A solution method for the sub-surface stresses and local deflection of a semi-infinite inhomogeneous elastic medium

This paper proposes analytical Fourier series solutions (based on the Airy stress function) for the local deflection and subsurface stress field of a two-dimensional graded elastic solid loaded by a pre-determined pressure distribution. We present a selection of numerical results for a simple sinusoidal pressure which indicates how the inhomogeneity of the solid affects its behaviour. The model is then adapted and used to derive an iterative algorithm which may be used to solve for the contact half width and pressure induced from contact with a rigid punch. Finally, the contact of a rigid cylindrical stamp is studied and our results compared to those predicted by Hertzian theory. It is found that solids with a slowly varying elastic modulus produce results in good agreement with those of Hertz whilst more quickly varying elastic moduli which correspond to solids that become stiffer below the surface give rise to larger maximum pressures and stresses whilst the contact pressure is found to act over a smaller area.     

基于可靠性的工程结构动力响应优化设计

在考虑结构物理参数和作用荷栽同时具有随机性的情况下,建立了具有动应力、动位移可靠性约束和设计变量上下限约束的工程结构优化设计数学模型;分别对结构动力响应的数字特征和基于可靠性的结构动力响应的灵敏度进行了推导.利用内罚函数法求解.算例表明文中构建的优化模型和提出的求解方法是合理与可行的.     

Temperature gradient in wood during grinding

Grinding is a commonly used method for producing pulps for papermaking, but its rather poor energy efficiency is a drawback. This paper focuses on developing a model dealing with temperature rise in wood during grinding. The model paves the way for the development of theoretical methods which can be used for reducing the energy consumption of the process. In grinding, wood is loaded by grits, which cause stress waves in the wood matrix. The stress waves fatigue the wood and ultimately separate fibres from the matrix, but because of wood’s viscoelasticity, part of the mechanical energy of waves is converted into heat. In order to understand the wood temperature increase in this process, a mechanistic model is developed here. The model is based on three hypotheses: a flux of mechanical energy occurs through the wood, the magnitude of the flux can be derived from the contact mechanics of the grits, and the rise in wood temperature can be determined from the dissipation of the flux. A temperature distribution in the actual grinding process was simulated with the model. The simulated temperatures were compared with a measured temperature profile obtained from the literature. The modelled and measured temperatures matched quite well. The simulations show that an increase in grit size results higher temperatures, whereas an increase in the distance between grits gives lower temperatures. The main result of the study is that the Hertz theory of contact mechanics can be considered an adequate method for analysing the effect of grits in the grinding process. The result shows that the Hertz theory is applicable when fatigue models are developed; these models can then be used to reduce the energy consumption of the process.     

Optimal Control of an Elastic Tyre-Damper System with Road Contact

We study an elastic tyre with a wheel rim that is suspended at the chassis of a car by means of a spring-damper element. This quarter car model may be controlled by varying the damping constant of the electrorheological damper. Our mathematical model yields a coupled ODE-PDE problem with a free boundary at the tyre-road contact. In this study we approximate the tyre by the Hertz contact stress formula. The resulting optimal control problem with control constraints is solved numerically. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Influence of the contact model on the onset of sprag-slip

In systems with sliding-friction often strong self-excited vibrations do occur. One of the possible underlying mechanisms is the so-called sprag-slip instability. In the present work the onset of sprag-slip is investigated by a simple model in which an inclined elastic beam slides over a rigid belt moving with constant velocity. For a Coulomb friction law and a contact model with constant contact stiffness for a certain range of parameters the system loses its static solution corresponding to the steady sliding state. Simultaneously with this loss of existence of the static solution the qualitative properties of the system's flow field in phase space change, resembling a transition from stable to unstable behavior. To investigate the influence of contact models and related parameters on the details of this onset of sprag-slip also Hertz theory of elastic contact is applied. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The solution of the Hertz axisymmetric contact problem

The main terms of the asymptotic form of the solution of the contact problem of the compression without friction of an elastic body and a punch initially in point contact are constructed by the method of matched asymptotic expansions using an improved matching procedure. The condition of unilateral contact is formulated taking account of tangential displacements on the contact surface. An asymptotic solution of the problem for the boundary layer is constructed by the complex potential method. An asymptotic model is constructed, extending the Hertz theory to the case where the surfaces of the punch and elastic body in the vicinity of the contact area are approximated by paraboloids of revolution. The problem of determining the convergence of the contacting bodies from the magnitude of the compressive force is reduced to the problem of calculating the so-called coefficient of local compliance, which is an integral characteristic of the geometry of the elastic body and its fixing conditions.     

