Solutions of half-space and half-plane contact problems based on surface elasticity

Analytical solutions for the problems of an elastic half-space and an elastic half-plane subjected to a distributed normal force are derived in a unified manner using the general form of the linearized surface elasticity theory of Gurtin and Murdoch. The Papkovitch–Neuber potential functions, Fourier transforms and Bessel functions are utilized in the formulation. The newly obtained solutions are general and reduce to the solutions for the half-space and half-plane contact problems based on classical linear elasticity when the surface effects are not considered. Also, existing solutions for the half-space and half-plane contact problems based on simplified versions of Gurtin and Murdoch’s surface elasticity theory are recovered as special cases of the current solutions. By applying the new solutions directly, Boussinesq’s flat-ended punch problem, Hertz’s spherical punch problem and a conical punch problem are solved, which lead to depth-dependent hardness formulas different from those based on classical elasticity. The numerical results reveal that smoother elastic fields and smaller displacements are predicted by the current solutions than those given by the classical elasticity-based solutions. Also, it is shown that the out-of-plane displacement and stress components strongly depend on the residual surface stress. In addition, it is found that the new solutions based on the surface elasticity theory predict larger values of the indentation hardness than the solutions based on classical elasticity.     

Saint–Venant torsion of a circular bar with radial cracks incorporating surface elasticity

The Saint–Venant torsion problem of a circular cylinder containing a radial crack with surface elasticity is studied. The surface elasticity is incorporated into the crack faces by using the continuum-based surface/interface model of Gurtin and Murdoch. Both an internal crack and an edge crack are considered. By using the Green’s function method, the boundary value problem is reduced to a Cauchy singular integro-differential equation of the first order, which can be numerically solved by using the Gauss–Chebyshev integration formula, the Chebyshev polynomials and the collocation method. Due to the incorporation of surface elasticity, the stresses exhibit the logarithmic singularity at the crack tips. The torsion problem of a circular cylinder containing two symmetric collinear radial cracks of equal length with surface elasticity is also solved by using a similar method. The strengths of the logarithmic singularity and the size-dependent torsional rigidity are calculated.     

Linear and nonlinear vibrations of fractional viscoelastic Timoshenko nanobeams considering surface energy effects

In this paper, the linear and nonlinear vibrations of fractional viscoelastic Timoshenko nanobeams are studied based on the Gurtin–Murdoch surface stress theory. Firstly, the constitutive equations of fractional viscoelasticity theory are considered, and based on the Gurtin–Murdoch model, stress components on the surface of the nanobeam are incorporated into the axial stress tensor. Afterward, using Hamilton's principle, equations governing the two-dimensional vibrations of fractional viscoelastic nanobeams are derived. Finally, two solution procedures are utilized to describe the time responses of nanobeams. In the first method, which is fully numerical, the generalized differential quadrature and finite difference methods are used to discretize the linear part of the governing equations in spatial and time domains. In the second method, which is semi-analytical, the Galerkin approach is first used to discretize nonlinear partial differential governing equations in the spatial domain, and the obtained set of fractional-order ordinary differential equations are then solved by the predictor–corrector method. The accuracy of the results for the linear and nonlinear vibrations of fractional viscoelastic nanobeams with different boundary conditions is shown. Also, by comparing obtained results for different values of some parameters such as viscoelasticity coefficient, order of fractional derivative and parameters of surface stress model, their effects on the frequency and damping of vibrations of the fractional viscoelastic nanobeams are investigated.     

Surface and nonlocal effects on response of linear and nonlinear NEMS devices

Nonlocal and surface effects become important for nanoscale devices. To model these effects on frequency response of linear and nonlinear nanobeam subjected to electrostatic excitation, we use Eringen’s nonlocal elastic theory and surface elastic theory proposed by Gurtin and Murdoch to modify the governing equation. Subsequently, we apply Galerkin’s method with exact mode shape including nonlocal and surface effects to get static and dynamic modal equations. After validating the procedure with the available results, we analyze the variation of pull-in voltage and frequency resonance by varying surface and nonlocal parameters. To do frequency analysis of nonlinear system, we solve nonlinear dynamic equation using the method of multiple scale. We found that the frequency response of nonlinear system reduces for fixed excitation as the surface and nonlocal effects increase. Also, we found that the nature of nonlinearity can be tuned from hardening to softening by increasing the nonlocal effects.     

