Decarbonylative C-C bond forming reactions mediated by transition metals

New methods for carbon-carbon (C-C) forming reactions are constantly emerging in the field of organic synthesis. In this review, a brief history followed by recent developments of decarbonylative C-C forming reactions mediated by transition metals is described. Many different substrates are presented and the review is organized by the different carbonyl precursors, such as acyl chlorides, aldehydes, anhydrides, esters and ketones, used in the respective transformations. Furthermore, the broad scope of these reactions is exhibited by the application to several reaction types (e.g. Heck-type reactions, Suzuki cross-coupling type reactions, C-H activation, etc.) as well as a natural product synthesis (e.g. muscroride A). While several examples are provided, this review marks the beginning of a new field that is still in its infancy and for what might be a new approach to achieve highly efficient reactions that come closer to meeting the standards of chemical economies (e.g. atom, redox, step, etc.) and green chemistry.     

Titanacarborane mediated C-N bond forming/breaking reactions

Constrained-geometry titanacarboranes [σ:η¹:η⁵-(OCH₂)(R₂NCH₂)C₂B₉H₉]Ti(NR₂) (R = Me, Et) are synthesized via an unexpected reaction of [Me₃NH][μ-7,8-CH₂OCH₂-7,8-C₂B₉H₁₀] with Ti(NR₂)₄ (R = Me, Et), involving a C-O bond cleavage and C-N bond formation. These complexes can be readily converted to new amide species or alkoxide by reacting with amines or esters, respectively. Insertion of a series of unsaturated molecules into the Ti-N bond of the aforementioned complexes results in the formation of various half-sandwich titanacarboranes. [σ:η¹:η⁵-(OCH₂)(Me₂NCH₂)C₂B₉H₉]Ti(NMe₂) is also able to efficiently catalyze the hydroamination of carbodiimides and the transamination of guanidines. These results are summarized in this brief account.     

手性钛配合物催化不对称反应研究

手性钛配合物是一类很有用的手性催化剂,在许多反应中显示出了良好的催化活性和高的对映选择性。在我们研究的系列反应中,发现手性钛配合物是一类优良的手性催化剂,其中不对称催化杂Diels-Alder反应制备二氢吡喃酮(99%ee),不对称催化硫醚氧化成亚砜反应(96%ee)和不对称催化硅腈化反应(87%ee),都获得了好的催化活性和高的对映选择性。我们对以上反应中其催化剂的用量、溶剂、催化剂浓度和抗衡离子的Lewis酸碱性、底物的结构与对映选择性的关系、催化循环机理等进行了较系统、深入的研究,发现非共价相互作用和分子识别现象在不对称催化反应中显示出重要的作用,为进一步设计新的手性催化剂,发展不对称催化反应提供了基础数据。     

Microwave-assisted C-C bond forming cross-coupling reactions: an overview

Among the fundamental transformations in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, transition-metal-catalyzed reactions provide some of the most attractive methodologies for the formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. As a result, the application of these reactions has increased tremendously during the past decades and cross-coupling reactions became a standard tool for synthetic organic chemists. Furthermore, a tremendous upsurge in the development of new catalysts and ligands, as well as an increased understanding of the mechanisms, has contributed substantially to recent advances in the field. Traditionally, organic reactions are carried out by conductive heating with an external heat source (for example, an oil bath). However, the application of microwave irradiation is a steadily gaining field as an alternative heating mode since its dawn at the end of the last century. This tutorial review focuses on some of the recent developments in the field of cross-coupling reactions assisted by microwave irradiation.     

