MOFs在不饱和醛选择加氢中的应用研究进展

不饱和醛多相催化选择加氢制备不饱和醇常常被选作C=O键选择性加氢的代表性反应,长期以来一直备受关注,然而如何获得兼具高活性及高选择性的催化剂依然具有很大挑战.近年来,由于金属有机骨架(Metal-organic frameworks MOFs)材料具有的独特性能,应用在加氢领域的研究越来越多,常用做催化剂载体或直接作为...     

IB金属对Ni/SiO2催化剂乙炔选择性加氢反应性能的影响

乙烯是合成聚乙烯的原料,其主要来源是石油裂解气,其中少量的乙炔杂质会严重毒化生产聚乙烯的催化剂,因此需要将其去除.对于乙炔选择加氢反应,传统工业上使用的是Pd基催化剂,尽管其乙炔转化率很高,但对乙烯的选择性很低.我们前期的研究发现,IB族金属(Au,Ag和Cu)与Pd形成的合金单原子催化剂可以有效地提高乙烯的选择性.作为与Pd同组的非贵金属,Ni催化剂在多种催化加氢反应中显示出优异活性,而在乙炔选择加氢反应中,Ni是否能够替代贵金属Pd尚无定论.本文系统地研究了IB金属对Ni/SiO2催化剂乙炔选择性加氢性能的影响.与Pd/SiO2催化剂不同,单金属Ni/SiO2催化剂在低温下不具有活性.将IB金属添加到Ni/SiO2催化剂中,可以显著提高其催化活性以及对乙烯的选择性.其中,AuNix/SiO2和CuNix/SiO2催化剂的催化活性随还原温度升高而提高,而AgNix/SiO2催化剂对预处理温度不敏感.通过调变IB/Ni原子比和还原温度优化了催化剂的催化性能,发现优化后的三种催化剂(CuNi0.125/SiO2、AgNi0.5/SiO2和AuNi0.5/SiO2)的活性和选择性随反应温度升高表现出相似的变化趋势.催化稳定性考察结果显示,CuNi0.125/SiO2催化剂表现出最高选择性和稳定性;尽管AuNi0.5/SiO2的初始活性最高,但是稳定性最低.采用XRD、TPR和微量吸附量热等表征手段对不同IB金属对Ni基催化剂性质的影响进行了系统考察.以Cu-Nix/SiO2催化剂为例,H2-TPR测试结果表明,Cu-Ni双金属纳米颗粒的形成使得还原温度低于相应的单金属催化剂,表明铜和镍之间存在明显的相互作用.此外,通过TPR获得的CuNix/SiO2催化剂上的氢气消耗量与理论耗氢量相吻合,表明在还原处理的过程中双金属催化剂中的CuO和NiO可以被完全还原.乙炔的微量吸附量热结果表明,在CuNi0.125/SiO2,AgNi0.5/SiO2,AuNi0.5/SiO2和Ni0.5/SiO2催化剂上的初始吸附热分别为187,196,304和103 kJ/mol,即它们的初始乙炔吸附强度顺序为AuNi0.5/SiO2>AgNi0.5/SiO2>CuNi0.125/SiO2>Ni0.5/SiO2.该结果与三者的初始催化活性顺序一致,表明IB金属的加入可以增强乙炔在催化剂表面的吸附,从而提高催化活性.     

Organometallic complexes in supported ionic-liquid phase (SILP) catalysts: a PHIP NMR spectroscopy study

para-Hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) NMR spectroscopy emerges as an efficient and robust method for on-line monitoring of gas-phase hydrogenation reactions. Here we report detailed investigations of supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysts in a continuous gas-phase hydrogenation of propene with PHIP NMR spectroscopy. A relocation of the rhodium complex in the thin layer of ionic liquid in the SILP catalyst at the initial stage of the propene hydrogenation is demonstrated. PHIP NMR spectroscopy can provide profound insight into the evolution of SILP catalysts during hydrogenation reactions.     

