Free vibration of four-parameter functionally graded moderately thick doubly-curved panels and shells of revolution with general boundary conditions

This paper aims to present a unified vibration analysis approach for the four-parameter functionally graded moderately thick doubly-curved shells and panels of revolution with general boundary conditions. The first-order shear deformation theory is used in this formulation. The functionally graded panels structures consists of ceramic and metal which are set to vary continuously in the thickness direction according to the general four-parameter power-law distribution, and six types of power-law distributions are considered for the ceramic volume fraction. The admissible function of the FG panels and shells of revolution is obtained by the improved Fourier series with the help of the governing equations and the boundary conditions. The solution is obtained by using the variational operation in terms of the unknown expanded coefficients. By a great many numerical examples, the rapid convergence and good reliability and accuracy of the proposed approach are validated. A variety of new results for vibration problems of the FG doubly-curved shells and panels with different elastic restraints, geometric and material parameters are presented. The effects of the elastic restraint parameters, power-law exponent, circumference angle and power-law distributions on the free vibration characteristic of the panels are also presented, which can be served as benchmark data in the research and the actual production process.     

Free vibrations of composite laminated doubly-curved shells and panels of revolution with general elastic restraints

A unified numerical analysis model is presented to solve the free vibration of composite laminated doubly-curved shells and panels of revolution with general elastic restraints by using the Fourier–Ritz method. The first-order shear deformation theory is adopted to conduct the analysis. The admissible function is acquired by using a modified Fourier series approach in which several auxiliary functions are added to a standard cosine Fourier series to eliminate all potential discontinuities of the displacement function and its derivatives at the edges. Furthermore, the general elastic restraint and kinematic compatibility and physical compatibility conditions are imitated by the boundary and coupling spring technique respectively when the composite laminated doubly-curved panels degenerate to the complete shells of revolution. Then, the desired results are solved by the variational operation. Large quantities of numerical examples are calculated about the free vibration of cross-ply and angle-ply composite laminated doubly-curved panels and shells with different geometric and material parameters. Through the sufficient conclusions obtained from the comparison, it can be seen that highly accurate solutions can be yielded with a little computational effort. To understand the influence of different boundary conditions, lamination schemes, material and geometrical parameters on the vibration characteristics, a series of parametric studies are carried out. Lastly, results for vibration of the composite laminated doubly-curved panels and shells subject to various kinds of boundary conditions and with different geometrical and material parameters are also presented firstly, which can provide the benchmark data for other studies conducted in the future.     

Frequency analysis of rotating truncated conical shells using the Haar wavelet method

In this study, we present an analysis of the frequency characteristics of rotating truncated conical shells using the Haar wavelet method. Based on the Love first-approximation theory, the governing equations are formulated by considering the effects of centrifugal and Coriolis forces as well as the initial hoop tension due to rotation. The displacement field is expressed as the Haar wavelet series in the axial direction and trigonometric functions in the circumferential direction. By considering the boundary conditions, the eigenvalue equation is obtained to determine the vibration behaviors of rotating conical shells. To validate the current analysis, the results obtained by the proposed method are compared with those reported previously, where the agreement is very good. Finally, we investigate the effects of the geometrical parameters, rotation speed, and boundary conditions on the vibration characteristics of rotating conical shells and the results are presented.     

On one approach to studying free vibrations of cylindrical shells of variable thickness in the circumferential direction within a refined statement

We used the spline collocation method for finding the frequencies of free vibrations of circular closed cylindrical shells of variable thickness in the circumferential direction. The problem was formulated within the framework of Mindlin’s refined theory. We studied the influence of change in the shell thickness on the distribution of its natural frequencies. Our calculations were carried out for different geometrical parameters of the shell and different boundary conditions. The validity of results obtained was verified by increasing the number of collocation points in our calculations and by comparing them with the results of computations according to the three-dimensional theory.     

Free vibration analysis of FGM cylindrical shells surrounded by Pasternak elastic foundation in thermal environment considering fluid-structure interaction

