Visibility

A clear, precise definition of visibility is given. It depends on the modulation transfer function of the light transmitting medium (or contrast loss ratio), the object-to-image distance, the spatial frequency, the medium dispersion (not scattering) coefficient and the medium absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient, a, and the dispersion coefficient, β, are computed from the experimental modulation transfer function for a region of the ocean. The results obtained confirm the validity of the visibility defining equation.     

Transmissive similarity and scale models in a light absorbing, randomly scattering medium

The concept of transmissive similarity in a light absorbing, randomly scattering medium is introduced. The dispersion coefficient is defined. Transmissive similarity conditions are developed as ratios of the pertinent photon state characterizing forces. Two significant force ratios are shown to equal two important properties of the medium. They are the number of scattering events per absorption event and the root-mean-square value of refraction angle per scattering event. The determination of transmissive similarity by the optical characteristics, absorption, scattering, and dispersion is presented. Using transmissive similarity, the conditions necessary for obtaining a scale model are derived. An example is presented illustrating application of these conditions to obtain a 1/5 scale model.     

Ultrafast optical beam deflection in a pump probe configuration

Propagation of a signal beam in an Al Ga As/Ga As waveguide multiple-prism light deflector is theoretically investigated by solving the scalar Helmholtz equation to obtain the dependences of the temporal and spatial resolvable characteristics of the ultrafast deflector on the material dispersion of Ga As including group velocity dispersion and angular dispersion,interface reflection,and interface scattering of multiple-prism deflector.Furthermore,we experimentally confirm that,in this ultrafast beam deflection device,the deflecting angle of the signal light beam is linear with the pump fluence and the temporal resolution of the ultrafast deflection is 10 ps.Our results show that the improvement of the temporal and spatial resolvable performances is possible by properly choosing the structural parameters and enhancing the quality of the device.     

Long-time asymptotic of temporal-spatial coherence function for light propagation through time dependent disorder

The long-time asymptote of the field autocorrelation function for radiation propagated through a medium of point-like scatterers is studied using the Bethe-Salpeter equation. It is shown that for a plane source the fluctuation intensity (the zeroth spatial moment of the correlator) damps out following a power-logarithmically stretched exponential decay law, the exponent and preexponent being dependent on the scattering angle. The spatial center of gravity and dispersion of the correlator (the normalized first and second moments, respectively) turn out to be to weakly divergent at infinite time. A spin analogy of this problem is also discussed.     

The temporal Mueller matrix solution for polarimetric scattering from a layer of random non-spherical scatterers

The Mueller matrix solution of the vector radiative transfer equation with time dependence is derived in this paper. It is applied to simulation of polarimetric bistatic scattering from a layer of non-uniformly oriented, random non-spherical scatterers when a Gaussian plane pulse is incident upon. Co-polarized and cross-polarized bistatic scattering are numerically calculated. The pulse echoes are compared with the incidence, and demonstrate its functional dependence on the physical parameters of random medium, such as spatial orientation and fractional volume of scatterers, incidence angle and polarization, the layer depth and others.     

Transmission tomography of proportional scattering media

Reconstruction of the extinction coefficient spatial distribution in transmission tomography of proportional scattering media (PSM) is considered. An exact analytical solution to the transport equation for PSM is derived for an arbitrary distribution of radiation sources. An inverse problem of tomography as applied to PSM is solved exactly without making additional assumptions. Difficulties associated with implementation of the tomographic algorithm and with uncertain knowledge of the proportionality coefficient in PSM are discussed. The results obtained may be useful in designing new types of transmission optical tomographs.     

随机非球形粒子全极化散射的时间相关Mueller矩阵解

从与时间相关的矢量辐射传输方程推导一阶Mueller矩阵解,用来模拟Gauss型平面脉冲波入射下,一层随机、非均匀取向非球形粒子的全极化双站散射.数值计算了同极化和去极化脉冲响应,与入射脉冲进行了比较,说明了随机介质的物理参数,如粒子的取向和占空比、入射角、极化以及层厚等对脉冲响应的影响 关键词： 平面脉冲波 非球形粒子 Mueller矩阵     

声波在水-含气沉积物界面的反射

含气泡海洋沉积物的声学特性是海底探测的重要问题。为了研究气泡存在对水-含气沉积物界面声反射系数的影响,本文基于气泡振动修正的Biot波动方程推导了气泡存在修正的Biot弹性模量,并结合水-沉积物界面的“开孔”边界条件推导了声波从水入射到水-含气沉积物界面的反射系数。数值分析表明气泡的振动导致反射系数呈现显著的频率特性。在气泡共振频率附近,由于气泡的共振引发的强散射和强衰减,使得反射系数很大,无论以何种角度入射,声波都很难进入含气泡的沉积物。本文研究结果表明,气泡半径、含量、声波频率以及入射角度都是影响水-含气沉积物界面反射系数的主要因素。     

Propagation of a light beam in an absorbing medium with large-scale inhomogeneities

A method of solving the radiative transfer equation is proposed; it enables one to take into account the influence of absorption on the angular and spatial distributions of radiation under conditions of sharply anisotropic multiple scattering. For phase functions that decrease with an increase in the scattering angle by the power law, the total flux attenuation and profiles of the angular and spatial distributions in a strongly absorbing medium are studied. The obtained analytical dependences exhibit a good agreement with results of numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation.     