二氧化碳加氢制甲醇多相催化剂研究进展

化石燃料的利用为人类社会带来了前所未有的繁荣和发展. 然而, 化石燃料燃烧引起的过量的二氧化碳(CO₂)排放导致全球气候变化和海洋酸化; 而且作为一种有限的资源, 化石燃料的消耗将迫使人们寻找其它碳源以维持可持续的发展. 利用可再生能源获取电能分解水制得的绿色氢气(H₂)与捕集后的CO₂反应制成甲醇, 不仅能有效利用工业废气中多余的CO₂, 还能获取清洁、 可再生的甲醇化学品, 该过程的技术核心是开发高效稳定的CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂. 本文综合评述了现有研究关注较多的多相催化CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂的反应机理和构效关系, 总结了目前多相催化CO₂加氢制甲醇催化剂(Cu基催化剂、 贵金属与双金属催化剂、 氧化物催化剂以及其它新型催化剂)的设计与合成方面的研究进展, 最后对该领域所面临的机遇和挑战进行了展望.     

Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts made from group 8–10 transition metal precatalysts and AlR3 cocatalysts: A critical review of the literature

Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts (group 8–10 transition metal precatalysts plus AlR₃ cocatalysts) are one of the most important families of industrial hydrogenation catalysts, especially for polymer hydrogenation. Despite their ～40 year history of industrial use, there is a need for improved fundamental understanding in order to make further, rationally directed improvements in these catalysts. This review examines the existing literature on Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts, specifically: (i) the variables important to catalyst synthesis, (ii) the catalyst formation reaction mechanism, (iii) the compositional and structural nature of the active catalyst species, and (iv) the mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation. This review also (v) discusses the current approaches to the homogeneous versus heterogeneous catalysis question, with the goal of identifying if Ziegler-type hydrogenation catalysts are homogeneous (e.g., monometallic) versus heterogeneous (e.g., nanoclusters) as the true catalyst(s). A summary of the main insights from each section of the review is also given.     

Hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds in the presence of palladium-containing modified carbon nanofibers

Palladium-containing carboxylated carbon nanofibers were studied as catalysts for hydrogenation of double bond >C=C< in olefins, unsaturated alcohols, and acids, as well as for hydrogenation of nitroarenes. The developed catalyst is 7 times more efficient than the industrial analog (Pd/C).     

急冷非晶态镍合金催化剂的研究开发和工业应用

Raney Ni催化剂是石油化学工业用量最大的催化剂之一,通过急冷技术将其晶态结构转变为非晶态结构,能够提高加氢活性.但非晶态合金热稳定性差、比表面积小限制了这类催化材料的工业应用.通过加入少量稀土元素,使非晶态 Ni 晶化温度提高200 K以上; 通过加入Al再碱抽Al,使非晶态Ni比表面积增加100倍以上; 通过加入功能助剂调节非晶态Ni的加氢选择性、增加抗酸碱腐蚀性和磁性,从而形成了系列非晶态Ni加氢催化剂 (商品名为 SRNA).其中,SRNA-1 用于药物中间体加氢; SRNA-2用于葡萄糖加氢制山梨醇; SRNA-3用于汽、柴油吸附脱硫; SRNA-4用于己内酰胺加氢精制; SRNA-5 用于苯甲酸加氢中替代Pd/C催化剂,使后者的用量减少了50%.     

巴豆醛气相选择性加氢催化剂

巴豆醛是α, β-不饱和醛中最具代表性的一类有机化合物,采用气相催化巴豆醛选择加氢制备巴豆醇符合原子经济和绿色化学要求,具有重要的工业应用和学术价值。本文综述了近十年国内外巴豆醛气相选择性加氢合成巴豆醇的负载型催化剂的研究成果,评述了贵金属催化剂(铂、金、铱、银、钯)和非贵金属催化剂(钴、铜)上巴豆醛选择性加氢性能,分析了活性组分、载体、助剂以及活性组分粒径对催化剂性能的影响,探讨了巴豆醛选择性加氢的反应机理和失活机理。最后,对气相巴豆醛选择性加氢催化剂所存在的问题进行总结,并对催化剂的发展趋势作出了展望。指出了非贵金属催化剂的巴豆醛选择性加氢性能因具有价廉易得等优势,将是该领域的研究方向之一。催化剂失活是巴豆醛气相选择性加氢工业化的最大障碍,因此研究和认识反应机理,解决催化剂失活问题是重点研究方向。     

Highly active iridium(I) complexes for the selective hydrogenation of carbon-carbon multiple bonds

New iridium(I) complexes, bearing a bulky NHC/phosphine ligand combination, have been established as extremely efficient hydrogenation catalysts that can be used at low catalyst loadings, and are compatible with functional groups which are often sensitive to more routinely employed hydrogenation methods.     