Analysis and control of stationary inclusions in contact mechanics

We start with a mathematical model which describes the frictionless contact of an elastic body with an obstacle and prove that it leads to a stationary inclusion for the strain field. Then, inspired by this contact model, we consider a general stationary inclusion in a real Hilbert space, governed by three parameters. We prove the unique solvability of the inclusion as well as the continuous dependence of its solution with respect to the parameters. We use these results in the study of an associated optimal control problem for which we prove existence and convergence results. The proofs are based on arguments of monotonicity, compactness, convex analysis and lower semicontinuity. Then, we apply these abstract results to the mathematical model of contact and provide the corresponding mechanical interpretations.     

On computer implementation of the Hertz elastic contact model and its simplifications

The paper is concerned with an elastic contact model of rigid bodies which is developed in the framework of the Hertz model. For this new model, we suggest more effective algorithms with reduced computational time. We also present an algorithm for representation of the geometry of the contacting surfaces in the local contact coordinate system. This coordinate system tracks permanently the surfaces of the bodies, which are able to contact. An approach to computation of the normal elastic force is presented. It is based on the reduction to a single transcendental scalar equation that includes the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds. The computational time in the Hertz-model simulation was considerably reduced due to the use of the differential technique for computation of the complete elliptic integrals and due to the replacement of the implicit transcendental equation by a differential one. Using the classic solution of the Hertz contact problem, we then present an invariant form for the force function, which depends on the geometric properties of the intersection of the undeformed volumes occupied with the rigid bodies (so-called volumetric model). The reduced expression for the force function obtained is shown to be different from that accepted in the classic contact theory hypotheses. Our expression has been tested in several examples dealing with bodies that contact elastically including Hertz’s classical model. In the context of the Hertz contact problem, an approximate model for computation the resulting wrench of the dry friction tangent forces is set up. The wrench consists of the total friction force and the drilling friction torque. The approach under consideration naturally extends the contact model constructed earlier. The dry friction forces and torque are integrated over the contact elliptic spot. Generally an analytic computation of the integrals mentioned is bulk and cumbersome leading to decades of terms that include rational functions depending on complete elliptic integrals. To be able to implement a fast computer model of elastically contacting bodies, one should first set up an approximate model in the way initially proposed by Contensou. To verify the model developed, we have used results obtained by several authors. First we test our method on the Tippe-Top dynamic model. Simulations show that the top’s evolution can be verified with a high quality compared with the use of the theory of set-valued functions. In addition, the ball bearing dynamic model has been also used for a detailed verification of different approaches to the computation of tangent forces. Then the friction model of the regularized Coulomb type and the approximate Contensou one, each embedded into the whole bearing dynamic model, were thoroughly tested and compared. It turned out that the simplified Contensou approach provides a computer model that runs even faster compared with the case of the point contact. In addition, the volumetric model demonstrated a reliable behavior and an acceptable accuracy.     

A differential variational inequality in the study of contact problems with wear

We start with a mathematical model which describes the sliding contact of a viscoelastic body with a moving foundation. The contact is frictional and the wear of the contact surfaces is taken into account. We prove that this model leads to a differential variational inequality in which the unknowns are the displacement field and the wear function. Then, inspired by this model, we consider a general differential variational inequality in reflexive Banach spaces, governed by four parameters. We prove the unique solvability of the inequality as well as the continuous dependence of its solution with respect to the parameters. The proofs are based on arguments of monotonicity, compactness, convex analysis and lower semicontinuity. Then, we apply these abstract results to the mathematical model of contact for which we deduce the existence of a unique solution as well as the existence of optimal control for an associate optimal control problem. We also present the corresponding mechanical interpretations.     

Solutions of half-space and half-plane contact problems based on surface elasticity

Analytical solutions for the problems of an elastic half-space and an elastic half-plane subjected to a distributed normal force are derived in a unified manner using the general form of the linearized surface elasticity theory of Gurtin and Murdoch. The Papkovitch–Neuber potential functions, Fourier transforms and Bessel functions are utilized in the formulation. The newly obtained solutions are general and reduce to the solutions for the half-space and half-plane contact problems based on classical linear elasticity when the surface effects are not considered. Also, existing solutions for the half-space and half-plane contact problems based on simplified versions of Gurtin and Murdoch’s surface elasticity theory are recovered as special cases of the current solutions. By applying the new solutions directly, Boussinesq’s flat-ended punch problem, Hertz’s spherical punch problem and a conical punch problem are solved, which lead to depth-dependent hardness formulas different from those based on classical elasticity. The numerical results reveal that smoother elastic fields and smaller displacements are predicted by the current solutions than those given by the classical elasticity-based solutions. Also, it is shown that the out-of-plane displacement and stress components strongly depend on the residual surface stress. In addition, it is found that the new solutions based on the surface elasticity theory predict larger values of the indentation hardness than the solutions based on classical elasticity.     