Mild and room temperature C-C bond forming reactions of nucleoside C-6 arylsulfonates

[reaction: see text] Palladium catalyzed cross coupling of nucleoside arylsulfonates and arylboronic acids has been accomplished under mild conditions and at room temperature. Among three structurally similar ligands that differ in their steric and electronic properties, one yielded an effective catalyst in conjunction with Pd(OAc)2. Of the nucleoside arylsulfonates evaluated, the O6-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)sulfonate proved optimal, but other alkyl and alkoxy derivatives were also reasonably reactive. On the other hand, a 2-nitrophenyl and a 2-thienyl derivative were ineffective substrates. PhMe and THP were suitable as solvents, yielding good results in several cases, although reactions of some arylboronic acids were faster in PhMe. In contrast, reactions of arylboronic acids bearing strongly electron-withdrawing groups proceeded more successfully in THP. Interplay between several factors that include substituents on the nucleoside arylsulfonate, ligand substituents, and solvent is responsible for successful cross coupling. Using 31P NMR, an initial investigation has been conducted to study the interaction of Pd(OAc)2 with the ligand. At a 1:1 stoichiometry of ligand and Pd(OAc)2, a predominant species, likely a cyclopalladation product, was obtained. At a 2:1 ratio of ligand and Pd(OAc)2, a different species bearing chemically distinct phosphine ligands was observed. Both complexes display catalytic activity, although the 2:1 species may be superior.     

Ligands for copper-catalyzed C-N bond forming reactions with 1 mol% CuBr as catalyst

Several new ligands were designed to promote copper-catalyzed Ullman C-N coupling reactions. In this group, 8-hydroxyquinolin-N-oxide was found to serve as a superior ligand for CuBr-catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides with aliphatic amines and N-heterocycles under a low catalyst loading (1% [Cu] mol). Reactions with the inexpensive catalytic system display a high functional group tolerance as well as excellent chemoselectivity.     

CuI catalyzed C-N bond forming reactions between aryl/heteroaryl bromides and imidazoles in [Bmim]BF4

By using CuI as the catalyst and l-Proline as the ligand, the Ullmann-type coupling reactions of aryl/heteroaryl bromides and imidazoles in [Bmim]BF₄ at 105-115 °C gave the corresponding N-arylimidazoles/N-heteroarylimidazoles in good yields. The system offers a convenient, recyclable, and environmentally benign method for these coupling reactions.     

C-C and C-H bond activation reactions in N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of ruthenium

Thermolysis of Ru(PPh3)3(CO)H2 with the N-heterocyclic carbene bis(1,3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) (IMes) results in C-C activation of an Ar-CH3 bond in one of the mesityl rings of the carbene ligand. Upon addition of IMes to Ru(PPh3)3(CO)H2 at room temperature in the presence of an alkene, C-H bond activation is observed instead. The thermodynamics of these C-C and C-H cleavage reactions have been probed using density functional theory.     

Transition metal catalyzed carbon-silicon bond forming reactions using chlorosilanes promoted by Grignard reagents

New catalytic C--Si bond-forming reactions using chlorosilanes are described. These reactions proceed efficiently under mild conditions by the combined use of Grignard reagents and transition metal catalysts, such as Ti, Zr, Ni, and Pd. It is proposed that ate complex intermediates formed by the reaction of transition metals with Grignard reagents play important roles as the active catalytic species. The present study demonstrates the practical use of chlorosilanes in transition metal catalyzed silylation reactions providing convenient methods for allyl- or vinylsilane synthesis. The reaction pathways of these transformations as well as the scope and limitations are discussed.     

Oxidative C-H activation/C-C bond forming reactions: synthetic scope and mechanistic insights

This paper describes a new palladium-catalyzed method for C-H activation/carbon-carbon bond formation with hypervalent iodine arylating agents. This transformation has been applied to a variety of arene and benzylic substrates containing different directing groups (pyridines, quinolines, oxazolidinones, and amides) and proceeds with high levels of regiocontrol. Mechanistic experiments provide preliminary evidence in support of an unusual mechanism for this transformation involving a Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle.     

