原料对自由落下床中生物质与煤共热解行为的影响

在500～700℃和生物质混合比0～100％(质量分数)条件下,利用自由落下床反应器考察原料对生物质与煤共热解行为的影响.所用煤原料为大雁褐煤(DY)和铁法烟煤(TF),而生物质原料为农业废弃物秸秆(LS)和木材加工余料白松木屑(SD).结果表明,即使在自由落下床中停留时间短的条件下,生物质与煤共热解的协同效应仍然发生...     

烟煤快速加氢热解研究 Ⅲ.焦油组成考察

在高压气流床反应装置上对东胜煤快速加氢热解制取焦油试样 ,研究了热解温度对焦油主要组分的影响 ,并与高温焦炉焦油进行比较。实验表明 :加氢热解焦油的液态烃得率达 1 5 %以上 ,是高温焦炉焦油得率的二倍 ;油馏分高 ,沥青质少 ;酚类化合物和纯缩合多环芳烃含量高 ,脂肪烃含量低 ,纯缩合多环芳烃烷基衍生物组成较简单。加氢热解改善了焦油的品质 ,提高了得率。     

快速加氢热解研究：Ⅲ.焦油组成考察

在高压气流床反应装置瞳对东胜煤快速加氢热解制取焦油试样,研究了热解温度对焦油主要组分的影响,并与高温焦炉焦油进行比较。实验表明,加氢热解焦油的液态烃得率达１５％同温焦炉焦油得率的二倍,油馏分高,沥青质少;酚类化合物和纯缩合多环芳烃含量少,酚类化合物和纯缩合多环芳烃含量高,脂肪烃含量低,纯缩合多环工烃烷在衍生物组成较简单。加氢热解改善了焦油的品质,提高了得率。     

热预处理影响褐煤热解行为研究

采用固定床反应器研究了不同气氛热预处理对内蒙胜利褐煤结构的改变,及其对后续热解行为的影响。结果表明,与原煤相比,热预处理后煤中羟基含量和芳香氢与脂肪氢的比减少,脂肪氢的相对含量增加。与未经处理的煤热解相比,N2、N2+O2、CO2气氛下热预处理后热解水收率下降,热解气收率增加,热解气中CO2含量增高,导致高位热值下降。过热水蒸气热预处理后,焦油质量收率提高3～4个百分点。热解焦油组成的变化与预处理气氛、温度密切相关,过热水蒸气200℃下预处理使得焦油中轻质组分的含量(沸点低于360℃的馏分)比原煤焦油提高了约27个百分点;水蒸气和模拟烟气混合气氛下在200℃及250℃预处理后,其热解焦油中轻油和酚油含量分别提高约60和42个百分点。     

预热处理对褐煤热解过程氧元素迁移的影响

以中国呼伦贝尔褐煤为原料,基于工业分析、元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱联用分析,考察140-230℃预热处理对褐煤650℃等温热解氧迁移的影响。结果表明,与未经预热处理的干煤热解相比,褐煤经200℃预热处理后热解,迁移至热解水和半焦中的氧分别下降7.55%和1.43%,迁移至焦油和气体中的氧分别增加6.66%和1.61%,焦油中酚类氧增加一倍。褐煤预热过程中氢键的减少与热解焦油中正己烷可溶物所含酚类化合物的增加,经原位红外漫反射光谱分析,发现源自OH…π、OH…N和羟基自缔合氢键在预热过程中断裂形成自由OH·,导致酚类化合物中苯酚和甲酚含量增加。     

