应用场光线传递方程计算鱼眼镜头像场像差

应用场光线传递方程,从鱼眼镜头的孔径光阑处,逆向追迹场光线传递方程,确定任意视场角场光线的初始位置,即光阑球差.正向追迹场光线计算鱼眼镜头系统物、像空间视场角之间的关系曲线;用多项式拟合求出关系曲线的解析表达式.通过反演运算,根据畸变图像复原物的图像分布,达到消除鱼眼镜头成像系统畸变的目的.最后,计算了一个160°鱼眼镜头光学系统的光阑球差和图像的畸变,并应用本文方法复原物的图像分布.计算结果表明:光阑球差的计算结果与真值的相对误差小于1%;复原的物方图像径向高度相对误差小于0.25%,说明本文计算鱼眼镜头像场像差的方法是可行的.     

鱼眼镜头的光路写真

利用C语言的作图功能对鱼眼镜头进行光路写真，详细说明圆作图函数的编制过程，最后给出具体实例。     

球幕鱼眼镜头及其点列图计算

本文讨论了视场等于180度的球幕鱼眼镜头的光学设计问题。介绍了它的应用和成象原理。球幕直径为24米。依据象差渐晕理论,追迹了一系列子午和弧矢光线以及空间光线从而可以绘制点列图。通过实例给出了有关象质信息。     

鱼眼镜头初始结构的设计

基于主光线传输方程,研究了鱼眼镜头前光组负弯月形透镜物像空间的视场角压缩比与结构参数之间的关系,并根据视场角压缩比及镜头尺寸的设计限制,初步确定前光组的结构参数。针对前光组具有平面对称光学系统的成像特性,应用平面对称光学系统像差理论计算前光组波像差;然后利用鱼眼镜头前、后光组波像差的平衡条件,求解后光组各透镜的光焦度及光学间隔;并将其作为限制条件,应用Zemax软件设计了由三块透镜组成的简单后光组系统。以该简单系统作为初始结构进一步复杂化,得到满足更大视场和孔径要求的鱼眼镜头。研究表明,所述方法为设计鱼眼镜头初始结构提供了一种新的思路,且避免了以往设计者过于依赖经验和参考专利的问题。     

鱼眼镜头光学系统的非球面优化设计

应用非球面提高光学系统成像质量是镜头设计的常用手段。基于平面对称光学系统的波像差理论,通过分析鱼眼镜头各光学面的波像差贡献,将波像差贡献突出的光学面作为应用非球面的待选对象,结合波像差随非球面系数的变化趋势,确定应用非球面的光学面;应用优化算法和基于光线点列图分布定义的评价函数优化鱼眼镜头系统。通过对一个鱼眼镜头实例进行非球面优化,其点列图范围从全球面优化设计时的200 μm下降到100 μm,其评价函数值下降1个数量级,证明该方法能明显提高镜头的成像质量,对如何有效应用非球面优化鱼眼镜头的光学系统具有借鉴意义。     

应用波像差理论计算鱼眼镜头调制传递函数

基于平面对称光学系统的波像差理论,给出了鱼眼镜头各类像差的波像差计算表达式,利用自相关积分法计算了它的调制传递函数,采用8节点的高斯-勒让德数值积分方法求解了其自相关积分;分析了鱼眼镜头倍率色差对确定空间频率光栅的相位改变量,给出了C(656.3nm)、D(589.3nm)、F(486.1nm)离散光谱的倍率色差的调制传递函数计算表达式.利用本文方法和Zemax快速傅里叶变换法分别计算两个鱼眼镜头系统的调制传递函数,并进行了对比.结果表明,对于中小孔径的鱼眼镜头成像系统,本文方法和仿真得到的结果较好地吻合.     

用于监控系统的鱼眼镜头光学设计

为了满足监控系统中单镜头可实现全景监控的需求,运用仿生学原理,在原有鱼眼镜头的基础上结合监控系统的需求,运用ZEMAX软件设计了一款视场为180°,相对孔径为1/1.6的鱼眼镜头.该镜头由9片透镜组成,总长度为68.5mm,采用1/3英寸CCD作为图像接收器件.在120lp/mm时,其MTF曲线在轴上大于0.4,在80...     