Branch-selective reductive coupling of 2-vinyl pyridines and imines via rhodium catalyzed C-C bond forming hydrogenation

Hydrogenation of 2-vinyl azines 1a-1e in the presence of N-arylsulfonyl imines 2a-2l at ambient temperature and pressure employing cationic rhodium catalysts ligated by tri-2-furylphosphine results in regioselective reductive coupling to furnish branched products of imine addition 3a-3v, which embody modest to high levels of syn-diastereoselectivity. Catalytic coupling of 6-bromo-2-vinylpyridine 1a to imine 2l under an atmosphere of elemental deuterium provides deuterio-3l, with deuterium exclusively at the former beta-position of the vinyl moiety. These data are consistent with a catalytic mechanism involving oxidative coupling of the vinyl azine and imine partners to furnish a cationic aza-rhodacyclopentane, which upon deuteriolytic cleavage releases the adduct and regenerates cationic rhodium(I) to close the catalytic cycle. These studies represent the first metal catalyzed reductive C-C couplings of vinyl azines.     

Intramolecular C-N bond formation reactions catalyzed by ruthenium porphyrins: amidation of sulfamate esters and aziridination of unsaturated sulfonamides

Ruthenium porphyrins [Ru(F(20)-TPP)(CO)] (F(20)-TPP = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato dianion) and [Ru(Por*)(CO)] (Por = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[(1S,4R,5R,8S)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanoanthracen-9-yl]porphyrinato dianion) catalyzed intramolecular amidation of sulfamate esters p-X-C(6)H(4)(CH(2))(2)OSO(2)NH(2) (X = Cl, Me, MeO), XC(6)H(4)(CH(2))(3)OSO(2)NH(2) (X = p-F, p-MeO, m-MeO), and Ar(CH(2))(2)OSO(2)NH(2) (Ar = naphthalen-1-yl, naphthalen-2-yl) with PhI(OAc)(2) to afford the corresponding cyclic sulfamidates in up to 89% yield with up to 100% substrate conversion; up to 88% ee was attained in the asymmetric intramolecular amidation catalyzed by [Ru(Por)(CO)]. Reaction of [Ru(F(20)-TPP)(CO)] with PhI[double bond]NSO(2)OCH(2)CCl(3) (prepared by treating the sulfamate ester Cl(3)CCH(2)OSO(2)NH(2) with PhI(OAc)(2)) afforded a bis(imido)ruthenium(VI) porphyrin, [Ru(VI)(F(20)-TPP)(NSO(2)OCH(2)CCl(3))(2)], in 60% yield. A mechanism involving reactive imido ruthenium porphyrin intermediate was proposed for the ruthenium porphyrin-catalyzed intramolecular amidation of sulfamate esters. Complex [Ru(F(20)-TPP)(CO)] is an active catalyst for intramolecular aziridination of unsaturated sulfonamides with PhI(OAc)(2), producing corresponding bicyclic aziridines in up to 87% yield with up to 100% substrate conversion and high turnover (up to 2014).     

基于铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的研究进展

过渡金属催化的C-H键活化及在此基础上的C-C键形成的反应因其高原子经济性和高效的合成效率而备受人们的关注.铁元素具有含量丰富、廉价、易得、环境友好等优点,在催化反应中得到了越来越广泛的应用.近几年来,人们关于Fe催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键反应的研究也取得了一定的进展.本文对铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的最新研究进展作了综述,并且按照铁催化剂的不同价态进行了分类归纳,也对催化机理进行了阐述与总结.     

Highly air-stable anionic mononuclear and neutral binuclear palladium(II) complexes for C-C and C-N bond-forming reactions

