Novel intramolecular C-H bond activation in an iridium dppm complex

Reaction of TpIr(C(2)H(4))(2) (Tp = tris-pyrazolylborate) with various chelating phosphine ligands has been explored. Reaction with bis-diphenylphosphinoethane leads to complete displacement of the Tp ligand. With bis-diphenylphosphinomethane, an intramolecular proton transfer from the methylene bridge to the iridium center occurs to give an iridium hydride complex formally resulting from oxidative C-H bond activation. Reaction with 2,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppip) affords an Ir(I) complex formulated as kappa(2)-TpIr(dppip). Protonation of this Ir(I) complex gives a six coordinate Ir(III) hydride species.     

Oxygen activation and intramolecular C-H bond activation by an amidate-bridged diiron(II) complex

A diiron(II) complex containing two μ-1,3-(κN:κO)-amidate linkages has been synthesized using the 2,2',2'-tris(isobutyrylamido)triphenylamine (H(3)L(iPr)) ligand. The resulting diiron complex, 1, reacts with dioxygen (or iodosylbenzene) to effect intramolecular C-H bond activation at the methine position of the ligand isopropyl group. The ligand-activated product, 2, has been isolated and characterized by a variety of methods including X-ray crystallography. Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy of 2 prepared from(18)O(2) was used to confirm that the oxygen atom incorporated into the ligand framework is derived from molecular oxygen.     

Intramolecular C-H bond activation induced by a scandium terminal imido complex

A CpPN-based scandium terminal imido complex was isolated, which could induce the intramolecular C-H bond activation of a phenyl group even at room temperature.     

Rapid C-H bond activation by a monocopper(III)-hydroxide complex

One-electron oxidation of the tetragonal Cu(II) complex [Bu(4)N][LCuOH] at -80 °C generated the reactive intermediate LCuOH, which was shown to be a Cu(III) complex on the basis of spectroscopy and theory (L = N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide). The complex LCuOH reacts with dihydroanthracene to yield anthracene and the Cu(II) complex LCu(OH(2)). Kinetic studies showed that the reaction occurs via H-atom abstraction via a second-order rate law at high rates (cf. k = 1.1(1) M(-1) s(-1) at -80 °C, ΔH(?) = 5.4(2) kcal mol(-1), ΔS(?) = -30(2) eu) and with very large kinetic isotope effects (cf. k(H)/k(D) = 44 at -70 °C). The findings suggest that a Cu(III)-OH moiety is a viable reactant in oxidation catalysis.     

C-H bond activation of arenes by a transient eta2-cyclopropene niobium complex

The intermolecular C-H bond activation of benzene occurs under very mild conditions (room temperature) via a rare stereospecific 1,3-H addition on an unsaturated eta2-cyclopropene intermediate generated by a beta-H abstraction of CH4 from TpMe2NbMe(c-C3H5)(MeCCMe) to give TpMe2NbPh(c-C3H5)(MeCCMe).     

A computational study of ethylene C-H bond activation by

It has previously been demonstrated that both [(C5Me5)Ir(PMe3)(CH=CH2)H] and [(C5Me5)Ir(PMe3)(H2C=CH2)] are formed when [(C5Me5)Ir(PMe3)] is thermolytically generated in the presence of ethylene. At higher temperatures, the vinyl hydride is converted to the eta2-ethylene adduct. Density functional theory has now been used to investigate this reaction, using the B3LYP functional, two types of basis sets (LanL2DZ and TZV*), and two models of the [(C5R5)Ir(PR3)] species (R=H and CH3). The study consists of full optimizations of local minima, first-order saddle points, and minimum energy crossing points (MECP). The experimental results are best accounted for by considering both singlet and triplet spin surfaces. The relative energies of singlet [(C5R5)Ir(PR3)(CH3)H], [(C5R5)Ir(PR3)(CH=CH2)H], and [(C5R5)Ir(PR3)(H2C=CH2)] are in good agreement with experiment, as is the calculated barrier for the conversion from the vinyl hydride to the eta2-alkene complex. However, the singlet surface alone fails to explain the experimentally observed product ratio, or the intermediate inferred from experimental isotope effect studies. Locating the MECP between singlet and triplet surfaces indicates that the thermolysis of the singlet alkyl hydride precursor directly forms triplet [(C5R5)Ir(PR3)]. The weak vanderWaals adduct of triplet [(C5R5)Ir(PR3)] and ethylene is proposed to be the key intermediate in the overall reaction. The interchanging of the available ethylene C-H bonds in this triplet sigma complex accounts for the observed kinetic isotope effects, and partitioning between alkene pi-complexation and C-H bond activation may also occur from this common intermediate. The possible role of steric factors and molecular dynamics are also discussed.     