预热处理对褐煤热解过程氧元素迁移的影响

以中国呼伦贝尔褐煤为原料,基于工业分析、元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱联用分析,考察140-230℃预热处理对褐煤650℃等温热解氧迁移的影响。结果表明,与未经预热处理的干煤热解相比,褐煤经200℃预热处理后热解,迁移至热解水和半焦中的氧分别下降7.55%和1.43%,迁移至焦油和气体中的氧分别增加6.66%和1.61%,焦油中酚类氧增加一倍。褐煤预热过程中氢键的减少与热解焦油中正己烷可溶物所含酚类化合物的增加,经原位红外漫反射光谱分析,发现源自OH…π、OH…N和羟基自缔合氢键在预热过程中断裂形成自由OH·,导致酚类化合物中苯酚和甲酚含量增加。     

橄榄石基固体热载体影响褐煤热解产物分布的分析

为了提高固体热载体煤热解工艺中焦油的品质,降低焦油中沸点大于360 ℃的重质组分含量,本实验采用固定床反应器,在450~600 ℃下进行褐煤固体热载体快速热解反应.分析对比了橄榄石基和石英砂固体热载体对褐煤热解产物收率、焦油馏分、气体组成的影响.结果发现,Co能改变煤内部挥发分氢元素的分布,橄榄石负载Co热载体能将焦油中重质组分转化为轻质焦油和热解气.热解温度为550 ℃时,与橄榄石相比,负载Co的橄榄石固体热载体使焦油收率提高了19.2%.与石英砂相比,负载Co的橄榄石固体热载体使焦油中重质组分含量降低了17.0%,轻质组分收率达5.1%,其中,轻油、酚油和萘油分别提高了19.6%、17%和15.2%,气体产物中H₂、CH₄含量下降.     

预脱氯处理PVC残渣和平朔煤共热解的协同效应研究

热解是煤炭清洁高效利用的有效途径,也是处理废旧塑料高效转化的重要方式。本文针对无害化处理困难的含氯塑料,以聚氯乙烯(PVC)和平朔煤为研究对象,提出将PVC先经预热处理脱除大部分氯,然后将预处理后的PVC残渣与煤进行共热解,并利用气相色谱(GC)、模拟蒸馏、GC-MS、元素分析、红外光谱及拉曼光谱等对热解产生的气体、焦油以及半焦的组成和性质进行分析表征。结果表明,预脱氯处理后的PVC和平朔煤的共热解过程存在协同效应,共热解对半焦和焦油的形成具有明显的正协同作用,焦油产率实验值比理论计算值最大高3.35%;而对热解水和气体的形成产生负协同作用,其中,CH_4产率下降最多,即出现最强的负协同效应;共热解使焦油中轻质焦油含量提高,其中,萘类物质含量显著增加,沥青减少,当预脱氯处理PVC添加量为10%时,轻质焦油含量比理论计算值提高5个百分点。此外,共热解半焦表面更为光滑,结构变得更加有序,石墨化度提高。     

两种树皮热解微晶结构及生物油组分对比

以针叶材杉木树皮和阔叶材桉木树皮为原料,利用X射线衍射 (XRD) 对两种树皮热解前后固体颗粒微晶结构的变化进行了比较,利用气质联用 (GC-MS)、凝胶渗透色谱 (GPC) 等手段对两种树皮生物油组分进行了对比分析。结果表明,两种树皮中的纤维结构及脂肪链结构在热解过程中发生了分解,基本被破坏。杉木树皮和桉木树皮生物油主要组分相似,含有酸类、酮类、酚类、醇类、醛类、糖类、酯类等类物质,但相对含量存在差异;桉木树皮相对杉木树皮热解生成了较多的酸类、酮类物质,而酚类、醇类、糖类物质相对较少。两种树皮生物油中酚类物质占有较大的比例,以苯酚和邻苯二酚为主。两种树皮生物油主要物质分子量集中在300~500 g/mol,但桉木树皮生物油中分子量在300~500 g/mol的相对含量 (48.18%) 相比杉木树皮 (61.14%) 较少。     