The Boussinesq–Mindlin problem for a non-homogeneous elastic halfspace

Boussinesq’s problem for the indentation of an isotropic, homogeneous elastic halfspace by a rigid circular punch constitutes a seminal problem in the theory of contact mechanics as does Mindlin’s problem for the action of a concentrated force at the interior of an isotropic, homogeneous elastic halfspace. The combined action of the surface indentation in the presence of the interior loading is referred to as the Boussinesq–Mindlin problem, which has important applications in the area of geomechanics. The Boussinesq–Mindlin problem, which represents a self-stressing loading configuration, serves as a useful model for interpreting the mechanics of indentation of geologic media for purposes of estimating their bulk elasticity properties. In this paper, the analysis of the problem is extended to include an exponential variation in the linear elastic shear modulus of the halfspace region.     

Analysis of a mode-III crack in the presence of surface elasticity and a prescribed non-uniform surface traction

We consider an elastic solid incorporating a mode-III crack in which the crack faces incorporate the effects of surface elasticity and are further subjected to prescribed non-uniform surface tractions. The surface elasticity is modelled using the continuum-based model of Gurtin and Murdoch. Using complex variable techniques, the corresponding problem is reduced to the solution of a first order Cauchy singular integro-differential equation which, in turn, leads to the complete solution of the aforementioned crack problem valid everywhere in the domain of interest (including at the crack tip). Finally, we note that, as a particular case of our analysis, the classical decomposition of a mode-III crack problem in linear elasticity continues to hold even in the presence of surface elasticity.     

Nonlinear secondary resonance of nanobeams under subharmonic and superharmonic excitations including surface free energy effects

The main objective of this study is to predict both the subharmonic and superharmonic resonances of the nonlinear oscillation of nanobeams in the presence of surface free energy effects. To this purpose, Gurtin–Murdoch elasticity theory is adopted to the classical beam theory in order to consider the surface Lame constants, surface mass density, and residual surface stress within the differential equations of motion. The Galerkin method together with the method of multiple scales is utilized to investigate the size-dependent response of nanobeams under hard excitations corresponding to various boundary conditions. A parametric analysis is carried out to indicate the influence of the surface elastic parameters on the frequency-response as well as amplitude-response of the nonlinear secondary resonance including multiple vibration modes and interactions between them. It is seen that for the superharmonic excitation, except for the clamped–free boundary condition, the jump phenomenon is along the hardening direction, while in the clamped–free end supports, it is along the softening direction. Moreover, it is revealed that for the subharmonic excitation, within a specific range of the excitation amplitude, the nanobeam is excited, and this range shifts to lower external force by incorporating the surface free energy effects. It is found that in the case of superharmonic excitation, the value of the excitation frequency associated with the bifurcation point at the peak of the frequency-response curve increases by taking the surface free energy effect into consideration.     

Strain gradient solutions of half-space and half-plane contact problems

General solutions for the problems of an elastic half-space and an elastic half-plane, respectively, subjected to a symmetrically distributed normal force of arbitrary profile are analytically derived using a simplified strain gradient elasticity theory (SSGET) that contains one material length scale parameter. Mindlin’s potential function method and Fourier transforms are employed in the formulation, and the half-space and half-plane contact problems are solved in a unified manner. The specific solutions for the problems of a half-space/plane subjected to a concentrated normal force or a uniformly distributed normal force are obtained by directly applying the general solutions, which recover the existing classical elasticity-based solutions of the Flamant and Boussinesq problems as special cases. In addition, the indentation problems of an elastic half-space indented by a flat-ended cylindrical punch, a spherical punch, and a conical punch, respectively, are solved using the general solutions, leading to hardness formulas that are indentation size- and material microstructure-dependent. Numerical results reveal that the displacement and stress fields in a half-space/plane given by the current SSGET-based solutions are smoother than those predicted by the classical elasticity-based solutions and do not exhibit the discontinuity and/or singularity displayed by the latter. Also, the indentation hardness values based on the newly obtained half-space solution are found to increase with decreasing indentation radius and increasing material length scale parameter, thereby explaining the microstructure-dependent indentation size effect.     

Nonlinear dynamics and stability analysis of piezo-visco medium nanoshell resonator with electrostatic and harmonic actuation