This paper presents an investigation on partially fluid-filled cylindrical shells made of functionally graded materials (FGM) surrounded by elastic foundations (Pasternak elastic foundation) in thermal environment. Material properties are assumed to be temperature dependent and radially variable in terms of volume fraction of ceramic and metal according to a simple power law distribution. The shells are reinforced by stiffeners attached to their inside and outside in which the material properties of shell and the stiffeners are assumed to be continuously graded in the thickness direction. The formulations are derived based on smeared stiffeners technique and classical shell theory using higher-order shear deformation theory which accounts for shear flexibility through shell's thickness. Displacements and rotations of the shell middle surface are approximated by combining polynomial functions in the meridian direction and truncated Fourier series with an appropriate number of harmonic terms in the circumferential direction. The governing equations of liquid motion are derived using a finite strip element formulation of incompressible inviscid potential flow. The dynamic pressure of the fluid is expanded as a power series in the radial direction. Moreover, the quiescent liquid free surface is modeled by concentric annular rings. A detailed numerical study is carried out to investigate the effects of power-law index of functional graded material, fluid depth, stiffeners, boundary conditions, temperature and geometry of the shell on the natural frequency of eccentrically stiffened functionally graded shell surrounded by Pasternak foundations.     

弹性边界约束旋转功能梯度圆柱壳结构自由振动行波特性分析

对旋转功能梯度圆柱壳自由振动行波特性及边界约束影响进行了分析研究.将功能梯度材料的物理特性表示成沿壳体厚度方向指数变化的函数,基于Love壳体理论,将圆柱壳3个方向的振动位移场采用改进Fourier(傅立叶)级数方法展开, 进而改善位移函数在边界位置求导连续性,结合旋转圆柱壳结构能量原理描述与Rayleigh Ritz法,推导旋转功能梯度圆柱壳自由振动特征方程.通过将计算结果与现有文献结果对比验证了该文模型的正确性与收敛性.随后,通过算例讨论分析了功能梯度材料特性参数、几何参数、边界条件及约束弹簧刚度对旋转功能梯度圆柱壳自由振动行波振动特性的影响.结果表明:边界条件在环向波数n较小或长径比L/R较小的情况下对行波特性影响较为明显;随着厚径比H/R的增大,边界条件的影响逐渐减小;边界约束弹簧对行波特性影响程度取决于模态阶数情况;功能梯度材料特性参数对前后行波频率的影响随着模态序数的增大而逐渐增大.     

Free vibration analysis of two-dimensional functionally graded cylindrical shells

In this paper, the free vibration of a two-dimensional functionally graded circular cylindrical shell is analyzed. The equations of motion are based on the Love’s first approximation classical shell theory. The spatial derivatives of the equations of motion and boundary conditions are discretized by the methods of generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) and generalized integral quadrature (GIQ). Two kinds of micromechanics models, viz. Voigt and Mori–Tanaka models are used to describe the material properties. To validate the results, comparisons are made with the solutions for FG cylindrical shells available in the literature. The results of this study show that the natural frequency of the material can be modified in order to meet the expected results through manipulation of the constituent volume fractions. A comprehensive comparison is then drawn between ordinary and 2-D FG cylindrical shells.     

Free vibration of a functionally graded annular sector plate integrated with piezoelectric layers

Based on the first order shear deformation theory, free vibration behavior of functionally graded (FG) annular sector plates integrated with piezoelectric layers is investigated. The distribution of electric potential along the thickness direction of piezoelectric layers which is assumed to be a combination of linear and sinusoidal functions, satisfies both open and closed circuit electrical boundary conditions. Through a reformulation of governing equations and harmonic motion assumption, a novel decoupling method is suggested to transform the six second order coupled partial differential equations of motion into two eighth order and fourth order equations. A Fourier series method is then employed to present analytical solutions for free vibration of smart FG annular sector plates with simply supported radial edges and arbitrarily supported circular edges. The results, which can be used as a benchmark and suitable for design purposes, are verified with those reported in the literature. Finally, by presenting extensive ranges of frequencies, the effects of geometric parameters, power law index, FG and piezoelectric materials, electrical and mechanical boundary conditions as well as the piezoelectric layer thickness on vibration response of smart annular sector plates are discussed in detail.     

Forced Vibration of Three-Layered Spherical and Ellipsoidal Shells under Axisymmetric Loads

A variant of vibration theory for three-layered shells of revolution under axisymmetric loads is elaborated by applying independent kinematic and static hypotheses to each layer, with account of transverse normal and shear strains in the core. Based on the Reissner variational principle for dynamic processes, equations of nonlinear vibrations and natural boundary conditions are obtained. The numerical method proposed for solving initial boundary-value problems is based on the use of integrodifferential approach for constructing finite-difference schemes with respect to spatial and time coordinates. Numerical solutions are obtained for dynamic deformations of open three-layered spherical and ellipsoidal shells, over a wide range of geometric and physical parameters of the core, for different types of boundary conditions. A comparative analysis is given for the results of investigating the dynamic behavior of three-layered shells of revolution by the equations proposed and the shell equations of Timoshenko and Kirhhoff-Love type, with the use of unified hypotheses across the heterogeneous structure of shells.     