非球面鱼眼镜头设计及畸变校正算法研究

提出了一种非球面鱼眼镜头的设计方法,根据全景摄像系统镜头使用要求,设计得到一款仅由三片非球面塑胶镜片和一片球面玻璃镜片组成的超广角鱼眼镜头。镜头最大成像光圈直径为15.3 mm,后工作距离为2.158mm,系统总长为11.44mm,焦距为0.97mm,视场角为210°,在60lp/mm处调制传递函数(MTF)曲线达到0.35。还构建出一种高效简单的鱼眼镜头畸变校正算法,根据镜头设计中得到的畸变曲线,应用畸变模型运用实际像点计算出理想像点位置,将鱼眼镜头拍摄的畸变图像校正为适合于人眼观看的无畸变图像。通过车载全景显示应用中实际拍摄图像及校正图像的对比,验证出该算法精准可行。     

用射影不变性纠正鱼眼镜头畸变

计算机视觉通常采用针孔摄像机模型，但对于存在较大畸变的鱼眼镜头或广角镜头，必须首先纠正镜头畸变才能应用针孔模型。为了从同时存在透视变形和鱼眼畸变的图像中纠正鱼眼畸变，采用了以下射影不变性：空间中直线的投影为直线；平行直线束的投影平行或相交于一点；直线段投影的交比不变。首先，用待纠正的鱼眼镜头对一幅等间隔正交网格图成像，提取网格结点作为控制点，然后用射影不变性求解畸变模型，达到纠正畸变的目的。该算法巧妙地运用三次方程的Cardan解法。大大提高了速度。结果表明，运用该方法纠正鱼眼镜头畸变速度快、精度高。     

核物理与等离子体物理——核物理与等离子体物理学科研究进展

编制了一个新的三维光路程序，可以计算任意方向的光线通过网络的轨迹，程序将更准确地模拟真实激光光束在柱型腔靶中的三维传播。设计了平板、球体、柱体等几何体计算模型，通过一系列的检验和考察，证明了程序计算的光路轨迹的可靠性。     

一种激光驱动的超短X射线光源

介绍一种可产生超短脉冲的新型Ｘ射线光源。它由多碱光电阴极、金靶及铍输出窗组成，当该射线管的阴极受到强光照射时，产生光电子发射，并经电场加速后轰击金靶，产生连续谱的Ｘ射线轫致辐射，经铍窗输出。用超短的可见光脉冲驱动该光源，并借助Ｘ射线扫描相机测量了该管的Ｘ射线输出，获得了５ｐｓ的Ｘ射线脉冲，这种光源可方便地用来标定Ｘ射线扫描相机的时间分辨率，此种产生超短电子脉冲的方法可在其他方面获得应用。     

TibetⅡ/HD阵列寻找来自蟹状星云的TeVγ射线

羊八井二期阵列(TibetⅡ)和加密阵列HD(HighDensity)分别从1995年和1996年成功地运行以来,已经积累了大量的数据.报道了利用TibetⅡ在1995年10月至1997年9月、HD阵列在1997年2月至8月收集的数据寻找来自蟹状星云(CrabNebula)方向的10TeV和3TeVγ射线稳定发射的初步结果.分析表明,来自CrabNebula的3TeVγ射线的累积信号事例数显示了稳定增长的趋势,显著性达到了3.2σ,但没有发现10TeV和30TeVγ射线稳定发射的迹象.     

X‐ray focusing by the system of refractive lens(es) placed inside asymmetric channel‐cut crystals

An X‐ray one‐dimensionally focusing system, a refracting–diffracting lens (RDL), composed of Bragg double‐asymmetric‐reflecting two‐crystal plane parallel plates and a double‐concave cylindrical parabolic lens placed in the gap between the plates is described. It is shown that the focal length of the RDL is equal to the focal distance of the separate lens multiplied by the square of the asymmetry factor. One can obtain RDLs with different focal lengths for certain applications. Using the point‐source function of dynamic diffraction, as well as the Green function in a vacuum with parabolic approximation, an expression for the double‐diffracted beam amplitude for an arbitrary incident wave is presented. Focusing of the plane incident wave and imaging of a point source are studied. The cases of non‐absorptive and absorptive lenses are discussed. The intensity distribution in the focusing plane and on the focusing line, and its dependence on wavelength, deviation from the Bragg angle and magnification is studied. Geometrical optical considerations are also given. RDLs can be applied to focus radiation from both laboratory and synchrotron X‐ray sources, for X‐ray imaging of objects, and for obtaining high‐intensity beams. RDLs can also be applied in X‐ray astronomy.     

Diffractive–refractive optics: X‐ray splitter

The possibility of splitting a thin (e.g. undulator) X‐ray beam based on diffraction–refraction effects is discussed. The beam is diffracted from a crystal whose diffracting surface has the shape of a roof with the ridge lying in the plane of diffraction. The crystal is cut asymmetrically. One half of the beam impinges on the left‐hand part of the roof and the other half impinges on the right‐hand side of the roof. Owing to refraction the left part of the beam is deviated to the left whereas the right part is deviated to the right. The device proposed consists of two channel‐cut crystals with roof‐like diffraction surfaces; the crystals are set in a dispersive position. The separation of the beams after splitting is calculated at a distance of 10 m from the crystals for various asymmetry and inclination angles. It is shown that such a splitting may be utilized for long beamlines. Advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed.     