神府煤煤岩显微组分的浮选分离及富集物的低温热解产物特性研究

研究了神府煤煤岩显微组分的浮选法分离及富集物的低温热解产物特性,考察了矿浆pH值对浮选分离效果的影响,探讨了显微组分富集率对低温热解产物收率的影响,对比分析了显微组分富集物低温热解产物特性,为煤岩显微组分的分级利用提供理论指导。结果表明,调节矿浆pH值可控制煤岩显微组分的分离效果;煤样中镜质组含量越高,低温热解的焦油收率越高,而惰质组含量越高,焦油收率越低,半焦收率越高;镜质组富集物低温热解后半焦表面出现明显的大孔和裂隙,惰质组富集物低温热解后半焦的结构更加疏散、易碎,小颗粒增多;神府煤及各显微组分富集物低温热解焦油中酚类物质的相对含量较高,镜质组富集物热解焦油中的酚类、萘类和链烃类物质含量高于惰质组,而惰质组富集物焦油中多环芳烃类及苯类相对含量较高;神府煤及各显微组分富集物低温热解气的主要成分为CH4、H2、CO、CO2及少量C2~5碳氢物,镜质组富集物热解气中CH4、H2及C2~5的相对累积产率高于惰质组,而CO和CO2产率低于惰质组,原煤热解气中CH4和H2的相对累积产率高于镜质组和惰质组。     

平朔煤和生物质共热解实验研究

利用热重分析技术对平朔煤、生物质及两者混合物的热解特性进行了研究,考察了生物质掺混比例对平朔煤热解的影响。结果表明,不同掺混比例下生物质与平朔煤共热解时,平朔煤的挥发分析出温度和最大热解速率对应的温度呈现出规律性变化。将混合样品热解时的实际失重速率曲线与按比例折算后的曲线进行对比,发现实际失重速率曲线与折算曲线有所偏差,并不是平朔煤与生物质热解失重速率的简单加和,说明混合热解过程中有协同作用。同时,利用Coats-Redfern法,对平朔煤、生物质及两者混合物的热解主要阶段用一级反应过程描述,计算其动力学参数,发现反应活化能E和指前因子A随着生物质掺混比例不同呈现出规律性变化,对其规律进行了机理分析,证明了掺混生物质对平朔煤热解起到了促进作用,认为平朔煤与生物质共热解过程存在协同效应。     

Mechanisms of aliphatic hydrocarbon formation during co-pyrolysis of coal and cotton stalk

Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a tubular furnace. The characteristics of pyrolysis tar were analyzed by GC/MS. The results indicated that the aliphatic hydrocarbon yield derived from co-pyrolysis tar of cotton stalk and Shenmu coal was obviously higher than that of Shenmu coal pyrolysis under optimum condition. Moreover, microcrystalline cellulose was selected as a model compound and the copyrolysis tar of microcrystalline cellulose and Shenmu coal was analyzed for comparison. Base on the experimental results, it was indicated that the alkyl radicals generated from pyrolysis were converted to aliphatic hydrocarbons by radical reactions. Furthermore, the mechanisms of aliphatic hydrocarbon formation were discussed during co-pyrolysis of cotton stalk and Shenmu coal.     

烟煤与生物质快速共热解产物特性分析

研究了烟煤(YL)分别与富含半纤维素的玉米芯(CB)和富含木质素的松木屑(SD)快速共热解产物产率和气体组成的变化规律。结果表明,烟煤与生物质共热解组分互相作用,造成共热解气、液、固相产率和气体组成的明显变化,且与生物质种类有关。相对于独立热解过程,玉米芯丰富的半纤维素造成热解水蒸气和CO₂浓度较高,且玉米芯中富含的K元素挥发迁移至煤焦表面,对热解半焦与水蒸气、CO₂的气化反应起到催化作用,反应生成的H₂和富氢组分易与热解生成的自由基结合,抑制自由基之间的缩聚反应,使得共热解气体和液体产率增加,而半焦产率减小。烟煤/松木屑共热解过程中,松木屑中富含的Ca元素在煤焦表面迁移,促进了松木屑热解液体在半焦表面裂解反应,生成CO₂、CO和富氢自由基等轻质组分,造成共热解半焦和液体产率降低而气体产率增加。热解产物半焦、焦油、水蒸气、CO₂之间的气化和裂解反应均产生富氢的次生组分,从而提高了共热解气体中CO和烃类气体产率,降低了H₂产率。     