金属催化的不对称氢化反应研究进展与展望

手性过渡金属络合物催化的不对称氢化反应是合成光学活性化合物的重要方法. 本文从手性配体及手性催化剂、不对称催化新反应、新方法和新策略三个方面简要评述新世纪以来过渡金属催化的不对称氢化反应研究领域的新进展. 从新世纪初至今, 手性单磷配体得到了复兴, 出现了如MonoPhos、SiPhos、DpenPhos等高效单齿亚磷酰胺酯配体; 磷原子手性(P-手性)配体也得到了快速发展, 如BenzP*、ZhanPhos、TriFer等已成为新的高效手性双膦配体; 螺环骨架手性配体成为新世纪手性配体设计合成的亮点, 除了SiPhos、SIPHOX、SpinPHOX等高效手性螺环配体外, 手性螺环吡啶胺基磷配体SpiroPAP的铱催化剂成为目前最高效的分子催化剂. 不对称催化氢化新反应研究也取得了突破, 如非保护烯胺、杂芳环化合物及N-H亚胺的氢化等反应都实现了高对映选择性. 自组装手性催化剂、树枝状手性催化剂、铁磁性纳米负载的可回收手性催化剂, 以及“混合”配体手性催化剂等新方法和新策略也在不对称催化氢化反应中得到了应用. 然而, 手性过渡金属络合物催化的不对称氢化研究仍然充满挑战, 也期待新的突破.     

Single‐Atom Gold Catalysis in the Context of Developments in Parahydrogen‐Induced Polarization

A highly isolated monoatomic gold catalyst, with single gold atoms dispersed on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), has been synthesized, characterized, and tested in heterogeneous hydrogenation of 1,3‐butadiene and 1‐butyne with parahydrogen to maximize the polarization level and the contribution of the pairwise hydrogen addition route. The Au/MWCNTs catalyst was found to be active and efficient in pairwise hydrogen addition and the estimated contributions from the pairwise hydrogen addition route are at least an order of magnitude higher than those for supported metal nanoparticle catalysts. Therefore, the use of the highly isolated monoatomic catalysts is very promising for production of hyperpolarized fluids that can be used for the significant enhancement of NMR signals. A mechanism of 1,3‐butadiene hydrogenation with parahydrogen over the highly isolated monoatomic Au/MWCNTs catalyst is also proposed.     

Synergistic effect of binary component ligands in chiral catalyst library engineering for enantioselective reactions

This article highlights our recent efforts in the development of highly efficient and cost-effective chiral catalysts for asymmetric reactions through a combinatorial approach by assembling the component ligands (at least one of which is in non-racemic form, while the other might be optically pure, racemic or achiral) with metal ions to generate modular chiral catalyst libraries. The synergistic effect of the binary ligands in terms of both enantioselectivity and activity of the catalysis has been observed in a variety of catalyst systems, including catalysts containing Ti(IV), Zn(II), Rh(I) or Ru(II) ions, for asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder, carbonyl-ene, alkylation, and hydrogenation reactions, respectively.     

Enantioselective hydrogenation of 3-alkylidenelactams: high-throughput screening provides a surprising solution

High-throughput screening of 256 potential catalysts (8 metal precursors x 32 phosphine ligands) has identified [(BDPP)Ir(COD)]BF4 as a catalyst for the enantioselective hydrogenation of 3-alkylidenelactams. This result is surprising given the highly flexible backbone of the BDPP ligand and the ineffectiveness of this catalyst in other applications. The asymmetric hydrogenation appears fairly general for five- and six-membered lactams and in one case has been scaled up to a 20 kg level.     

Synthesis,properties, and activity of nanosized palladium catalysts modified with elemental phosphorus for hydrogenation

The applicability of elemental phosphorus as a modifier of palladium catalysts for hydrogenation was demonstrated, and the conditions for the synthesis of nanoparticles that are highly efficient in hydrogenation catalysis were optimized. The modifying effect of elemental phosphorus depends on the P/Pd ratio; it is associated with changes in the catalyst dispersity and the nature of the formed nanoparticles containing various palladium phosphides (PdP₂, Pd5P₂, and Pd₆P) and Pd(0) clusters. The main stages of the formation of palladium catalysts for hydrogenation were determined, and a model of an active catalyst, in which the Pd₆P phosphide is the core of a nanoparticle and Pd(0) clusters form a shell, was proposed.     