The short-bite aminobis(phosphonite), PhN{P(-OC10H6(mu-S)C10H6O-)}2 (2), containing a mesocyclic thioether backbone is synthesized by either treating PhN(PCl2)2 with 2 equiv of thiobis(2,2'-naphthol) or reacting chlorophosphite (-OC10H6(mu-S)C10H6O-)PCl (1) with aniline in the presence of a base. Treatment of 2 with an equimolar amount of Pd(COD)Cl2 in the presence of H2O affords a P-N-P-bridged and P,S-metalated binuclear complex, [PhN(P(-OC10H6(mu-S)C10H6O-)-kappaP)2Pd2Cl2{P(-OC10H6(mu-S)C10H6O-)(O)-kappaP,kappaS}2] (3), whereas the same reaction with 2 equiv of Pd(COD)Cl2 in the presence of H2O and Et3N produces the mononuclear anionic complex [{(-OC10H6(mu-S)C10H6O-)P(O)-kappaP,kappaS}PdCl2](Et3NH) (5). By contrast, reaction of 2 with 2 equiv of Pd(COD)Cl2 and H2O in the absence of Et3N gives the hydrogen phosphonate coordinated complex [{(-OC10H6(mu-S)C10H6O-)P(OH)}PdCl2] (4) which converts to the anionic complex in solution or in the presence of a base. Compound 2 on treatment with Pt(COD)X2 (X = Cl or I) afforded P-coordinated four-membered chelate complexes [PhN(P(-OC10H6(mu-S)C10H6O-)-kappaP)2PtX2] (6 X = Cl, 7 X = I). The crystal structures of compounds 2, 3, 5, and 7 are reported. Compound 3 is the first example of a crystallographically characterized binuclear palladium complex containing a bidentate bridging ligand and its hydrolyzed fragments forming metallacycles containing a palladium-phosphorus sigma bond. All palladium complexes proved to be very good catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling and amination reactions with excellent turnover numbers (TON up to 1.46 x 105 in the case of the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction).     

New reactions of 1-alkynes catalyzed by transition metal complexes

Recently discovered catalytic reactions with ruthenium and lanthanide metal complexes have extended the scope of 1-alkynes as useful reagents. The specific formation of aryl-substituted (Z)-1,3-enzymes via the dimerization of HC(triple bond) CR(1) (R(1) = aryl) has been attained using dimeric lanthanide complexes, the catalytic activity of which appears to be unaffected by time. The dimerization of HC(triple bond) CR(2) (R(2) = t-Bu, SiMe(3)) catalyzed by Ru(cod)(cot)/PR(3) or RuH(2)(PPh(3))(3) produces a good yield of butatrienes (Z)R(2)CH=C=C=CHR(2) with a high degree of selectivity. Under certain conditions, HC(triple bond) C=SiMe(3) dimerizes to yield exclusively (Z)-M(3)Si-C(triple bond) C-CH=CH-SiMe(3). The hydration of HC(triple bond)CR(3) (R(3) = alkyl, aryl) catalyzed by RuCl(2)/PR'(3) or CpRuCl(PR"(3))(2) has realized the first example of anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity in an addition reaction of water that produces aldehydes R(3)CH(2)bond;CHO. The application of this reaction to propargylic alcohols has lead to their formal isomerization to alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. In contrast, the addition of amines R(4)bond;NH(2) (R(4) = aryl) to HCtbond;CR(5) (R(5) = alkyl, aryl) conforms to Markovnikov's rule to produce ketimines R(5)bond;(C=NR(4))bond;CH(3) when catalyzed by a Ru(3)(CO)(12)/additive. Since the reaction can be performed in air without the need for any solvents, it enables the practical synthesis of aromatic ketimines, which are difficult to prepare by conventional methods. The synthesis of indoles using deactivated anilines is one practical application of this reaction. The mechanisms of some of these reactions have been analyzed in detail with the aid of theoretical calculations.     

Once cleaved C-C bond was reformed: reversible C-C bond cleavage of dihydroindenyltitanium complexes

The once cleaved carbon-carbon bond of the Cp moiety in 2 was recombined in indene products. Aslo, we propose a novel mechanism for the cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond of the Cp moiety.     