Devolatilisation characteristics of coal and biomass blends

The characterisation of the initial devolatilisation products could provide important information for understanding synergistic effects and subsequently the formation routes leading to toxic organic compounds and soot during co-combustion. Initial devolatilisation characteristics of the fuels have been characterised following co-pyrolysis experiments. This paper investigates the devolatilisation behaviour during co-pyrolysis of pinewood together with one of three coals of different rank, lignite or high-volatile bituminous of different origin. A range of pyrolysis experiments has been performed over a temperature range from 400 to 900 °C using pyrolysis–GC–MS (py–GC–MS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Larger scale batch pyrolysis experiments of the hv bituminous coal–pine mixture have been performed enabling collection of the evolved tars. These tars have then been characterised by GC–MS and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). For these batch pyrolysis tests, synergy (non-additive behaviour) was observed and the blend pyrolysis oil contained a decrease in aromatics and an increase in phenols than would be expected for additive behaviour. The molecular weight distributions of the evolved tars also show non-additive behaviour. For the TGA experiments, additive behaviour was seen for all the coal–pine blends studied. Similarly, no obvious synergy was observed by py–GC–MS for the bituminous coal–pine blends, or for model compound–coal and coal–biomass component blends. Non-additive combustion behaviour is not easily explained by studying devolatilisation because of the difficulty in replicating the conditions of temperature profile and residence time experienced by the volatiles. Thus, conflicting behaviour is exhibited depending upon pyrolysis technique.     

Fast co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass in a fluidized-bed reactor

Co-pyrolysis is one of the most promising options for the utilization of coal and biomass. Coal/biomass blends were prepared using Yilan subbituminous (YL) and corncob and the mass ratios of coal in mixtures varied between 0 and 100 %. Co-pyrolysis characteristics were investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer from 303 to 973 K under the nitrogen flow of 100 mL min^?1. The co-pyrolysis residues were less than the sum simply added of the solid yields of individuals. With heating rate increased from 10 to 40 K min^?1, the residues decreased more severely compared to the expected under various blending ratios. For fast pyrolysis in fluidized-bed reactor, gas volumes and char yields of co-pyrolysis showed a significant linearity. But pyrolysis-oil yields were higher than the expected from the additive model when the YL blending ratios were less than 60 %. The co-pyrolysis evolved more H₂, CH₄, C₂ + C₃, and less CO than an additive pyrolysis process of individual fuel. The GC/MS results indicated that co-pyrolysis-oil contained more alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, or acids than that of individual fuel. All of that suggested the H/OH in volatiles produced from rapid pyrolysis of biomass transferred to the radicals of coal pyrolysis. The possible reaction mechanism also was provided in the paper.     

Flash co-pyrolysis of biomass: The influence of biopolymers

A high water content is one of the major drawbacks for the utilisation of bio-oil. One technology which shows the potential to satisfy the demand for bio-oil with a reduced water content is the flash co-pyrolysis of biomass with biopolymers. The influence of biopolymers on the pyrolysis yield of a biomass waste stream is investigated with a semi-continuous home-built pyrolysis reactor. Polylactic acid (PLA), corn starch, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), Biopearls, Eastar, Solanyl and potato starch are the biopolymers under investigation. All biopolymers show their specific benefits during flash co-pyrolysis with willow (target biomass) at 723 K. Each (co-)pyrolysis of pure willow (reference) and all 1:1 (w/w) ratio willow/biopolymer blends is evaluated based on five predefined criteria. A multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) method ‘PROMETHEE’ is used in order to obtain an objective ranking of the different biopolymer options.The flash co-pyrolysis of biomass and biopolymers results in improved pyrolysis characteristics. The flash co-pyrolysis of 1:1 willow/PHB is the most performant option, while 1:1 willow/PLA, 1:1 willow/Biopearls and 1:1 willow/potato starch show increased potential as well. The fact that biopolymers, despite their biodegradability, should be considered as waste, further increases the appealing features of the flash co-pyrolysis of biomass and biopolymers.     