Radiative transfer theory with time delay for the effect of pulse entrapping in a resonant random medium: General transfer equation and point-like scatterer model

Abstract

A pulse propagation of a vector electromagnetic wave field in a discrete random medium under the condition of Mie resonant scattering is considered on the basis of the Bethe–Salpeter equation in the two-frequency domain in the form of an exact kinetic equation which takes into account the energy accumulation inside scatterers. The kinetic equation is simplified using the transverse field and far wave zone approximations which give a new general tensor radiative transfer equation with strong time delay by resonant scattering. This new general radiative transfer equation, being specified in terms of the low-density limit and the resonant point-like scatterer model, takes the form of a new tensor radiative transfer equation with three Lorentzian time-delay kernels by resonant scattering. In contrast to the known phenomenological scalar Sobolev equation with one Lorentzian time-delay kernel, the derived radiative transfer equation does take into account effects of (i) the radiation polarization, (ii) the energy accumulation inside scatterers, (iii) the time delay in three terms, namely in terms with the Rayleigh phase tensor, the extinction coefficient and a coefficient of the energy accumulation inside scatterers, respectively (i.e. not only in a term with the Rayleigh phase tensor). It is worth noting that the derived radiative transfer equation is coordinated with Poynting's theorem for non-stationary radiation, unlike the Sobolev equation. The derived radiative transfer equation is applied to study the Compton–Milne effect of a pulse entrapping by its diffuse reflection from the semi-infinite random medium when the pulse, while propagating in the medium, spends most of its time inside scatterers. This specific albedo problem for the derived radiative transfer equation is resolved in scalar approximation using a version of the time-dependent invariance principle. In fact, the scattering function of the diffusely reflected pulse is expressed in terms of a generalized time-dependent Chandrasekhar H-function which satisfies a governing nonlinear integral equation. Simple analytic asymptotics are obtained for the scattering function of the front and the back parts of the diffusely reflected Dirac delta function incident pulse, depending on time, the angle of reflection, the mean free time, the microscopic time delay and a parameter of the energy accumulation inside scatterers. These asymptotics show quantitatively how the rate of increase of the front part and the rate of decrease of the rear part of the diffusely reflected pulse become slower with transition from the regime of conventional radiative transfer to that of pulse entrapping in the resonant random medium.     

On the quasioptical approximation in dissipative media with spatial dispersion

A new form of the quasioptical equation is proposed to describe the propagation of an electromagnetic wave beam in a stationary smoothly inhomogeneous medium with spatial dispersion and dissipation. The proposed approach guarantees the positive definiteness of the absorbed power in the locally dissipative medium, which is a nontrivial property for inhomogeneous media with spatial dispersion. An efficient numerical scheme is constructed to solve the derived quasioptical equation.     

Coherent waves in a multiply scattering poro-elastic medium obeying Biot's theory

Twersky's theory is generalized to multiple scattering by a uniform random distribution of cylinders in a poro-elastic medium. The high-frequency regime only, where no dispersion effects occur in the absence of scatterers, is investigated in the frame of Biot's theory. The scatterers lie within a slab of the host medium, and an incident wave gives rise to a fast longitudinal coherent wave, a slow longitudinal one, as well as a shear one in the slab. The dispersion equations of those three coherent waves are derived. The shear coherent wave propagates independently of the other two, while the longitudinal coherent waves obey a coupled dispersion equation involving conversion terms. Numerically speaking, coupling effects are significant only when forward scattering by a single cylinder of the fast wave into the slow one (or the slow wave into the fast) is larger than forward scattering with no conversion.     

重离子弹性散射中的角分散研究

简要评述了重离子弹性散射角分散研究的内容、 方法及物理意义。通过前角区重离子弹性散射产物微分截面的角分布测量,作出角分散图ln(dσ/dθ)\|θ2。 分析经典偏转函数, 从而在实验上确定了反应系统的核虹角。 在低能、 重靶的重离子反应系统中, 核虹角远小于擦边角。 晕核及弱束缚核比稳定核具有更小的核虹角和更大的核相互作用范围。 经典偏转函数的计算有助于提供一套光学势参数, 以便于拟合弹性散射产物的微分截面。 In terms of the angular dispersion plot of ln(dσ/dθ) versus θ2, which can be obtained from the angular distribution of the elastic scattering differential cross sections in heavy ion collisions, systematic analysis on the angular dispersions is made by using classical deflection function for the available experimental data on the target of 208Pb. Our systematic analyses bring about some important results. Firstly, there is an angular dispersion turning angle at forward angular range beyond the grazing angle. Secondly, the nuclear rainbow angle for such reaction systems can be determined by measuring differential cross sections of elastic scattering at forward angular range and analyzing the angular dispersion. Thirdly, analysis of angular dispersion may provide a way to determine a set of optical potential parameters by means of fitting the experimental data of elastic scattering differential cross sections. Finally, for the halo nuclei as the projectiles, there is an exotic behaviour, i. e., smaller angular dispersion turning angle.     

