重金属离子印迹技术

分子印迹技术(molecular imprinting technology,MIT)是指制备对特定目标分子具有专一识别性能的聚合物技术。离子印迹技术(ion imprinting technology,IIT)以离子为模板,通过静电作用、配位作用等与单体结合形成螯合物,聚合后用酸性试剂等将模板离子洗脱,最终制得具有与目标金属离子相对应的三维孔穴结构的印迹材料。作为分子印迹技术的重要分支,离子印迹技术因存在配位作用而具有很多优势,近年来得到了快速的发展。重金属离子是离子印迹领域最典型且最受关注的目标物。本文介绍了离子印迹技术原理、制备及其在金属的痕量和超痕量分析中的优势,针对环境监测中典型重金属污染离子(铅、汞、铜、镉、铬、砷)的印迹聚合物应用进行了简述,并对金属离子印迹技术未来的挑战与发展作出了展望。     

Comparative Study of Water Softening with Granular and Fibrous Ion Exchangers

Comparative study of softening of model hard water with both strongly acidic fibrous FIBAN K-1 and granular KU-2 ion exchangers was carried out. The influence of the filter-bed height, packing density of fibrous ion exchangers, volume sorption capacity, and filtering rate on the efficiency of calcium removal from model hard water was analyzed.     

Water Pretreatment To Remove Organic Impurities and Desalination with Ion Exchangers

Treatment of Neva water to remove organic, mineral impurities on an ion-exchange industrial installation with the resins produced in Russia was studied.     

Organic Ion Exchangers. Synthesis and Their Behaviour in the Retention of Some Metal Ions

Summary: Three pyridine strong base anion exchangers as beads were obtained by quaternization reactions of a 4-vinylpyridine : 8% divinylbenzene copolymer of gel type. These resins possess methyl / ethyl / butyl radicals as substituents on N⁺ atoms and have exchange capacities of 4.80 mEq/g and 2.10 mEq/mL. For pyridine strong base anion exchangers, the behaviours in the retention processes of Cr(VI) as oxyanions and Ga(III) as [GaCl₄]⁻ complex anion were evaluated with the bath method. All the resins exhibited retention properties, but the retained amounts of the metal cations are different as a function of the alkyl length as substituent on N⁺ atoms and the complex anion nature. Thus, Cr(VI) oxyanions are best retained by the resin with  CH₃ as substituent on N⁺ atoms while [GaCl₄]⁻ complex anion by the resin with  C₄H₉ as substituent on N⁺ atoms. By aminolysis reaction of an ethylacrylate : acrylonitrile : divinylbenzene copolymer as beads of macroporous type with NH₂OH · HCl in the presence of C₂H₅OH a new chelating ion exchanger was performed which contains both amidoxime and hydroxamic acid functional groups. This ion exchanger has the retention property for different metal cations but its retention capacities values are strongly dependent of the nature of metal cation and the counterion as well as pH of the solution. Thus, in the static conditions Zn(II) cation with NOequation/tex2gif-stack-1.gif anion as counterion is retained with the best result at pH = 5. As an example, for the aqueous metal cation solution of 10⁻² M concentration for Zn(NO₃)₂ the resin possess at equilibrium a retention capacity of 6.70 mmol Zn/g dry resin and for Cu(II) from Cu(NO₃)₂ solution of same concentration, the retention capacity is 0.22 mmol Cu/g dry resin and Fe(III) from Fe(NO₃)₃ solution is not retained.     

接枝亲水型高分子的丝瓜络对水中重金属离子的吸附行为

采用接枝聚合的方法将亲水性聚丙烯酰胺接枝到丝瓜络上,部分水解的聚丙烯酰胺的接枝率可高达161.3%.选择典型的Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)体系,研究亲水型丝瓜络对水中重金属离子的吸附行为.结果表明,在单离子体系中,准二级动力学方程适于描述亲水型丝瓜络吸附动力学过程,饱和吸附量随着接枝率和pH值增加而增大,对Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的最大饱和吸附量分别为647和887 mg/g.Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型都适合描述等温吸附过程.8次吸附-解吸附循环实验表明,饱和吸附量基本保持恒定,同时对吸附机理进行了讨论.     

