EXTRARETINAL PHOTORECEPTION IN ENTRAINMENT OF CRUSTACEAN ORCADIAN RHYTHMS*

Abstract— An attempt was made to determine whether entrainment of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and ERG amplitude of the crayfish involved extraretinal photoreception. The results of a variety of experiments involving surgical lesions and localized illumination provided evidence that both rhythms can be entrained via an extraretinal pathway. The data also demonstrate that the caudal photoreceptor is unnecessary for entrainment. Our evidence to date suggests that the extraretinal photoreceptor is located in the supraesophageal ganglion; however, the possibility of photoreceptive input from other regions of the CNS, particularly the optic lobe, has not been eliminated. It is also tentatively concluded that the circadian oscillators for both the locomotor and the ERG amplitude rhythms are located within the supraesophageal ganglion, but more data are needed to confirm this conclusion.     

EXTRARETINAL PHOTORECEPTION IN LIZARDS

Abstract— In lizards both photoperiodic photoreception and entrainment (synchronization) of the biological clock by environmental light cycles can be accomplished by extraretinal photoreceptors. Testicular size and spermatogenic activity in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis , is maintained under long (14 h) photoperiods in the summer in both sighted and blinded lizards whereas short days (6h) cause testicular regression. In the fall, long photoperiods cause testicular recrudescence and maturation in blinded and blinded-parietalectomized anoles as well as in sighted anoles.
Extraretinal photoreceptors can mediate entrainment of the circadian locomotor rhythm in every lizard species examined to date (8 species). The photosensory pineal complex in lizards (pineal organ and parietal eye) may not be involved in entrainment; in any case, its removal does not prevent entrainment of blinded lizards. Localization experiments have shown that the brain is the site of the extraretinal receptors mediating entrainment. The lateral eyes can also contribute to entrainment. In some species, but not all, blinding alters the pattern of the entrained activity rhythm. The free-running activity rhythms of two species of lizards exposed to continuous illumination respond very differently to blinding; these experiments yield insight into the mechanisms of entrainment in the two species as well as showing that caution must be observed when generalizing about the role of retinal and extraretinal receptors not only among different vertebrate classes but also among species of the same class.     

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF EXTRARETINAL PHOTOSENSITIVITY IN HATCHLING ALLIGATORS, ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS

Hatchling American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis , display a diel rhythm of extra-retinal (non-pineal) photosensitivity. There is a bimodal pattern in the threshold fluence rate required for initiating and effecting extra-retinally-mediated phototaclic responses. Significantly greater threshold fluence rates are required in the photophase than the scotophasc of a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle. Under constant darkness there continues an endogenous, apparently circadian rhythm of extra-retinal photosensitivity. In all cases there is a significantly greater photosensitivity at lower temperatures.     

EXTRARETINAL PHOTORECEPTION IN BIRDS

Abstract— It is clearly established that in birds, as in the other lower vertebrates, brain photoreception is a critically important perceptual mode. In this review, the variety of extraretinally-mediated responses has been described, and the physiological properties and anatomical location of extraretinal photoreceptors have been briefly discussed. In order to deepen our understanding of its place in the sensory armamentarium, several unresolved problems have been pointed out.     

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR IN A POPULATION OF Paramecium multimicronucleatum: ITS CHARACTERISTICS AS DERIVED FROM CIRCADIAN CHANGES IN THE SWIMMING SPEEDS AND THE FREQUENCIES OF AVOIDING RESPONSE AMONG INDIVIDUAL CELLS

Abstract The locomotor behavior of Paramecium is determined by two components: swimming speed and the frequency of avoiding responses. The circadian oscillations of these two components were examined in order to interpret characteristics of the circadian locomotor rhythm, previously found in a Paramecium population using an originally defined parameter, "traverse frequency" (Hasegawa et al ., 1978, 1982). In our present study, a modified version of the previously developed, fully computerized, close-up video/photoamplifier system was used. Results indicate that individual specimens swam fast and unidirectionally during the day, while at night, in a light–dark cycle, they swam slowly and frequently turned. This oscillatory pattern was sustained in continuous darkness, where fluctuation in the frequency of avoiding responses was a dominant characteristic. The time structure of the "random walk" of Paramecium behavior was also examined by constructing and stochastically testing histograms of the interval times between specimens consecutively traversing beneath an observation point. Statistical analyses of observation data indicated that the circadian organization of the two components by individual specimens resulted in a circadian accumulation/dispersal rhythm of the entire population. It was concluded that the circadian "traverse frequency" rhythm principally represented this circadian accumulation/dispersal rhythm.     

BLUE LIGHT PHOTORECEPTION IN Neurospora ORCADIAN RHYTHM: EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF THE FLAVIN TRIPLET STATE

The mechanism of the photoreceptor acting on the circadian conidiation rhythm of Neurospora crassa was studied, with the following results: (1) the efficiency of 8-haloflavins as sensitizers increased with their triplet yields. (2) Phase shifts were not abolished by removal of oxygen prior to illumination. (3) Oxygen inhibited phase shifts when introduced into the cultures after light treatment. It is proposed that the blue light photoreceptor for the circadian clock of Neurospora crassa acts (1) from its triplet state, but (2) not via singlet oxygen; (3) signal transduction involves (an) oxygen-sensitive intermediate(s).     