Residual strength of GFRP at high-cycle fatigue

Degradation of the residual strength of a glass-fiber-reinforced polyester composite of a lay-up typical of the wind rotor blade material is studied at low-cycle fatigue. A gradual reduction of the residual strength is observed as expected for GRP, accompanied by an increasing scatter of strength. The residual strength model based on the strength-life equal rank assumption yields an accurate approximation of experimental data. The strength reduction at a stress level corresponding to high-cycle fatigue (N>10 ⁶ cycles) appears to correlate well with the test results at higher stress levels, which indicates that the strength degradation at the design stress level can be evaluated using low-cycle tests. Assuming that the parameters of the strength degradation model do not depend on the applied stress level, the residual strength data obtained in low stress level tests of comparatively short duration can be used to estimate the average fatigue life at the same stress thus reducing the total test time. Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 595–604, September–October, 1999.     

Modelling and control of a shell structure based on a finite dimensional variational formulation

A mathematical model of a controlled shell structure based on Hamilton’s principle and the generalized Ritz–Galerkin method is proposed in this paper. The problem of minimizing the stress energy is solved explicitly for a static version of this model. For the dynamical system under consideration, a procedure for estimating external disturbances and the state vector is derived. We also propose an observer design scheme and solve the stabilization problem for an arbitrary dimension of the linearized model. This approach allows us to perform control design for double-curved shells of complex geometry by combining analytical computation of the controller parameters with numerical data that represent the reference configuration and modal displacements of the shell. As an example, the parameters of our model are validated by results of a finite element analysis for the Stuttgart SmartShell structure.     

Analytical inverse solution for coupled thermoelastic problem for the evaluation of contact stress during steel strip rolling

Knowledge of the contact stress between roll and strip is a critical factor in modern, high-speed rolling mills. Previously two inverse analytical methods have been developed to determine the elastic contact stress on the one hand and the heat flux or the temperature in the whole roll (and especially at the surface) on the other hand, by measuring the stress tensor inside the roll body with fibre optics and by measuring the temperature with a thermocouple fully embedded at only one point inside the roll. However measurements done by fibre optics take into account the elastic stress and the thermal stress. However the contact stress was determined under isothermal assumption, which is strongly incorrect for hot rolling conditions. In this paper, the coupled thermoelastic problem is solved analytically using the theorem of superposition and the expression of the temperature field exhibited previously. A significant improvement of the accuracy of the inverse method for reconstructing the contact stress is observed by taking into account thermal stress. Hot rolling simulation is given to demonstrate this result. The computation time is studied to rapidly optimise the industrial parameters during the rolling process, and considering that both inverse methods have been run, the computation of thermal stress does not cost significant additional CPU times.     

The contact problem for a two-layer spherical base

Analytical methods for solving problems of the interaction of punches with two-layer bases are described using in the example of the axisymmetric contact problem of the theory of elasticity of the interaction of an absolutely rigid sphere (a punch) with the inner surface of a two-layer spherical base. It is assumed that the outer surface of the spherical base is fixed, that the layers have different elastic constants and are rigidly joined to one anther, and that there are no friction forces in the contact area. Several properties of the integral equation of this problem are investigated, and schemes for solving them using the asymptotic method and the direct collocation method are devised. The asymptotic method can be used to investigate the problem for relatively small layer thicknesses, and the proposed algorithm for solving the problem by the collocation method is applicable for practically any values of the initial parameters. A calculation of the contact stress distribution, the parameters of the contact area, and the relation between the displacement of the punch and the force acting on it is given. The results obtained by these methods are compared, and a comparison with results obtained using Hertz, method is made for the case in which the relative thickness of the layers is large.     