Comparative analysis of two algorithms for numerical solution of nonlinear static problems for multilayer anisotropic shells of revolution. 1. Account of transverse shear

The discussion focuses on two numerical algorithms for solving the nonlinear static problems of multilayer composite shells of revolution, namely the algorithm based on the discrete orthogonalization method and the algorithm based on the finite element method with a local linear approximation in the meridian direction. The material of each layer of the shell is assumed to be linearly elastic and anisotropic (nonorthotropic). A feature of this approach is that the displacements of the face surfaces of the shell are chosen as unknown functions, i.e., the functions which allows us to formulate the kinematic boundary conditions on these surfaces. As an example, a cross-ply cylindrical shell subjected to uniform axisymmetric tension is considered. It is shown that the algorithms elaborated correctly describe the local distribution of the stress tensor over the shell thickness without an expensive software based on the 3D anisotropic theory of elasticity.Tambov State Technical University, Tambov, Russia. Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 347–358, May–June, 1999.     

Buckling Instability of Sectional Noncircular Cylindrical Composite Shells under Axial Compression

The problem of buckling instability of cylindrical shells under axial compression is considered. The shells consist of cylindrical sections of smaller radius. The geometrical parameters of the shells are approximated by Fourier series on a discrete point set. A Timoshenko-type shell theory is used. The solution is obtained in the form of trigonometric series. It is shown that shells consisting of cylindrical sections have considerable advantages over circular ones. At a constant shell weight, the choice of suitable parameters of shell sections leads to a significant increase in the critical load. The composite shells considered possess higher efficiency indices in comparison with isotropic ones.     

扁球壳在均布压力与均匀温度场联合作用下的屈曲

根据扁壳几何非线性理论,推导了均布压力与均匀温度场联合作用下的扁球壳的位移型几何非线性控制方程.考虑夹紧边界条件,采用打靶法得到了扁球壳轴对称弯曲与屈曲的数值结果.讨论了壳体几何参数对平衡路径、临界荷载的影响.给出了壳体临界几何参数.当几何参数大于临界几何参数时,上、下临界荷载都随几何参数增加而增加.给定几何参数时,考察了不同均匀温度场对壳体上、下临界荷载、临界几何参数以及平衡构型的影响.均匀升温会使上临界荷载显著增加,会使下临界荷载略有减小.均匀变温会使临界几何参数改变.     

Parametric Vibrations of a Three-Layer Conical Piezoshell

Based on the Kirchhoff-Love hypotheses and adequate supplementary hypotheses for the distribution of electric field quantities, a model for parametric vibrations of composite shells of revolution made of a passive (without a piezoeffect) middle layer and two active (with a piezoeffect) surface layers under the action of harmonic mechanical and electric loads is developed. The dissipative material properties are taken into account by linear viscoelastic models. Since the vibrations on the boundary of the main domain of dynamic instability (MDDI) are harmonic, the investigation of this domain, in a first approximation, is reduced to generalized eigenvalue problems, which are solved by the finite-element method. The problem on parametric vibrations of a three-layer conical shell under harmonic mechanical loading is considered. The influence of the shell thickness, dissipation, and electric boundary conditions on the MDDI is investigated. Two limiting cases of electric boundary conditions are considered, where the electrodes are short-circuited or not. The curves presented show a considerable influence of the electric boundary conditions on the characteristics of the MDDI, namely on its width and position on the frequency axis and on the critical parameter of excitation.     

Axisymmetrical vibrations of shells of revolution under abrupt loading

A frequency method is proposed for solving the problem of the vibrations of shells of revolution taking into account the energy dissipation under arbitrary force loading and on collision with a rigid obstacle. The Laplace transform is taken of the equation of the vibrations of a shell of revolution with non-zero initial conditions. For the inhomogeneous differential equation obtained, a variational method is used to solve the boundary-value problem, which consists of finding the Laplace-transformed boundary transverse and longitudinal forces and bending moments as functions of the boundary displacements. The equations of equilibrium of nodes, i.e. the corresponding equations of the finite-element method, are then compared, using results obtained earlier [1–4]. Amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics (APFCs) for the shell cross-sections selected are plotted. An inverse Laplace transformation is carried out using the clear relationship between the extreme points of the APFCs and the coefficients of the corresponding terms of the series in an expansion vibration modes [3]. In view of the fact that the proposed approach is approximate, numerical testing is used.     

