汽油族组成的近红外光谱快速测定

以荧光指示剂吸附色谱法（FIA）测定汽油族组成结果为基础，采用近红外光谱和化学计量学方法建立了快速、准确测定催化裂化馏出口汽油族组成（饱和烃、烯烃和芳烃）的分析模型；试验表明，该法分析速度快、重复性好、成本低，特别适用于生产中间控制分析。     

气相色谱-质谱表征甲醇制烯烃副产汽油中的C5～C7烯烃

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对甲醇制烯烃(MTO)副产汽油中的C5~C7烯烃进行了详细的定性表征,对MTO副产汽油中的49个单烯烃、11个二烯烃和9个环烯烃共计69个C5~C7烯烃组分在聚甲基硅氧烷柱上的保留指数进行了测定和定性确认。根据GC-MS定性分析结果建立了MTO副产汽油中C5~C7烯烃的保留指数数据库,采用气相色谱对副产汽油中C5~C7烯烃组分进行了定量分析。定量结果表明:MTO汽油以C5~C7脂肪族烯烃为主,含有少量的二烯烃和环烯烃,烷烃和环烷烃含量很少。MTO副产汽油中C5~C7烯烃的详细表征为其综合利用提供了依据。     

硝酸银高效液相色谱法快速测定柴油馏分的族组成

柴油馏分族组成的测定以往多用柱色谱法,不仅分析流程长,并需消耗大量的溶剂和吸附剂。另一缺点是反映柴油使用性能的重要组分——烯烃混在饱和烃中不能分离测定。本工作用高效液相色谱法,以涂渍20％AgNO_3的硅胶柱和μ—porasil柱组成双柱系统,正己烷为流动相,用示差折光和紫外吸收检测器,快速测定了柴油馏分的族组成。在AgNO_3硅胶柱上考察了不同的AgNO_3涂复量、活化温度及活化时间对分离柴油中烯烃的影响,选择了对柴油馏分进行族组成测定所适宜的色谱条件。用常规柱色谱法分离柴油所得的饱和烃、芳烃以及蜡裂解柴油烯烃(含烯烃80％左右),经AgNO_3硅胶柱制备分离收集而得的纯饱和烃和烯烃分别作为标样,在相同的液体色     

毛细管气相色谱法同库仑法联合测定含烯汽油的烃族及芳烃组成

本文在使用填充柱色谱法与库仑法联合测定含烯汽油烃族组成的基础上,又使用涂以极性固定液的FFAP WCOT毛细柱分析了含烯汽油的饱和烃/烯烃及芳烃、芳烃单体烃的含量。通过芳烃单体烃的测定确定油品的碳数及准确扣除高沸点非芳烃组分在芳烃部分中的含量,使定量更加准确可靠。     

气液色谱法测定汽油中C_5—C_7烃的各单体组成

介绍了测定汽油中C_5—C_7馏分的28个单体烃的气液色谱方法.在最佳的操作条件下,用季戊四醇酯的色谱柱得到了23个色谱峯;用氯萘的色谱柱得到了21个色谱峯.综合两色谱柱所得结果,就可以得到28个单体烃的含量.文中列出了各单体烃在两柱上的相对保留时间及保留体积值,保留体积的对数值与碳原子数呈线性关系.用配制的已知组成试样验证本方法的绝对误差在1％左右,对直馏汽油及石油二次加工汽油平行测定差值为1％.文中还讨论了柱温对分离的影响及不同极性固定液的选择性.试验是在自制的气液色谱仪上进行的,采用热敏电阻热导池作鉴定器.本方法分析一个试样约需4小时.     

色谱法从页岩油分离非烃

抚顺页岩油除烃类外,含有相当量的非烃化合物,其中氮化合物含量最多.应用硅胶吸附剂的色谱分离可以分开无色至黄色的、以烃为主的部分和黑棕色的非烃化合物部分,粗孔硅胶作为吸附剂得到了良好的结果.冲洗剂用脱苯石油醚和洒精;用甲醛-芳烃反应以及欧氏试剂反应作为无氮烃浓缩部分和极性氮化合物部分的分离标志.试验证明抚顺页岩油中烃含量随着馏分变重而减少;抚顺页岩粗油中烃浓缩部分占59.4%,桦甸页岩粗油中烃浓缩部分占72.6%.     

液体燃料的组成和性质

568.鞑靼石油汽油单体烃组成测定.第一报.巴弗林和罗马西金石油的汽油用值础天然汽油成份的粽合分析法研究了巴弗林(双B)及稚焉西金(只即石油的直础汽油(~150")粗成.其中罩逻煌数目分别篇63(且B)及61(双p).璧现丽踵汽油的化     

中国化石燃料的同位素地球化学

本文总结了作者近20年对中国化石燃料同位素研究结果。对煤而言,δ~(13)C分布的主频度在—25.5‰到—23.5‰。热演化影响可以忽略,但煤岩组份对δ~(13)C值有明显影响,壳质组含量增加,全煤δ~(13)C值相应变轻。煤系热模拟产物δ~(13)C所显示的规律有:气态烃在液态烃产出的峰值处有最轻的δ~(13)C值。液态烃与全煤具有相似δ~(13)C值,族组份中烷烃部分随温度增高δ~(13)C有变重的趋势。通过天然气的δ~(13)C和δD研究,将中国天然气划分出生物-热催化过渡带气这一类型。甲烷δD随水介质盐度增大而相应变重。轻烃同位素研究把气-液-源岩的关系更好的联系起来,它们的δ~(13)C系列对比有利于确定源岩。陆相石油δ~(13)C值,在有机质为Ⅰ型,介质为淡水时δ~(13)C较轻;Ⅲ型,盐水沉积环境的石油相对富集~(13)C。液、固相化石燃料的碳同位素组成主要受母质同位素继承效应的影响,其它因素影响较小。     

用选择离子流动管质谱测定汽油和柴油蒸汽成分

采用选择离子流动管质谱(SIFT／MS)装置，以H30^ 、N0^ 为初始离子对汽油和柴油蒸汽进行了研究，质谱分析表明，汽油和柴油主要由C—H化合物组成，包括烷烃、环烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、二烯烃以及芳香烃。在这几种成分中，烷烃都占有最大的比例；汽油蒸汽和柴油蒸汽最大的区别是柴油蒸汽中长链大分子的挥发性C—H化合物所占的比例远远高于汽油蒸汽。文中还给出了以H30^ 、N0^ 为初始离子所得到的汽油蒸汽的质谱图，以及汽油、柴油蒸汽中各种成分的定量分析结果。     

一种新的汽油辛烷值的气相色谱测定方法

建立了一种新的气相色谱结果关联计算汽油辛烷值的方法。采用高分辨毛细管柱对汽油的组成进行测定,根据汽油单体烃组分的含量和纯组分辛烷值乘积的大小,将单体烃组分分为两组,每一组为一个变量,建立实测辛烷值与两个变量间的回归模型。实际分析时,根据不同的样品类型选择不同的模型进行关联计算即可获得色谱分析样品的辛烷值。对模型建立和应用过程中已知结构的化合物的辛烷值数据采用文献值。对只知碳数和类型而不能确定其化合物结构的组分,通过对文献数据进行统计计算,得到平均辛烷值与组分的碳数和类型的关系曲线,据此得到其平均辛烷值用于计算。与采用标准方法测定催化裂化汽油辛烷值的结果相比,该方法测定辛烷值的偏差约0.5个单位。该方法操作简单,用样量少,模型建立过程快速、简便,适合于微型反应器产物评价或炼厂稳定工艺装置的汽油辛烷值的监测。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。