Catalytic properties of nanostructured Pd–Ag catalysts in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of terminal and internal alkynes

A comparative catalytic study of Pd–Ag bimetallic catalysts and the commercial Lindlar catalyst (Pd–Pb/CaCO₃) has been carried out in the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene (PA) and diphenylacetylene (DPA). The Pd–Ag catalysts have been prepared using the heterobimetallic complex PdAg₂(OAc)₄(HOAc)₄ supported on MgAl₂O₄ and aluminas (α-Al₂O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃). Physicochemical studies have demonstrated that the reduction of supported Pd–Ag complex with hydrogen results in homogeneous Pd–Ag nanoparticles. Equal in selectivity to the Lindlar catalyst, the Pd–Ag catalysts are more active in DPA hydrogenation. The synthesized Pd–Ag catalysts are active and selective in PA hydrogenation as well, but the unfavorable ratio of the rates of the first and second stages of the process makes it difficult to kinetically control the reaction. The most promising results have been obtained for the Pd–Ag₂/α-Al₂O₃ catalyst. Although this catalyst is less active, it is very selective and allows efficient kinetic control of the process to be carried out owing to the fact that, with this catalyst, the rate of hydrogenation of the resulting styrene is much lower than the rate of hydrogenation of the initial PA.     

Preparation,structural characterization of a novel egg-shell palladium sulfide catalyst and its application in selective reductive alkylation reaction

A novel egg-shell Pd-S catalyst with palladium metal as the core and a membrane of palladium sulfide as the surface has been prepared by sulphidizing Pd/C with H₂S.This catalyst is effective for the reductive alkylation of p-amino diphenylamine（PADPA） and methylisobutyl ketone（MIBK） to afford N-（1,3-dimethylbutyl）-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenedianine（DBPPD） with conversion up to 99.42%and selectivity to 97.46%.Comparing with the other common palladium sulfide catalysts,the membrane of palladium sulfide on the surface and the core of palladium metal cause the Pd on the surface of the new catalyst in a lower sulfur coordination, which improves its activity.Our result indicates that this new egg-shell Pd-S/C is an efficient hydrogenation catalyst.     

Promoting Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Heterogeneous Chemoselective Hydrogenation via the Tailored Pore Environment within Metal–Organic Frameworks

Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have recently been advanced as efficient metal‐free catalysts for catalytic hydrogenation, but their performance in chemoselective hydrogenation, particularly in heterogeneous systems, has not yet been achieved. Herein, we demonstrate that, via tailoring the pore environment within metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), FLPs not only can be stabilized but also can develop interesting performance in the chemoselective hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated organic compounds, which cannot be achieved with FLPs in a homogeneous system. Using hydrogen gas under moderate pressure, the FLP anchored within a MOF that features open metal sites and hydroxy groups on the pore walls can serve as a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst to selectively reduce the imine bond in α,β‐unsaturated imine substrates to afford unsaturated amine compounds.     

