Generations of integrable hierarchies and exact solutions of related evolution equations with variable coefficients

We first propose a way for generating Lie algebras from which we get a few kinds of reduced 6 6 Lie algebras, denoted by R6, R8 and R1,R6/2, respectively. As for applications of some of them, a Lax pair is introduced by using the Lie algebra R6 whose compatibility gives rise to an integrable hierarchy with 4- potential functions and two arbitrary parameters whose corresponding Hamiltonian structure is obtained by the variational identity. Then we make use of the Lie algebra R6 to deduce a nonlinear integrable coupling hierarchy of the mKdV equation whose Hamiltonian structure is also obtained. Again,via using the Lie algebra R62, we introduce a Lax pair and work out a linear integrable coupling hierarchy of the mKdV equation whose Hamiltonian structure is obtained. Finally, we get some reduced linear and nonlinear equations with variable coefficients and work out the elliptic coordinate solutions, exact traveling wave solutions, respectively.     

Toward the Exact WKB Analysis of the PII Hierarchy

We develop the exact WKB analysis of the P _II hierarchy introduced by Gordoa et al. [ 5 ] in this paper; our particular interest is in the relation between the Stokes geometry of a higher order Painlevé equation in the hierarchy and that of its underlying Lax pair. An important observation is that Stokes curves of the Painlevé equation may cross, reflecting the higher order character of the equation, and in a neighborhood of the crossing point an unexpected degeneracy of the Stokes geometry of the Lax pair may occur along a curved ray emanating from the crossing point.     

一类非线性演化方程族的可积耦合

Starting from a Tu Guizhang‘s isospectral‘problem, a Lax pair is obtained by means of Tu scheme ( we call it Tu Lax pair ). By applying a gauge transformation between matrices, the Tu Lax pair is changed to its equivalent Lax pair with the traces of spectral matrices being zero, whose compatibility gives rise to a type of Tu hierarchy of equations. By making use of a high order loop algebra constructed by us, an integrable coupling system of the Tu hierarchy of equations are presented. Especially, as reduction cases, the integrable couplings of the celebrated AKNS hierarchy, TD hierarchy and Levi hierarchy are given at the same time.     

一个经典的可积Neumann系统和Boussinesq族Lax对的非线性化

本文在位势与特征函数之间的Neumann约束条件下,经典Boussinesq族的Lax对被非线性化成为自然相容的Lax系统;而且,其为Liouville完全可积的Hamiltonian系统,同时获得了Boussinesq方程解的对合表示。     

A New Integrable Equation with Peakon Solutions

We consider a new partial differential equation recently obtained by Degasperis and Procesi using the method of asymptotic integrability; this equation has a form similar to the Camassa–Holm shallow water wave equation. We prove the exact integrability of the new equation by constructing its Lax pair and explain its relation to a negative flow in the Kaup–Kupershmidt hierarchy via a reciprocal transformation. The infinite sequence of conserved quantities is derived together with a proposed bi-Hamiltonian structure. The equation admits exact solutions as a superposition of multipeakons, and we describe the integrable finite-dimensional peakon dynamics and compare it with the analogous results for Camassa–Holm peakons.     

Involutive Solutions and Commutator Representations of the Dirac Hierarchy

ConsidertheDiracspectralproblemwherep,qaretwopotentials,Aisaspectralparameter.L*isaninjectivehomomorphism.ThefunctionalgradientVA=(2RR,ri-of)TofeigenvalueAwithrespecttop,qsatisfiesarecalledtheLenard'soperatorpairof(1).Theorem1LetG(1)(x),G(z)(x)betwoarbitarysmoothfunctions,G=(G(1),G(2))".ThenthefollowingoperatorequationwithrespecttoV=V(G),possessestheoperatorsolutionwhereL.'-jisthecommutator;L=L(p,q),K,Jaredefinedby(1)l(4)respectively.ProofSubstitute(6)into(5),directlycalculate.Defin…     

Two expanding integrable systems and quasi-Hamiltonian function associated with an equation hierarchy

A Lie algebra sl(2) which is isomorphic to the known Lie algebra A₁ is introduced for which an isospectral Lax pair is presented, whose compatibility condition leads to a soliton-equation hierarchy. By using the trace identity, its Hamiltonian structure is obtained. Especially, as its reduction cases, a Sine equation and a complex modified KdV(cmKdV) equation are obtained,respectively. Then we enlarge the sl(2) into a bigger Lie algebra sl(4) so that a type of expanding integrable model of the hierarchy is worked out. However, the soliton-equation hierarchy is not integrable couplings. In order to generate the integrable couplings, an isospectral Lax pair is introduced. Under the frame of the zero curvature equation, we generate an integrable coupling whose quasi-Hamiltonian function is derived by employing the variational identity. Finally, two types of computing formulas of the constant γ are obtained, respectively.     