水体中重金属离子的检测方法研究进展

对应用于水体中重金属离子含量的检测方法如络合滴定法、分光光度法、化学发光法、电化学分析法、色谱法、光谱法和质谱法等得现状(主要在1985～2010年间发表的文献)及相关的原理和方法的特点作了综述(引用文献共61篇)。     

水中重金属离子电富集样品处理技术

提出了一种低浓度重金属离子溶液的快速富集净化处理方法。目标金属离子首先络合为负离子,在正电压牵引下,金属络合离子到达离子膜表面,在膜表面阴离子层吸引下通过阳离子交换膜,并在受体溶液中再次络合为阴离子络合物,在电场作用下向阳极区移动。富集电流为1.5mA,汞离子、镉离子的富集时间分别为20,60min,水样中汞离子、镉离子的富集倍数分别为10.5,3.2倍。本方法避免了液膜稳定性缺陷。     

Sorption of Some Metal Ions on Inorganic Electron and Ion Exchangers Based on Zirconium(IV)

Conditions of sorption of nonferrous metal ions on inorganic electron and ion exchangers based on zirconium(IV) were analyzed. The sorption capacity was evaluated as influenced by pH, concentration, and temperature of the contacting solutions and nature and chemical composition of the ion exchanger.     

Sorption of Nickel Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Ion Exchangers

Sorption of Ni²⁺ions from aqueous solutions by ion exchangers differed in their chemical nature and structure was studied. Based on the endothermic curves of ice melting obtained by a differential scanning calorimetry, the amounts of freezing and non-freezing water present in free volumes (pores) of the studied ion exchangers were calculated. Comparison of results obtained from the kinetic curves of nickel ion sorption with data on differential scanning calorimetry indicates a role of structural factor in the sorption of nickel ions. It was found that, depending on the total amount of freezing and non-freezing water, the KU-2-8 sulfonated cationite is the most preferable ion exchanger for the sorption of nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Therefore, sorbent efficiency in this case is determined by its structure rather than by chemical nature.     

Synthetic Inorganic Ion Exchangers. XIV Thin-Layer Chromatography of Metal Ions on Thorium Phosphate: Quantitative Separation of Au (III) from Several Metal Ions

Abstract

The analytical potential of thorium phosphate as an ion exchanger has been explored by thin layer chromatographic (TLC) technique. Binder-free thin layers of thorium phos -phate have been explored for several important binary and ternary separations. A TLC method has been developed for quantitative separation of microgram-quantities of Au(III) from several metal ions in pure butanol system.     

羧酸离子在水中的水合数

本文从溶质分子在水中溶解时会发生水合作用的观点出发,重新审视了四种小分子羧酸在水溶液中的电导数据,解释了其离子迁移速率随羧酸溶液浓度的变化规律,并提出了一种简便方法来计算羧酸离子在水溶液中的离子水合数。     

凹凸棒土应用于重金属离子吸附剂的研究

以新型无机矿物材料凹凸棒土作为吸附剂处理废水中的重金属离子。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱及等温吸附-脱附曲线对凹凸棒土进行了表征,并阐述了凹凸棒土对重金属离子的可能吸附机理。在室温下,分别将0.05 g凹凸棒土投入初始质量浓度为500 mg.L-1的Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的溶液中,凹凸棒土对上述离子的平衡吸附量分别高达99、56、117、198 mg.g-1。结果表明,用凹凸棒土吸附废水中的重金属离子切实可行、经济有效。     

Heavy Metal Ions Determination in the Arctic Soils

ABSTRACT

Soil samples collected in the following areas: Greenland, Svalbard and North Siberia have been analyzed. Seventeen micro and trace elements were determined by ICP-AES.     