Determination of a stochastic friction coefficient depending on a randomly rough surface

The goal of this contribution is to calculate the the friction coefficient for a scanned surface of a worn brake pad. The data shows that the asperities can be approximated by paraboloids which allows to calculate the contact force and area with the Hertz contact model if the deformation is elastic. The friction force is calculated with the Bowden-Tabor approach which suggests that the friction force is the force to shear apart contacting asperities. This is considered to be the dominant friction cause in dry contact. To generate many surfaces with similar peak statistics the spectral decomposition is used. The friction coefficient and it's stochastic properties is calculated for these surfaces. (© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The stress state of planar surface of a nanometer-sized elastic body under periodic loading

The paper is concerned with the model of an elastic body in the form of a half-plane whose boundary is subjected to periodic loading. It is assumed that there exists an additional surface stress, which is characteristic of nanometer-sized bodies and which obeys the laws of surface elasticity theory. With the use of the boundary properties of analytical functions and the Goursat-Kolosov complex potentials, the boundary value problem in its general setting with an arbitrary load is reduced to a hypersingular integral equation with respect to the derivative of the surface stress. For a periodic load, the solution of this equation is obtained in the form of a Fourier series. The effect of the surface stress upon the stress state of the boundary of the half-plane is examined with independent action of periodically distributed tangential and normal loads. In particular, the size effect was discovered, which is manifested in the dependence of stresses versus the period of loading within several dozens of nanometers. Normal loads are shown to be responsible for tangential stresses on the boundary, which are zero in the classical solution.     

An interval-coefficient fuzzy binary linear programming,the solution,and its application under uncertainties

The common difficulty in solving a Binary Linear Programming (BLP) problem is uncertainties in the parameters and the model structure. The previous studies of BLP problems normally focus on parameter uncertainty or model structure uncertainty, but not on both types of uncertainties. This paper develops an interval-coefficient Fuzzy Binary Linear Programming (IFBLP) and its solution for BLP problems under uncertainties both on parameters and model structure. In the IFBLP, the parameter uncertainty is represented by the interval coefficients, and the model structure uncertainty is reflected by the fuzzy constraints and a fuzzy goal. A novel and efficient methodology is used to solve the IFLBP into two extreme crisp-coefficient BLPs, which are called the ‘best optimum model’ and the ‘worst optimum model’. The results of these two crisp-coefficient extreme models can bound all outcomes of the IFBLP. One of the contributions in this paper is that it provides a mathematical sound approach (based on some mathematical developments) to find the boundaries of optimal alpha values, so that the linearity of model can be maintained during the conversions. The proposed approach is applied to a traffic noise control plan to demonstrate its capability of dealing with uncertainties.     

具有动应力、位移和稳定性约束的离散变量桁架结构布局优化设计算法

给出了在动应力、动位移和动稳定约束下离散变量结构布局优化设计问题的数学模型,用“拟静力”算法,将具有动应力约束、动位移约束和动稳定约束的离散变量结构布局优化设计问题化为静应力、静位移和静稳定约束的优化问题,然后利用两级优化算法求解该模型．优化过程由两级组成,拓扑级优化和形状级优化．在每一级,都使用了综合算法,并且在搜索过程中都根据两类设计变量的相对差商值进行搜索．对包含稳定约束和不包含稳定约束的优化结果做了比较,结果显示稳定性约束对优化结果产生较大的影响．     

A FEM model for lifetime prediction of Ancorsteel1000C in rolling contact fatigue

Ancorsteel1000C is commonly used for important components including bearing rollers, gears, connecting rods, wheels and rails; most failures of these components are caused by rolling contact fatigue (RCF). In this study the fatigue damage indicator based on Fatemi-Socie critical plane were determined in a local hot spot area in finite element (FE) model in case of Hertzian stress with zero slip condition. The simulation results compared with respect to experimental data, which is in good agreement. Therefore, this approach can be implemented as a useful tool for lifetime calculations in RCF in the process of structure fatigue design. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The study of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Visco elastic fluid due to a continuous stretching surface using Homotopy Analysis Method

In this paper, an approximate analytical solution is derived for the flow velocity and temperature due to the laminar, two-dimensional flow of non-Newtonian incompressible visco elastic fluid due to a continuous stretching surface. The surface is stretched with a velocity proportional to the distance $x$ along the surface. The surface is assumed to have either power-law heat flux or power-law temperature distribution. The presence of source/sink and the effect of uniform suction and injection on the flow are considered for analysis. An approximate analytical solution has been obtained using Homotopy Analysis Method(HAM) for various values of visco elastic parameter, suction and injection rates. Optimal values of the convergence control parameters are computed for the flow variables. It was found that the computational time required for averaged residual error calculation is very very small compared to the computation time of exact squared residual errors. The effect of mass transfer parameter, visco elastic parameter, source/sink parameter and the power law index on flow variables such as velocity, temperature profiles, shear stress, heat and mass transfer rates are discussed.