污泥与醋糟共热解特性及碱金属迁移规律

分别采用热重分析仪、真空固定床反应器和原子吸收光谱研究了污泥与醋糟共热解过程中反应动力学、产物分布和碱金属迁移行为,探究了协同效应及碱金属迁移规律。结果表明,两者共热解过程中存在明显协同效应;与理论计算相比,混合物分解所需的活化能下降了35.38%～29.49%,脱挥发指数比计算低3.5×10-8。协同效应导致气体产率增加,生物炭、液体产率降低;醋糟的存在加速了污泥的脱挥发分析出,提高了气体产物中合成气含量,加大了生物炭中大芳香环的裂解反应,使生物油中酚类和酯类物质含量明显增加;热解终止时,碱金属元素析出量达到79.19%～86.73%。     

采用焦分离方法研究共热解时煤与生物质的相互作用及对焦结构和CO2气化反应性的影响

煤与生物质的相互作用已被广泛研究。但是，其相互作用机制通常是基于混合焦样的物理化学结构和反应性而提出。在这项工作中，基于不同形状和粒度将无烟煤与生物质共热解后的混合焦分离，然后通过分析分离后煤焦的结构和反应性来揭示煤与生物质相互作用机制。在热解温度为600和900℃条件下，在固定床反应器中制备了混合有不同比例的秸秆（CS）的无烟煤焦样。采用了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）和X射线衍射（XRD）对煤焦的AAEM浓度和微晶结构进行了检测。利用TGA设备分析了分离后的煤焦与CO₂的气化反应性。结果表明，随着掺混比例从0增加到80%，煤焦中活性K和Mg的浓度逐渐增加，并形成更为无序的碳结构。共热解过程中，更多的AAEM种类被混合物中的煤焦通过挥发分-焦相互作用捕获，而不是随生物质挥发分逸出。同时，热解温度的升高引起了K和Na挥发和失活，也导致石墨化度的降低。而且，CS的添加和更低的热解温度均可提高煤焦的气化反应性。此外，在煤焦的碱性指数AI与反应性指数R_0.5之间建立了较好的线性关系（R²=0.9009），表明在煤与生物质共气化过程中，AAEMs对提高煤焦气化反应活性起主导作用。     

Co-primary thermolysis molecular modeling simulation of lignin and subbituminous coal via a reactive coarse-grained simplification

Co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass is one immediate approach to reduce net carbon dioxide emissions from heat and power generation. Interestingly there is often co-pyrolysis synergy, commonly enhancing tar and gas yields. To explore the synergy mechanisms requires the ability to predict yields and explore thermolysis of coal and biomass chemistry. The current state-of-knowledge allows individual yield predictions through mathematical modeling, and creation of large-scale molecular representations of lignin (as a biomass simplification) and coal. Yet there is no means of coupling these molecular representations and predicted yields. Here a reactive coarse-grained simulation is used to generate 2D lattice representations from complex large-scale subbituminous coal and generic hardwood lignin structural representations. The chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) model was used to predict yields of chars and tars/gases during pyrolysis. Scripting within a molecular modeling environment generates the reactive 2D lattice in molecular modeling space and also simulates the primary thermolysis within the lattice to achieve the desired yields through a breaking of labile cross-links between “un-reactive” structural nodes. The approach is used to visualize the dynamic yield differentials between lignin and a subbituminous coal and to generate radical fragments that can be used to explore synergistic interactions. In this paper the coarse-graining and thermolysis processes are described.