炔醇选择加氢催化剂研究进展

炔醇选择加氢制备相应的烯醇在医药、农药、食品添加剂、香精、香料和聚合物单体等众多高端精细化学品合成中是一个非常重要的化工过程.通过一系列复杂的平行和连续的反应,炔醇可加氢生产若干个关键中间体.提高对烯醇的选择性和保持催化剂的效率是工业生产的关键,也是一个巨大的挑战.迄今为止,各种有效的贵金属和非贵金属催化剂得到了广泛的发展,尤其是钯基和镍基多相催化剂取得了显著进展.从经典的Lindlar催化剂和Raney-Ni催化剂到生物基金属催化新材料,本文系统综述了近几十年炔醇选择加氢催化剂的设计,从催化剂本身的金属活性中心、助剂(第二金属、有机配体和稳定剂)的作用、载体的性质(孔结构、酸碱性、金属与载体强相互作用)以及反应条件等因素对催化活性、目标产物的选择性和稳定性的影响进行了系统的综述.借助先进的表征技术、理论计算和实验研究,本文还阐述了炔醇选择加氢反应的机理.研究发现:(1)在所有贵金属催化剂中,Pd基催化剂对炔醇半加氢制烯醇的效率最高,且选择性最好.稳定剂和抑制剂的加入可以提高中间体的选择性,但在一定程度上降低了催化活性.此外,Zn,In和Cu等第二金属的掺杂可以调节金属Pd的几何效应和电子结构,从而调节底物和中间产物的吸附,并抑制过度加氢.与传统的Lindlar型催化剂相比,这种Pd基合金或金属间化合物可广泛应用于炔醇的选择性加氢反应,显著提高烯醇的选择性,且不需要引入有毒添加剂.(2)Ni基材料作为可替代贵金属催化剂,可分别实现炔醇的高选择性加氢制备烯醇或烷醇.然而,与贵金属催化剂相比,其反应条件相对苛刻.炔醇加氢产物分布很大程度上取决于助剂的引入和载体的酸性.此外,碳物种易沉积在Ni表面造成活性位点被覆盖,且在水热环境下Ni颗粒因团聚而失活,因此,用于炔醇选择加氢反应的镍基催化剂稳定性仍有待提高.尽管炔醇选择加氢反应在学术界和工业界都有广泛研究,但对于这些催化体系,特别是催化剂的结构性能关系和反应机理,仍有待进一步明确.(1)原位表征技术和理论计算的发展,将有助于人们理解炔醇选择性加氢的催化过程,并指导研究者根据炔醇加氢的特点设计出具有良好选择性的高效催化剂.(2)烯醇类产品一般应用于医药中间体和高分子单体,对产品纯度要求较高.因此,在不引入有毒添加剂的情况下,设计高效、高选择性催化剂至关重要.(3)水相或醇相中炔醇选择加氢反应对催化剂的水热稳定性有很高的要求.通过锚定和包覆来增强金属与载体的相互作用,抑制金属纳米粒子的聚集和流失是一种有效的手段.此外,在炔醇选择加氢反应中引入耐水载体可以有效提高催化剂的稳定性.(4)短碳链炔醇催化选择加氢反应一直是研究的热点.然而,关于长碳链炔醇的选择加氢反应过程,国内外报道相对较少.基于长碳链炔醇底物分子的空间位阻效应,有必要设计具有特殊孔道结构的选择加氢催化剂.(5)目前,绝大多数炔醇选择加氢过程还处于间歇性操作.随着市场对烯醇的需求不断增加,为了获得高品质的产品,连续化操作将是一个必然趋势.     

Directly Knitted Hierarchical Porous Organometallic Polymer-Based Self-Supported Single-Site Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation in Water

In recent times, heterogenization of homogeneous molecular catalysts onto various porous solid support structures has attracted significant research focus as a method for combining the advantages of both homogeneous as well as heterogeneous catalysis. The design of highly efficient, structurally robust and reusable heterogenized single-site catalysts for the CO₂ hydrogenation reaction is a critical challenge that needs to be accomplished to implement a sustainable and practical CO₂-looped renewable energy cycle. This study demonstrated a heterogenized catalyst [Ir-HCP-(B/TPM)] containing a molecular Ir-abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene (Ir-aNHC) catalyst self-supported by hierarchical porous hyper-crosslinked polymer (HCP), in catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to inorganic formate (HCO₂⁻) salt that is a prospective candidate for direct formate fuel cells (DFFC). By employing this unique and first approach of utilizing a directly knitted HCP-based organometallic single-site catalyst for CO₂-to-HCO₂⁻ in aqueous medium, extremely high activity with a single-run turnover number (TON) up to 50816 was achieved which is the highest so far considering all the heterogeneous catalysts for this reaction in water. Additionally, the catalyst featured excellent reusability furnishing a cumulative TON of 285400 in 10 cycles with just 1.6 % loss in activity per cycle. Overall, the new catalyst displayed attributes that are important for developing tangible catalysts for practical applications.     

Development of Proton‐Responsive Catalysts

A changeable ligand, which involves in activation of a catalyst or assists a reaction, draws an increasing attention, in contrast to a classical ligand as spectator. Proton‐responsive catalysts, which are capable of undergoing changes of properties on gaining/losing one or more protons, provides interesting features as follows: (i) catalyst activation by electronic effect, (ii) pH‐tuning of water‐solubility, and (iii) second‐coordination‐sphere interaction. On the basis of this catalyst design concept, we developed several highly efficient proton‐responsive catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation as H₂ storage, formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation as H₂ production, and transfer hydrogenation. The transformable ligands of proton‐responsive catalysts in promoting effective catalysis have aroused our interest. In this account, we summarize our efforts for the development and application of proton‐responsive catalysts. Specifically, the important role of pH‐dependent proton‐responsive complexes will be discussed.