Status of the hard X‐ray microprobe beamline ID22 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility

The ESRF synchrotron beamline ID22, dedicated to hard X‐ray microanalysis and consisting of the combination of X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, diffraction and 2D/3D X‐ray imaging techniques, is one of the most versatile instruments in hard X‐ray microscopy science. This paper describes the present beamline characteristics, recent technical developments, as well as a few scientific examples from recent years of the beamline operation. The upgrade plans to adapt the beamline to the growing needs of the user community are briefly discussed.     

来自γ暴的甚高能γ射线

以膨胀火球模型解释来自γ暴的甚高能γ射线,其中考虑了高能γ射线产生效率,相对论效应以及宇宙背景辐射等因素,计算表明,大于10GeV的γ射线的喷射可能在火球膨胀开始后约10^－5s发生,其到达地面时的通量可达10^－4—10^－6cm^－2.     

Constraining the cosmic ray propagation halo thickness using Fermi-LAT observations of high-latitude clouds

The diffusive halo is a basic characteristic of cosmic ray (CR) propagation and can advance our understanding of many CR-related phenomena and indirect dark matter. The method used to derive the halo size often has degeneracy problems and is thus affected by large uncertainties. The diffuse \begin{document}$\rm\gamma$\end{document} rays from high-latitude clouds might shed light on the halo size independently. Because predictions using the spatially dependent propagation (SDP) model have better agreement with the observed CRs than those of the conventional propagation model, in this work, we investigated halo thickness based on the SDP model using Fermi-LAT \begin{document}$\rm\gamma$\end{document}-ray observations of high- and intermediate-velocity clouds. We found that to avoid exceeding the relative \begin{document}$\gamma$\end{document}-ray emissivity in high-latitude clouds, the halo thickness should be in the range of 3.3-9 kpc. Moreover, the spatial morphology of \begin{document}$\rm\gamma$\end{document}-rays estimated based on the SDP model for different values of the halo thickness are distinctive, which provides us with a tool to determine the halo size. This newly developed model can be tested and tuned using multi-wavelength observations in future studies.     

Synchrotron‐based spectroscopy of X‐ray channeling through hollow capillary microchannels inside glass plates

Here, soft X‐ray synchrotron radiation transmitted through microchannel plates is studied experimentally. Fine structures of reflection and XANES Si L‐edge spectra detected on the exit of silicon glass microcapillary structures under conditions of total X‐ray reflection are presented and analyzed. The phenomenon of the interaction of channeling radiation with unoccupied electronic states and propagation of X‐ray fluorescence excited in the microchannels is revealed. Investigations of the interaction of monochromatic radiation with the inner‐shell capillary surface and propagation of fluorescence radiation through hollow glass capillary waveguides contribute to the development of novel X‐ray focusing devices in the future.     

Plasmon excitation in the x ray absorption process

A simple approach is developed to study the excitation of a plasmon due to valence electronic correlations in the x ray absorption process. Assuming a complete separation between the core and the valence electrons, we introduce the plasmons in the system Hamiltonian externally according to the Bohm-Pines collective formalism and carry out the corresponding canonical transformations to separate the x ray photonplasmon-electron term. According to our calculations, the relative intensity of the plasmon process with respect to the main absorption, which represents single particle excitations is 0·12 times the interelectronic separation measured in Bohr radii. The theoretical estimates of the plasmon intensity agree satisfactorily with the experimental values for the Mn K and the Re L_III absorption discontinuities. The shape of the plasmon absorption band resembles the main absorption edge, if the wave vector dependence of the plasmon frequency is neglected. The intensity of the second plasmon harmonic is about 3 per cent of the first plasmon satellite spectrum. The electron plasmon interaction modifies the shape of the plasmon spectrum.     

A microfocus X‐ray fluorescence beamline at Indus‐2 synchrotron radiation facility

A microfocus X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy beamline (BL‐16) at the Indian synchrotron radiation facility Indus‐2 has been constructed with an experimental emphasis on environmental, archaeological, biomedical and material science applications involving heavy metal speciation and their localization. The beamline offers a combination of different analytical probes, e.g. X‐ray fluorescence mapping, X‐ray microspectroscopy and total‐external‐reflection fluorescence characterization. The beamline is installed on a bending‐magnet source with a working X‐ray energy range of 4–20 keV, enabling it to excite K‐edges of all elements from S to Nb and L‐edges from Ag to U. The optics of the beamline comprises of a double‐crystal monochromator with Si(111) symmetric and asymmetric crystals and a pair of Kirkpatrick–Baez focusing mirrors. This paper describes the performance of the beamline and its capabilities with examples of measured results.