In this paper, nonlinear dynamics, vibration and stability analysis of piezo-visco medium nanoshell resonator (PVM-NSR) based on functionally graded (FG) cylindrical nanoshell integrated with two piezoelectric layers subjected to visco-pasternak medium, electrostatic and harmonic excitations is investigated. Nonclassical method of the electro-elastic Gurtin–Murdoch surface/interface theory with von-Karman–Donnell's shell model as well as Hamilton's principle, the assumed mode method combined with Lagrange–Euler's are considered. Complex averaging method combined with arc-length continuation is used to achieve a numerical solution for the steady state vibrations of the system. The stability analysis of the steady state response is performed. The parametric studies such as the effects of different boundary conditions, different geometric ratios, structural parameters, electrostatic and harmonic excitation on the nonlinear frequency response and stability analysis are studied. The results indicate that near the natural frequency of the nanoshell, it will lead to resonance and will have large motion amplitude and near the resonant frequency, the nanoshell shows a softening type of nonlinear behavior, and the nanoshell bandwidth increases due to nonlinear factors. In this range, nanoshell has three different ranges of motion, of which two are stable and the other unstable, and so the jump phenomenon and saddle-node bifurcation are visible in the behavior of the system. Also piezoelectric voltage influences on static deformation and resonant frequency but has no significant effect on nonlinear behavior and bandwidth and also system very sensitive to the damping coefficient and due to decrease of nano shell stiffness, natural frequency decreases. And also, increasing or decreasing of some parameters lead to increasing or decreasing the resonance amplitude, resonant frequency, the system's instability, nonlinear behavior and bandwidth.     

Saturated-unsaturated groundwater modeling using 3D Richards equation with a coordinate transform of nonorthogonal grids

Saturated-unsaturated flow under a complex terrain is usually solved using the Richards equation. Finite difference or finite volume methods are commonly employed for discretization of Richards equation because of simplicity of coding. Complex subsurface boundary geometries lead to nonorthogonal grids in curvilinear grid systems, which leads to difficulty in discretization and mesh generation. This paper develops a vertical coordinate transform, enabling a computational domain regular in the vertical direction. As a result, the grid of curvilinear surfaces can be successfully transformed to a computational grid that allows solution of the Richards equation with efficient computation and simpler coding. The anisotropic Richards equation in the Cartesian coordinate system is transformed to the equation in the arbitrary coordinate system and further expressed as a form appropriate to the orthogonal coordinate system. The generalized third boundary condition is transformed to a form suited to the orthogonal coordinate system. The finite volume method is used to solve the Richards equation in the orthogonal coordinate system. Four cases are used to validate the present orthogonal coordinate system. The computational results from the orthogonal coordinate system are in good agreement with the results from Ansys Fluent solved in a Cartesian coordinate system for the subsurface flow case. For the coupled case of hill slopes, a good agreement between the computational results and the experimental data is obtained. The present results for V-titled catchment and slab case accord well with the results obtained from HydroGeoSphere and PAWS. The present algorithm can improve grid generation for solution of Richards equation in a hydrological model for a complex domain.     

Darboux System as Three-Dimensional Analog of Liouville Equation

We discuss the problems of the connections of the modern theory of integrability and the corresponding overdetermined linear systems with works of geometers of the late nineteenth century. One of these questions is the generalization of the theory of Darboux–Laplace transforms for second-order equations with two independent variables to the case of three-dimensional linear hyperbolic equations of the third order. In this paper we construct examples of such transformations. We consider applications to the problem of orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems in ?³.     

Time-dependent numerical modeling of large-scale astrophysical processes: from relatively smooth flows to explosive events with extremely large discontinuities and high Mach numbers

We calculate self-consistent time-dependent models of astrophysical processes. We have developed two types of our own (magneto) hydrodynamic codes, either the operator-split, finite volume Eulerian code on a staggered grid for smooth hydrodynamic flows, or the finite volume unsplit code based on the Roe’s method for explosive events with extremely large discontinuities and highly supersonic outbursts. Both the types of the codes use the second order Navier-Stokes viscosity to realistically model the viscous and dissipative effects. They are transformed to all basic orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems as well as to a special non-orthogonal geometric system that fits to modeling of astrophysical disks. We describe mathematical background of our codes and their implementation for astrophysical simulations, including choice of initial and boundary conditions. We demonstrate some calculated models and compare the practical usage of numerically different types of codes.     

分数外微分在三维空间中的应用

首先介绍了分数微积分和分数微分形式。讨论了在原点处对曲线坐标的分数外微分变换,并且获得了从三维卡氏坐标到球面坐标和柱面坐标的两个分数微分变换。特别地,当v=m=1时,这两个分数微分变换约化的结果与通过外微积分获得的结果是一致的。     

An extended edge-based smoothed discrete shear gap method for free vibration analysis of cracked Reissner–Mindlin plate

An extended edge-based smoothed discrete shear gap method (XES-DSG3) is proposed for free vibration analysis of cracked Reissner–Mindlin plate by implementing the edge-based strain smoothing operation into the discrete shear gap-based extended finiteelement method (XFEM-DSG3). In present method, the strain smoothing operation is implemented into the bending strain gradient matrices, in which the enriched functions are included. Then, the derivatives of element shape functions and derivatives of crack-tip singular enriched functions are not required in the computation. The calculation of element matrices is performed over the smoothing domains which are associated with edges of elements. The transverse shear locking of Reissner–Mindlin plate can be avoided by using the integration of discrete shear gap (DSG) method. Several numerical examples are investigated to illustrate the accuracy of XES-DSG3 for the free vibration analysis of cracked Reissner–Mindlin plate. Moreover, numerical results show that the present method is insensitive to mesh distortion and it is more stable than the pervious XFEM-DSG3.     