Regular Solution and Lattice Miura Transformation of Bigraded Toda Hierarchy

The authors give finite dimensional exponential solutions of the bigraded Toda hierarchy （BTH）. As a specific example of exponential solutions of the BTH, the authors consider a regular solution for the （1, 2）-BTH with a 3 × 3-sized Lax matrix, and discuss some geometric structures of the solution from which the difference between the （1, 2）- BTH and the original Toda hierarchy is shown. After this, the authors construct another kind of Lax representation of （N, 1）-BTH which does not use the fractional operator of Lax operator. Then the authors introduce the lattice Miura transformation of （N, 1）-BTH which leads to equations depending on one field, and meanwhile some specific examples which contain the Volterra lattice equation （a useful ecological competition model） are given.     

Explicit solutions to a coupled integrable lattice equation

A coupled integrable lattice equation is derived from a 4 × 4 matrix spectral problem, then with the help of a special Darboux matrix, explicit solutions of the aforementioned equation are given by means of gauge transformation between the Lax pair. Finally, the density profiles of these exact solutions are presented to illustrate these solutions.     

Algebraic and Differential Nonlinear Superposition Formulas

Knowledge of the Lax pair and the Darboux transformation for a completely integrable system provides an iterative approach for generating exact solutions. This approach involves solving for the eigenfunction of the Lax pair at each step. But this process can be considerably simplified using the Bäcklund transformation and Bianchi's permutability theorem. This allows constructing the so-called nonlinear superposition formula, which provides a new solution of the system in terms of three previous solutions. The advantage of this approach is that the differential order of the nonlinear superposition formulas is lower than that of the Lax pairs, and in some cases, these formulas reduce to algebraic equations. We consider the construction of new nonlinear superposition formulas in the form of both differential equations and algebraic equations.     

一个新的Lie代数和它的应用

通过构造一个新的Lie代数,利用它相应的Loop代数设计等谱Lax对,根据其相容性条件,得到了一族Lax可积方程族,其一种约化形式为著名的AKNS族．根据迹恒等式得到该方程族的Hamilton结构．利用该可积方程族可以进一步研究它的达布变换、对称、代数几何解等相关性质．     

Riemann‐Hilbert problems and soliton solutions of a multicomponent mKdV system and its reduction

An arbitrary order matrix spectral problem is introduced and its associated multicomponent AKNS integrable hierarchy is constructed. Based on this matrix spectral problem, a kind of Riemann‐Hilbert problems is formulated for a multicomponent mKdV system in the resulting AKNS integrable hierarchy. Through special corresponding Riemann‐Hilbert problems with an identity jump matrix, soliton solutions to the presented multicomponent mKdV system are explicitly worked out. A specific reduction of the multicomponent mKdV system is made, together with its reduced Lax pair and soliton solutions.     

Integrable Semi-discrete Kundu–Eckhaus Equation: Darboux Transformation,Breather, Rogue Wave and Continuous Limit Theory

To get more insight into the relation between discrete model and continuous counterpart, a new integrable semi-discrete Kundu–Eckhaus equation is derived from the reduction in an extended Ablowitz–Ladik hierarchy. The integrability of the semi-discrete model is confirmed by showing the existence of Lax pair and infinite number of conservation laws. The dynamic characteristics of the breather and rational solutions have been analyzed in detail for our semi-discrete Kundu–Eckhaus equation to reveal some new interesting phenomena which was not found in continuous one. It is shown that the theory of the discrete system including Lax pair, Darboux transformation and explicit solutions systematically yields their continuous counterparts in the continuous limit.     