离子色谱法分析金属离子的研究进展

综述了离子色谱法(IC)分析金属离子的研究进展,对目前应用于分析金属离子的阳离子交换IC、阴离子交换IC和螯合离子色谱进行了评述。阳离子交换IC是IC分析金属离子的主要形式,固定相为强酸(磺酸)型阳离子交换剂和弱酸(羧酸)型阳离子交换剂,结合适当的检测方法,阳离子交换IC可以测定碱金属、碱土金属、过渡金属、稀土离子、铵离子及低相对分子质量的有机胺类分子等。阴离子交换IC可以分析碱土金属、过渡金属、稀土离子等,对金属离子的分析具有更好的选择性,并可以实现金属离子和无机阴离子的同时测定。螯合离子色谱可以对复杂基体中的痕量金属离子进行测定。引用文献125篇。     

Electrochemical Investigation of Binding of Heavy Metal Ions to Turkish Lignites

Adsorption and desorption of Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions on samples of lignites (young brown coal) from three areas in the vicinity of Konya (Anatolia, Turkey) were followed using the polarographic method of analysis. This method enables the determination of free metal ions in suspensions containing both small and colloidal particles of lignite. Effects of pH, nature of the metal ion, and origin of the lignite on its adsorption capacity were followed. Binding is only between 5 and 30% reversible, indicating that ion exchange is not the predominant factor. The role of the size and shape of cavities inside pulverized lignite and of the functional groups inside these cavities was considered.     

Complexes of Di‐ and Triazacrown Ethers with Heavy Metal Ions in Water Solution

This research concerns the analysis of the metal ion binding of benzo‐ and pyridine‐azacrown ether compounds of different structures and sizes by potentiometric method. The ligands are able to form 1 : 1 complexes with heavy metal ions (Cu⁺², Pb⁺², Cd⁺², Ag⁺, Ni⁺², Zn⁺²) in water of middle or high stability. To understand the selectivity in cation binding, different factors were considered.     

Electrochemical Treatment of Heavy Metal‐containing Wastewater with the Removal of COD and Heavy Metal Ions

The use of electricity to treat water was employed for the first time in the UK a century ago, and since then has been considered a highly reliable method for wastewater treatment. In recent years, the demand for hydrogen gas as a valuable, clean energy source has increased considerably; from this point of view, the electrolysis of wastewater can meet the demand for energy during the process of treating wastewater. In this work, wastewater containing heavy metal ions has been treated by an electrochemical method which not only decreased the chemical oxygen demand value and lowered the number of heavy metals ions but also generated hydrogen throughout the process. A series of experiments were performed under optimum conditions of selected electrode materials, pH values, supply power, and working time. The results obtained indicate that by controlling the key factors of the process, a practical method can be achieved for wastewater treatment which also produces a noticeable amount of green energy. Differential pulse voltammetry measurements were used to determine the properties of an industrial wastewater source before and after treatment, while scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy were applied to investigate the proficiency of the electrode material.     

Optimization of Natural Water Purification to Remove Nickel and Copper Ions with Carbonate Flour

The reaction of nickel(II) and copper(II) sulfate solutions with carbonate flour prepared from carbonatite was simulated thermodynamically and studied experimentally. The conditions under which open systems and those isolated from the atmosphere attain stationary state (carbonatite consumption and grain size, pH of the medium) were determined. The ionic and mineral composition of new formations and the theoretically possible degree of purification were found.     

Mobility of Ni(II) Ions in Inorganic Ion Exchangers Based on Zirconium Hydroxophosphate

The mobility of Ni(II) ions in inorganic ion exchangers based on zirconium hydroxophosphate with varying phosphorus content was studied using electromigration and kinetic methods. It was found that the effective diffusion coefficient of nickel in the ion exchanger phase increased with increasing phosphorus content within the range 1·10^–13 to 2·10^–12 m²/s.