Functions of a complex variable in problems in the theory of elasticity with mass forces

The general equations of the theory of elasticity are reduced to an inhomogeneous fourth-order equation assuming that there is a linear dependence of the third component of the displacement vector on the third coordinate and that a mass force potential exists. The solution of this equation is presented, in particular, using two complex Kolosov–Muskhelishvili potentials. A third complex potential is introduced in addition to these. Using the three complex potentials, expressions are obtained for the components of the displacement vector and the stress and strain tensors that take account of mass forces. The application of the three potentials is analysed in problems in the theory of elasticity, and analytical solutions of several plane strain problems are presented.     

Size dependent analysis of functionally graded microbeams using strain gradient elasticity incorporated with surface energy

In this study, strain gradient theory is used to show the small scale effects on bending, vibration and stability of microscaled functionally graded (FG) beams. For this purpose, Euler–Bernoulli beam model is used and the numerical results are given for different boundary conditions. Analytical solutions are given for static deflection and buckling loads of the microbeams while generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is used to calculate their natural frequencies. The results are compared with classical elasticity ones to show the significance of the material length scale parameter (MLSP) effects and the general trend of the scale dependencies. In addition, it is shown the effect of surface energies relating to the strain gradient elasticity is negligible and can be ignored in vibration and buckling analyses. Combination of the well-known experimental setups with the results given in this paper can be used to find the effective MLSP for metal-ceramic FG microbeams. This helps to predict their accurate scale dependent mechanical behaviors by the introduced theoretical framework.     

Longtime dynamics for a novel piezoelectric beam model with creep and thermo-viscoelastic effects

In this work, a novel fully-dynamic piezoelectric beam model is considered. Electromagnetic and thermal effects are taken into consideration by Maxwell’s equations and the Coleman–Gurtin law (instead of the Fourier’s law), respectively. Our model accounts also for thermal and electromagnetic (creep) past histories, which are in line with the time response of PVDF at the applied stress in the longitudinal direction. Under suitable assumptions, the existence and uniqueness of solutions are proved by the semigroup theory. The main purpose of this paper is to establish the longtime dynamics of the model. Therefore, the quasi-stability property of the model and the existence of smooth global attractors with finite fractal dimension are obtained. The existence of exponential attractors for the associated dynamical system is also proved.     

Orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems corresponding to singular spectral curves

We study the limiting case of the Krichever construction of orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems when the spectral curve becomes singular. We show that when the curve is reducible and all its irreducible components are rational curves, the construction procedure reduces to solving systems of linear equations and to simple computations with elementary functions. We also demonstrate how well-known coordinate systems, such as polar coordinates, cylindrical coordinates, and spherical coordinates in Euclidean spaces, fit in this scheme. Published in Russian in Trudy Matematicheskogo Instituta imeni V.A. Steklova, 2006, Vol. 255, pp. 180–196.     

A finite-element mechanical contact model based on Mindlin–Reissner shell theory for a three-dimensional human body and garment

Efficient numerical methods for describing a garment’s mechanical behavior during wear have been identified as the key technology for garment simulation. This paper presents a finite-element mechanical contact model based on Mindlin–Reissner shell theory for a three-dimensional human body and garment. In this model, the human body and the garment are meshed as basic contact cells, these contact cells between the human body and the garment are defined as the contact pair to describe the contact relationship, and the mathematical formulation of the finite-element model is defined to describe the strain–stress performance of the three-dimensional human body and garment system. By using the solution given by the computer code and the programs specifically developed, the calculations of the mechanics in the basic cells of the human body and the garment have been able to be carried out. The simulation results show that the model of rationality, a good simulation results and simulation efficiency.     

Stability analysis of an interactive system of wave equation and heat equation with memory

This paper is devoted to the stability analysis of an interaction system comprised of a wave equation and a heat equation with memory, where the hereditary heat conduction is due to Gurtin–Pipkin law or Coleman–Gurtin law. First, we show the strong asymptotic stability of solutions to this system. Then, the exponential stability of the interaction system is obtained when the hereditary heat conduction is of Gurtin–Pipkin type. Further, we show the lack of uniform decay of the interaction system when the heat conduction law is of Coleman–Gurtin type.