Determination of band structure in one-dimensional complex photonic crystals: A bandedge approach

We present a numerical stable method to easily compute bandgaps of one-dimensional complex basis photonic crystals using novel bandedge equations rather than the traditional dispersion equation. The bandedge equations are derived by the concept of scattering matrix and concisely expressed by the transport coefficients with operations of multiplication and addition only. It is not required to calculate the global transfer matrix or the cosine of Bloch phase to avoid numerical instability. Moreover, we present closed-form expressions to calculate the global scattering matrix without using recursive computation. Finally, numerical examples show that use of the derived bandedge equation has better numerical stability than using the traditional dispersion equation for the band structure analysis.     

气泡数密度对尾流光束衰减测量的影响

为准确地测量出尾流气泡群的衰减,提高前向光尾流探测的可靠性,研究了气泡数密度对尾流光束衰减测量的影响.基于辐射传输方程的小角度近似解,得到了探测截面上的约化功率和漫射功率的表达式.根据测量条件,引入了有尾流气泡和无尾流气泡时探测截面上接收到的辐射功率之比作为透射函数,并进一步引进了复散射校正因子,它表征了复散射效应的强弱.针对典型的尾流气泡分布,通过数值计算得到了不同测量条件下气泡数密度与复散射校正因子、透射函数的关系.数值计算结果表明：复散射校正因子都随气泡数密度的增大单调的增大,透射函数都随气泡数密度的增大单调的减小;测量条件不同,气泡数密度对光束衰减的影响也不同.研究结果表明,给定测量条件和透射比时,利用小角度辐射方程可以得到气泡群数密度的量化信息.     

浅海小掠射角的海底界面声反向散射模型的简化

在浅海,尤其是负梯度声速剖面和海面较为平静的浅海波导,海底界面反向散射是浅海混响的主要来源.经验散射模型只适用于分析浅海混响平均强度衰减特性,而基于物理机理建立的反向散射模型克服了这一缺陷,但同时也引入了其受地声模型约束的问题.本文结合了海底反射系数的三参数模型,对浅海远场海底反向散射模型进行了简化,以减少地声模型的输入参数.理论分析了海底反射系数的相移参数可以描述海底对声场的散射作用,无需任何海底地声参数的先验知识.通过对海底反向散射模型近似简化,结果表明在临界角附近和甚小掠射角范围内的海底粗糙界面反向散射模型的角度特性和强度特性受海底沉积层的影响不同:在临界角附近,海底反向散射的角度特性受海底反射系数的相移参数加权,而其散射系数则近似与相移参数无关;对于甚小掠射角,海底反向散射的角度特性近似与海底反射系数的相移参数无关,其散射系数则近似与相移参数的4次方成正比.     

非偏振贝塞尔高斯光束的球散射

无衍射光束球散射性质的研究目前一般采用贝塞尔光束,但是贝塞尔光束在物理上是不可实现的。贝塞尔高斯光束作为近似无衍射光束,是亥姆霍兹方程在傍轴条件下的解,并且可以用激光振荡器直接产生,但其光束宽是有限的。应用傅里叶变换,平面波谱展开和球面矢量波函数展开法,推导了非偏振贝塞尔高斯光束的球散射远场的无量纲散射函数。通过数值模拟,对非偏振的贝塞尔高斯光束与贝塞尔光束,高斯光束的球散射远场进行了比较,比较发现:当球散射体偏离光轴时,非偏振贝塞尔高斯光束跟贝塞尔光束散射远场的差异主要是散射强度的差异,但是散射极点所在的方向基本保持不变;贝塞尔高斯光束和贝塞尔光束的散射在光束圆锥角方向上比较显著,但高斯光束的前向散射比较显著。     

Spatial growth rate and field profiles of symmetric mode in a rod dielectric Čerenkov maser with a magnetized plasma column

By numerically solving the exact dispersion equation, the dispersion relation of symmetrical TM waves propagating in a Čerenkov maser including a thin annular relativistic electron beam (TAREB), a strongly magnetized plasma column, and a dielectric rod is investigated. The effects of accelerating voltage, radii of TAREB and plasma column as well, on the frequency spectra and spatial growth-rate coefficient are presented. The axial electric field profiles during the wave amplification and the conditions under which the spatial growth rates are maximum are presented.     

The effect of spatial dispersion and boundaries of a medium on resonance radiation transfer

An integral equation is derived for the spectral density of excited atoms using optically dense bounded dispersion media as an example. It is found that the inclusion of the thermal motion of atoms and of the effects due to the existence of a boundary brings about a nonlocal correlation between the concentration of excited particles and the intensity of electromagnetic field in the medium. It is demonstrated that, when the spatial dispersion of permittivity and the boundary effects are disregarded, the obtained result transforms to the well-known Biberman-Holstein equation. The problem on the spectral intensity of radiation of a heated half-space is also investigated.