Integrability aspects of some two-component KdV systems

Some two-component Korteweg–de Vries systems are studied by prolongation technique and Painlevé analysis. Especially, the two-component KdV system conjectured to be integrable by Foursov is proved to be both Lax integrable and P-integrable. Its conservation laws are investigated based on the obtained Lax pair. Furthermore, it is shown that the three two-component Korteweg–de Vries systems are identical under certain invertible linear transformations. Finally, the auto-Bäcklund transformation and some exact solutions for the two-component Korteweg–de Vries system are derived explicitly.     

Integrable decompositions for the (2+1)-dimensional Gardner equation

In this paper, with the computerized symbolic computation, the nonlinearization technique of Lax pairs is applied to find the integrable decompositions for the (2+1)-dimensional Gardner [(2+1)-DG] equation. First, the mono-nonlinearization leads a single Lax pair of the (2+1)-DG equation to a generalized Burgers hierarchy which is linearizable via the Hopf–Cole transformation. Second, by the binary nonlinearization of two symmetry Lax pairs, the (2+1)-DG equation is decomposed into the generalized coupled mixed derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (CMDNLS) system and its third-order extension. Furthermore, the Lax representation and Darboux transformation for the CMDNLS and third-order CMDNLS systems are constructed. Based on the two integrable decompositions, the resonant N-shock-wave solution and an upside-down bell-shaped solitary-wave solution are obtained and the relevant propagation characteristics are discussed through the graphical analysis.     

Bell polynomial approach to an extended Korteweg–de Vries equation

Under investigation in this paper is an extended Korteweg–de Vries equation. Via Bell polynomial approach and symbolic computation, this equation is transformed into two kinds of bilinear equations by choosing different coefficients, namely KdV–SK‐type equation and KdV–Lax‐type equation. On the one hand, N‐soliton solutions, bilinear Bäcklund transformation, Lax pair, Darboux covariant Lax pair, and infinite conservation laws of the KdV–Lax‐type equation are constructed. On the other hand, on the basis of Hirota bilinear method and Riemann theta function, quasiperiodic wave solution of the KdV–SK‐type equation is also presented, and the exact relation between the one periodic wave solution and the one soliton solution is established. It is rigorously shown that the one periodic wave solution tend to the one soliton solution under a small amplitude limit. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Darboux transformation and N-soliton solutions for a more general set of coupled integrable dispersionless system

The Darboux transformation and Lax pair of a more general set of coupled integrable dispersionless system are derived. By Darboux transformation, N-soliton solutions for the coupled integrable dispersionless system are obtained. In particular, the multi-soliton solutions are shown through some figures.     

On a vector long wave-short wave-type model

A new vector long wave-short wave-type model is proposed by resorting to the zero-curvature equation. Based on the resulting Riccati equations related to the Lax pair and the gauge transformations between the Lax pairs, multifold Darboux transformations are constructed for the vector long wave-short wave-type model. This method is general and is suitable for constructing the Darboux transformations of other soliton equations, especially in the absence of symmetric conditions for Lax pairs. As an illustrative example of the application of the Darboux transformations, exact solutions of the two-component long wave-short wave-type model are obtained, including solitons, breathers, and rogue waves of the first, second, third, and fourth orders. All the solutions derived by the Darboux transformations involve square roots of functions, which is not observed in the investigation of other nonlinear integrable equations. This model describes new nonlinear phenomena.     

多分量退化的 CH型方程的可积性及其解

研究了M¨untz 有理函数在加权Orlicz 空间内的逼近性质,证明了它在Orlicz 空间内的有界性,利用加权连续模、K-泛函、Hardy-Littlewood 极大函数、H¨older 不等式给出了该有理函数在Orlicz 空间内的加权逼近性质。     

MBIUS-TODA HIERARCHY AND ITS INTEGRABILITY

In this paper, we construct a new integrable equation called Mbius-Toda equation which is a generalization of q-Toda equation. Meanwhile its soliton solutions are constructed to show its integrable property. Further the Lax pairs of the Mbius-Toda equation and a whole integrable Mbius-Toda hierarchy are also constructed. To show the integrability, the bi-Hamiltonian structure and tau symmetry of the Mbius-Toda hierarchy are given and this leads to the existence of the tau function.