IN VIVO CHLOROPHYLL a FLUORESCENCE TRANSIENTS AND THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN GONYAULAX POLYEDRA

Abstract— The intensity of chlorophyll a fluorescence during the early part of fluorescence induction at O , initial fluorescence, and P, peak fluorescence, was higher during the day phase of the circadian cycle than during the night phase in continuous light (LL) conditions and was positively correlated with the rate of oxygen evolution. The circadian rhythm in fluorescence in LL persisted in the presence of 10μM 3–(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), which blocks electron flow from photo-system (PS) II in photosynthesis. The rhythmic changes in fluorescence intensity are consistent with a lower rate constant for radiationless transitions during the day phase than during the night phase of the circadian rhythmicity. The circadian changes in the intensity of fluorescence were abolished at 77K, which may indicate the importance of structural changes in membranes in circadian oscillations.     

ACTION SPECTRUM AND THRESHOLD SENSITIVITY OF ENTRAINMENT OF ORCADIAN RUNNING ACTIVITY IN THE COCKROACH PERIPLANETA AMERICANA

Abstract— The interaction between the compound eye and the circadian timing system for running activity in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana , has been investigated by measuring the action spectrum for entrainment of such behavior by imposed photic stimuli. Test wavelengths were selected which spanned the spectral range of the dichromatic retina of this insect and intensities of such lights for which half of a population of animals failed to be entrained (threshold) were determined. Stimuli were presented either with a 12:12 light–dark regime or for 12h/day on a continuous background of orange light. The latter procedure altered the balance of sensitivity in the two groups of color receptors in the eye. A comparison of the resulting action spectra and the spectral sensitivities of receptors and visual interneurons measured under similar conditions suggest that the entrainment mechanism is dominated by the receptor group most sensitive to long wavelength light. Furthermore, the eye-clock mechanism shows an extraordinarily high sensitivity to such stimuli. We estimate that a mean flux of about 5 photons/eye/s is sufficient to entrain the behavior. The implications of these results are discussed.     

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF Robinia pseudoacacia LEAFLET MOVEMENTS: ROLE OF CALCIUM AND PHYTOCHROME

Abstract— The effect of external calcium level, calcium ionophore A23187 and red light on the circadian rhythm of Robinia pseudoacacia leaflet movements has been studied. Fifteen minute red light pulses shifted the phase of leaflet rhythmic movement with a phase-response curve type 0. Maximum advances and delays (about 10 h and 8 h, respectively) were obtained between circadian time (CT) 10 and CT 12 at the end of a subjective day. An almost null effect was obtained at the end of a subjective night. Phytochrome is the photoreceptor involved in phase shifting since this effect of red light is reversed by 5 min of far red light. Two hour pulses of external calcium, applied as CaCl₂ (10 m M ), and 2 h pulses of calcium ionophore A23187 (10–50 μM) also shifted the phase of leaflet circadian movement and caused the same type of phase-response curve, with maximum advances and delays at the same time as those produced by red light. Two hour pulses of an external calcium chelator, EGTA (5 m M ), and a calcium channel blocker, LaCl₃ (10–50 m M ), damped the circadian rhythm or did not change the phase when they were applied at lower concentration. These results indicate that phytochrome could control the circadian oscillator, which drives Robinia leaflet movements by increasing the intracellular calcium concentration.     

A DIURNAL RHYTHM IN THE RATE OF LIGHT-INDUCED ELECTRON FLOW IN MAIZE BUNDLE SHEATH STRIPS

Abstract— A technique for the rapid mechanical isolation of bundle sheath strips from Zea mays was used to study the rate of light-induced electron flow as a function of time of day. Seedlings were raised for 10 days in light/dark cycles and then exposed to various intensities of light. The rate of light-induced electron flow was measured five times during the 24-h cycle using a whole cell, H₂O to methyl viologen assay in the presence of gramicidin. The uncoupled rate of electron flow reached a maximum at midday and then decreased for the remainder of the cycle.
If at the end of the 14-h dark period plants were either maintained in darkness, or exposed to very low irradiance white light. then no rhythmicity was observed. If continuous light at higher irradiance was used, then only one additional peak of activity was observed. The minimal light irradiance necessary to allow the continued expression of the rhythm in light/dark cycles is in the range between 11 to 54 W m_-2. A 15-min bright-light (54 W m_-2) pulse administered at dawn is not sufficient to stimulate the expression of the rhythm indicating that the light during the light/dark cycle is doing more than just acting as a "light-on" synchronizing signal. An imposed dark period is also necessary if the rhythm is to be expressed for more than one cycle.     

