆黑液富氧催化气化时适宜操作条件是氧的体积分数40％和蒸汽/富氧比为1.4kg/m3～2.0kg/m3。碳转化率94％、煤产气率为3.62m3/kg、煤气热值为7.33mJ/m3。     

高灰煤小型流化床混合气催化气化研究

在内径28mm流化床中,对阳泉高灰煤在碱性催化剂（固碱和黏胶废碱液）作用下进行了混合气（空气/水蒸气）催化气化研究,两种碱性催化剂的适宜添加量均为6％。不加催化剂,气化温度830℃~900℃与900℃～920℃下,气化反应的表观反应级数n分别约为2/3与1/3;有催化剂（3％固碱）时,表观反应级数有两个明显的温度段,在830℃~860℃,催化气化的表观反应级数n=1;在860℃~920℃,催化气化的表观反应级数为n=1/3。     

循环流化床富氧气化实验研究

在循环流化床富氧气化实验台上,通过调节水蒸气流量使气化温度基本稳定在910℃,研究了不同氧气浓度及气化当量比对煤气组分、产气率、冷煤气效率及碳转化率的影响。结果表明,氧气浓度从25%增加至40%时,N2体积分数从48.82%降低至33.83%,H2从21.47%不断增加至27.59%,CH4基本不变;受水蒸气流量影响,氧气浓度高于35%时,CO体积分数降低,CO2体积分数增加;氧气浓度40%时的煤气热值为空气气化煤气热值的1.84倍,产气率随氧气浓度增加从2.35 m3/kg降至2.13 m3/kg,冷煤气效率和碳转化率不断增大;当气化当量比从0.20增加至0.29时,N2体积分数先降低后升高,H2体积分数从24.01%增加到25.46%后基本保持不变,CO和CH4持续减小,CO2不断增加,产气率由1.94 m3/kg升高到2.29 m3/kg;受水蒸气和气化当量比综合影响,冷煤气效率先增大后减小,碳转化率持续增加。     

城市生活垃圾气化过程中气化剂和温度的影响

在间歇式固定床气化反应炉(φ40×750)中,考察了不同气化剂和反应温度对经预处理后的城市生活垃圾焦气化反应的影响。试验发现,当温度为900℃,用空气混合蒸汽为气化剂时,所得燃气热值为4.15MJ/m~3,气化强度为105kg/m~2·h,以空气为气化剂时,热值稍低,只有3.06MJ/m~3,气化强度仅为94kg/m~2·h;单纯用蒸汽气化时燃气热值最高可达8.89MJ/m~3。另外,气化剂量对气化反应有影响。在相同气化剂时,提高反应温度能强化气化过程,热值、产气量均有所提高。如以空气混合蒸汽为气化剂时,燃气热值和气化强度从850℃的3.22MJ/m~3和131kg/m~2·h提高到950℃的5.19MJ/m~3和166kg/m~2·h。     

生物质在流化床中的空气-水蒸气气化研究

以流化床为反应器，对生物质的空气-水蒸气气化特性进行了研究。考察了一些主要参变量，如温度 (700 ℃～900 ℃)、水蒸气/生物质比(0～4.04)、空气当量比(0.19～0.27)以及生物质粒度(0.2 mm～0.9 mm)等对气化结果的影响。在实验研究的条件范围内，生物质产气率在1.43 m3/kg～2.57 m3/kg范围内变化，产气的低热值在6 741 kJ/m3～9 143 kJ/m3范围内变化。实验结果表明：较高的气化温度有利于氢的产生；但气化温度过高会使气体热值下降；与常规的空气气化相比，水蒸气的加入使生物质气化产气率显著提高，但水蒸气加入量过多使气化温度下降，产气率和产气热值降低；生物质颗粒粒度的大小对产气组分的分布和产气率均有影响，较小颗粒的生物质会产生较多的CH4、CO和较少的CO2。     

流化床反应器中生物质的催化裂解气化研究

利用木材加工废弃的白木屑在自行开发的流化床生物质气化系统上进行了非传统气化新方法实验研究,制备了多种镍基催化剂并对不同催化剂的裂解气化性能进行了评价。结果表明,共沉淀镍铝催化剂性能最佳,镍铝比在0．5－1．0之间催化剂活性,稳定性最好,该催化剂连续使用200min活性无显著降低,失活催化剂可采用在650℃－700℃的混合气N2：CO2：O2：H2O（40：50：5：5）中焙烧的方法有效再生。     

生物质气经由二甲醚两步法制备低碳烯烃

制备出NiSAPO-34及NiSAPO-34／HZSM-5催化剂,考察了其对二甲醚催化转化制备低碳烯烃的性能．利用Cu／Zn／Al／HZSM-55u筛选出的2％NiSAPO—34／HZSM-5催化剂进行生物质气经由二甲醚两步法制备低碳烯烃的实验,结果表明在SAPO-34上添2H2％的Ni不改变其结构,但降低了酸中心数量,并生成了较强的酸中心．添加少量具有稳定酸中心的HZSM-5,该催化剂的活性提高到3h以上,反应进行2h获得了最高的低碳烯烃选择性为90．8％．当把该催化剂应用到两步催化转化过程的第二个反应器中,其高催化活性可达5h以上．当以低氢碳比生物质气（H2／CO／CO2／N2／CH4=41．5／26．9／14．2／14．6／2．89）作为原料时,经两步转化,低碳烯烃的收率达到84．6g／m^3syngas.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.