C-C bond formation by cyanide addition to dinuclear vinyliminium complexes

The diiron vinyliminium complexes [Fe₂{μ-η¹:η³-C(R′)C(H)CN(Me)(R)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂][SO₃CF₃] (R=Me, R′ = SiMe₃ (1a); R = Me, R′ = CH₂OH (1b); R = CH₂Ph, R′ = Tol (1c), Tol = 4-MeC₆H₄; R = CH₂Ph, R′ = COOMe (1d); R = CH₂Ph, R′ = SiMe₃ (1e)) undergo regio- and stereo-selective addition by cyanide ion (from ), affording the corresponding bridging cyano-functionalized allylidene compounds [Fe₂{μ-η¹:η³-C(R′)C(H)C(CN)N(Me)(R)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂] (3a-e), in good yields. Similarly, the diiron vinyliminium complexes [Fe₂{μ-η¹:η³-C(R′)C(R′)CN(Me)(R)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂][SO₃CF₃] (R = R′ = Me (2a); R = Me, R′ = Ph (2b); R = CH₂Ph, R′ = Me (2c); R = CH₂Ph, R′ = COOMe (2d)) react with cyanide and yield [Fe₂{μ-η¹:η³-C(R′)C(R′)C(CN)N(Me)(R)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂] (9a-d). The reactions of the vinyliminium complex [Fe₂{μ-η¹:η³-C(Tol)CHCN(Me)(4-C₆H₄CF₃)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂][SO₃CF₃] (4) with NaBH₄ and afford the allylidene [Fe₂{μ-C(Tol)C(H)C(H)N(Me)(C₆H₄CF₃)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂] (5) and the cyanoallylidene [Fe₂{μ-C(Tol)C(H)C(CN)N(Me)(C₆H₄CF₃)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂] (6), respectively. Analogously, the diruthenium vinyliminium complex [Ru₂{μ-η¹:η³-C(SiMe₃)CHCN(Me)(CH₂Ph)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂][SO₃CF₃] (7) reacts with to give [Ru₂{μ-η¹:η³-C(SiMe₃)CHC(CN)N(Me)(CH₂Ph)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂] (8).Finally, cyanide addition to [Fe₂{μ-η¹:η³-C(COOMe)C(COOMe)CN(Me)(Xyl)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂][SO₃CF₃] (2e) (Xyl = 2,6-Me₂C₆H₃), yields the cyano-functionalized bis-alkylidene complex [Fe₂{μ-η¹:η²-C(COOMe)C(COOMe)(CN)CN(Me)(Xyl)}(μ-CO)(CO)(Cp)₂] (10). The molecular structures of 3a and 9a have been elucidated by X-ray diffraction.     

New titanium complexes with symmetric or asymmetric cis-9,10-dihydrophenanthrenediamide ligands formed through sequential intramolecular C-C bond-forming reactions

A series of new titanium(IV) complexes with symmetric or asymmetric cis-9,10-dihydrophenanthrenediamide ligands, cis-9,10-PhenH(2)(NR)(2)Ti(O(i)Pr)(2) [PhenH(2) = 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, R = 2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3) (2a), 2,6-Et(2)C(6)H(3) (2b), 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3) (2c)], cis-9,10-PhenH(2)(NR(1))(NR(2))Ti(O(i)Pr)(2) [R(1) = 2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3), R(2) = 2,6-Et(2)C(6)H(3) (2d); R(1) = 2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3), R(2) = 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3) (2e)], and [cis-9,10-PhenH(2)(NR(1))(2)][o-C(6)H(4)(CH=NR(2))]TiO(i)Pr [R(1) = 2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3), R(2) = 2,6-Et(2)C(6)H(3) (3a); R(1) = 2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3), 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3) (3b)], have been synthesized from the reactions of TiCl(2)(O(i)Pr)(2) with o-C(6)H(4)(CH=NR)Li [R = 2,6-(i)Pr(2)C(6)H(3), 2,6-Et(2)C(6)H(3), 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3)]. The symmetric complexes 2a-2c were obtained from the reactions of TiCl(2)(O(i)Pr)(2) with 2 equiv of the corresponding o-C(6)H(4)(CH=NR)Li followed by intramolecular C-C bond-forming reductive elimination and oxidative coupling processes, while the asymmetric complexes 2d-2e were formed from the reaction of TiCl(2)(O(i)Pr)(2) with two different types of o-C(6)H(4)(CH=NR)Li sequentially. The complexes 3a and 3b were also isolated from the reactions for complexes 2d and 2e. All complexes were characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structures of 2a, 2b, 2e, and 3a were determined by X-ray crystallography.