粮食、饲料中尿素酶活性测量结果不确定度的评定

对粮食、饲料中尿素酶活性测量结果的不确定度进行了评定。使用酸度计，利用pH增值法，以pH增量表示尿素酶活性。通过对影响样品测试过程的不确定度分量的分析和量化，求得尿素酶活性测量结果的标准不确定度和扩展不确定度分别为0．019、0．04，并对测量结果进行了表述。     

TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVITY OF LIGHT-INDUCED PHASE SHIFTING OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK OF NEUROSPORA

Two new mutants of Neurospora craasa , designated hth-1 and hth-2 , have been isolated which allow clear expression of the circadian conidiation rhythm at high temperature (36°C). Both strains showed single-gene segregation and produced similar phenotypes but mapped to different genetic loci. These mutants allowed an analysis of the effect of temperature on (1) light-induced phase-shifting of the circadian rhythm, (2) period length of rhythm, and (3) growth rate. The amplitude of the phase response curve to light was drastically reduced as the temperature was increased from 25°C to 34°C. Phase advances were decreased more than phase delays. As previously reported (Sargent et al. , 1966), the period length of the rhythm is temperature-compensated below 30°C ( Q ₁₀˜ 1) but not well-compensated above 30°C ( Q ₁₀ 1.3–1.7). The decrease in amplitude of the light phase response curve occurred in both temperature ranges. Furthermore, the Q ₁₀ value was lowered by addition of yeast extract in the high temperature range but not in the low range. Q ₁₀ values for growth rate also differed in these strains both in the low temperature range (25–30°C) and the high temperature range (30–34°C).     

关于盐在混合溶剂中的活度系数和溶剂化

李芝芬等人^[1]测定了盐在甲醇混合溶剂中的溶解度,得到经验公式: lg(S_o/S_s-kX_Ne)(1)式中S_o和S_s分别为盐在甲醇和混合溶剂中的溶解度,X_Ne为第二组分溶剂的摩尔分数,k为第二介质常数。     

INVOLVEMENT OF THYLAKOID MEMBRANE-DEPENDENT PHOTOSENSITIZATION IN PHOTOINHIBITION OF THE CALVIN CYCLE ACTIVITY IN SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS

Photoinhibition of the light-regulated key enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle was investigated using chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves. Light quality dependence of the light-induced activity change (activation or inactivation) of key PCR enzymes in situ demonstrated that, while light activation is promoted mainly by red light (Λ.> 600 nm), inactivation takes place largely in the region of blue light (Λ < 500 nm). Inactivation was suppressed by a lipid soluble singlet oxygen (¹O_2,¹Δ_g) quencher. When “stromal protein” was subjected to a severe photoinhibitory treatment, no significant loss of activity was observed for any PCR enzyme assayed. However, the inclusion of thylakoids in the photolysis system resulted in a substantial inactivation of the enzymes; this inactivation was significantly diminished in the presence of imidazole and enhanced to some extent by a partial deuteration of medium. In contrast, superoxide dismutase did not exert any effect. The blue light-induced inactivation of the enzymes was remarkably decreased in the presence of thylakoids whose Fe-S centers were destroyed. The results obtained in this study suggest that photoinactivation of the PCR enzymes in situ is mediated mainly by ¹O₂, which is photoproduced primarily by the Fe-S centers of thylakoids and diffuses into the stroma.     

冰点下降法测定正十六烷中TBP的活度系数

磷酸三正丁酯(TBP)是核燃料及多种稀有金属水冶过程中使用的重要萃取剂,Healy 等人用蒸气压法、Alcock 用溶解度法先后测定过它在一些溶剂中的活度系数,不同作者的数据分歧很大,测定的浓度范围一般也较小.高宏成等人用磷-32标记TBP 分配法在较大浓度范围内测定过TBP 在氯仿、四氯化碳、苯、正已烷等8～9种溶剂中的活度系数,     

STUDIES ON THE ANALOGOUS RHYTHM PHENOMENON IN COUPLED OCEANATMOSPHERE SYSTEM

In this paper, the dynamical forming mechanism of analogous rhythm phenomenon is studied by using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model in form of analogous discrepance. The results show that the analogous rhythm is non-uniform oscillation of analogous discrepance disturbance which is caused by the nonlinear coupled interaction of ocean-air system and the seasonal variation of monthly mean circulation. Then, the numerical simulations and sensitivity studies are conducted by using a global coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamical-statistical seasonal long-range numerical prediction model, the results not only prove the result of theoretical analysis, but also provide the basis of making seasonal long-range numerical prediction by using this model.     

聚合物载体-稀土金属络合物的研究 Ⅵ.聚合物载体-钕络合物对丁二烯聚合的催化活性

红外光谱研究表明,苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物载体-钕络合物具有双配位的羧酸根结构,Nd-O键富有共价性。考察了载体钕络合物催化丁二烯聚合的一般规律,载体钕络合物的组成与聚合活性的关系。在溶剂THF或二氧六环的存在下制得的苯乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物最适宜于合成高活性的载体钕络合物。功能团-COOH含量大约12％,金属钕含量与功能团含量摩尔比在0.20左右的载体钕络合物催化活性最佳。