3D free vibration analysis of laminated cylindrical shell integrated piezoelectric layers using the differential quadrature method

This paper addresses the free vibration problem of multilayered shells with embedded piezoelectric layers. Based on the three-dimensional theory of elasticity, an approach combining the state space method and the differential quadrature method (DQM) is used. The shell has arbitrary end boundary conditions. For the simply supported boundary conditions closed-form solution is given by making the use of Fourier series expansion. Applying the differential quadrature method to the state space formulations along the axial direction, new state equations about state variables at discrete points are obtained for the other cases such as clamped or free end conditions. Natural frequencies of the hybrid laminated shell are presented by solving the eigenfrequency equation which can be obtained by using edges boundary condition in this state equation. Accuracy and convergence of the present approach is verified by comparing the natural frequencies with the results obtained in the literatures. Finally, the effect of edges conditions, mid-radius to thickness ratio, length to mid-radius ratio and the piezoelectric thickness on vibration behaviour of shell are investigated.     

Optimization of axisymmetric membrane shells

Problems of the joint optimization of the shape and distribution along the meridian of the thickness of membrane shells of revolution under the action of axisymmetric loads are considered, taking account of the constraints concerning the strength of the shell and the volume of its cavity. General formulations of problems of the optimal design of shells of revolution are given and the optimal shape of a shell and the corresponding thickness distribution are investigated. Results of the exact solution of problems of the optimal design of closed shells of revolution when there is an internal pressure are presented. The simultaneous introduction of two control functions, describing the shape of the shell and the distribution of its thickness, not only ensures a substantial reduction in the mass of a shell but also leads to significant mathematical simplifications, which enable the solution of the optimization problem being considered to be obtained in an analytical form.     

Rotating response on the vibrations of functionally graded zigzag and chiral single walled carbon nanotubes

This study deals with the vibration analysis of zigzag and chiral rotating functionally graded carbon nanotubes (FG-CNT) invoking Love's shell theory using wave propagation approach. The frequency equation is formed in the eigenvalue form. It has been shown that with the increase of angular speed, frequencies of forwarding curve decrease and backward curve increase. The phenomena of frequency versus length-and height-to-radius ratios are noted as decreasing and increasing, respectively, for rotating CNTs. The backward and forward frequency curves of clamped-free are lower throughout the computation than the clamped-clamped zigzag and chiral carbon nanotube depending upon the rotating speed. MATLAB software is used to calculate the rotating (backward and forward) frequencies of SWCNTs and the frequency peaks in the present results show excellent stability across a wide range of parameters. Using geometrical and material parameters, the vibration results are given in tabular and graphical form. It is thus desirable to produce more precise estimations of the vibrational frequencies of CNTs. The present results are compared with earlier literature using simply supported boundary conditions and show a good coincidence.     

On the investigation of free vibrations of nonthin cylindrical shells of variable thickness by the spline-collocation method

For determining the dynamic characteristics of free vibrations of circular unclosed cylindrical shells of variable thickness in two coordinate directions, we have used the spline-collocation method together with the method of discrete orthogonalization. The problem has been solved within the framework of the refined Timoshenko–Mindlin theory. We have also investigated the influence of different laws of change in the shell thickness on the character of its natural vibrations. Our calculations have been carried out for different geometrical and elastic parameters of the shell under study and different boundary conditions.     

Application of the Haar wavelet-based discretization technique to problems of orthotropic plates and shells

The Haar wavelet discretization technique for solving the elastic bending problems of orthotropic plates and shells is proposed. Free transverse vibrations of orthotropic rectangular plates with a variable thickness in one direction are considered as a model problem. In the case of constant plate thickness, the numerical results are validated by comparing them with an exact solution. The results obtained are found to be in good agreement with those available in the literature.     

An accurate mathematical study on the free vibration of stepped thickness circular/annular Mindlin functionally graded plates

An analytical solution based on a new exact closed form procedure is presented for free vibration analysis of stepped circular and annular FG plates via first order shear deformation plate theory of Mindlin. The material properties change continuously through the thickness of the plate, which can vary according to a power-law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents, whereas Poisson’s ratio is set to be constant. Based on the domain decomposition technique, five highly coupled governing partial differential equations of motion for freely vibrating FG plates were exactly solved by introducing the new potential functions as well as using the method of separation of variables. Several comparison studies were presented by those reported in the literature and the FEM analysis, for various thickness values and combinations of stepped thickness variations of circular/annular FG plates to demonstrate highly stability and accuracy of present exact procedure. The effect of the geometrical and material plate parameters such as step thickness ratios, step locations and the power law index on the natural frequencies of FG plates is investigated.