过渡金属催化C-H键活化的硅氢化反应

过渡金属催化C-H键活化的硅氢化反应在材料科学和合成化学领域里具有重要意义。有机硅化合物在纺织、橡胶、机械、日化等材料领域有广泛应用,此外,它还是重要的有机合成中间体,作为亲核试剂应用到Hiyama偶联反应,反应具有经济、高效、环境友好等特点。近些年来,很多课题组在该领域进行研究,并取得了一定的成果_^[1]。我们将从过渡金属催化芳基/烷基C-H键活化的硅氢化反应出发,介绍近些年在此领域的研究进展。     

Towards mild metal-catalyzed C-H bond activation

Functionalizing traditionally inert carbon-hydrogen bonds represents a powerful transformation in organic synthesis, providing new entries to valuable structural motifs and improving the overall synthetic efficiency. C-H bond activation, however, often necessitates harsh reaction conditions that result in functional group incompatibilities and limited substrate scope. An understanding of the reaction mechanism and rational design of experimental conditions have led to significant improvement in both selectivity and applicability. This critical review summarizes and discusses endeavours towards the development of mild C-H activation methods and wishes to trigger more research towards this goal. In addition, we examine select examples in complex natural product synthesis to demonstrate the synthetic utility of mild C-H functionalization (84 references).     

Intermolecular C-H bond activation promoted by a titanium alkylidyne

The transient titanium alkylidyne complex (PNP)TiCtBu (PNP = N-[2-P(CHMe2)2-4-methylphenyl]2-), prepared from alpha-hydrogen abstraction of the corresponding alkylidene-alkyl species (PNP)Ti=CHtBu(CH2tBu), can readily undergo intermolecular 1,2-addition of C-H bonds of benzene and SiMe4. Synthesis and reactivity, isotopic labeling, kinetics, and theoretical studies strongly favor an alkylidyne pathway and the alpha-H abstraction step to be the rate-determining step.     

Alkane C-H activation and catalysis by an O-donor ligated iridium complex

The first examples of well-defined, O-donor ligated, late-metal complexes that are competent for alkane C-H activation are reported. These complexes exhibit thermal and protic stability and are efficient catalysts for H/D exchange reactions with alkanes.     

三价钴催化下N-S键辅助的非氧化条件下经碳氢活化合成异喹啉

异喹啉是非常重要的杂环化合物,广泛应用于有机合成中,也是构成药物和材料分子的核心骨架。很多异喹啉类的生物碱都由异喹啉基本骨架构成,它们都有一定药理活性和生物活性,包括抗真菌、抗癌、抗心律失常、阵痛麻醉和降血压等功效。迄今已知的含异喹啉骨架的生物碱超过1000种,是生物碱中最多的一类。传统的合成异喹啉的方法需要官能化的原料和强酸,反应条件比较苛刻,合成步骤繁琐。例如Larock课题组利用钯催化将邻溴官能化的亚胺与炔烃环化偶联,合成了一系列异喹啉化合物。而过渡金属催化合成异喹啉是一种能够有效合成多种取代基异喹啉的方法。在过去的几十年中,通过碳氢活化策略合成杂环化合物的方法得到迅猛发展,从而使得大量的芳基化合物都能作为反应的起始原料。尤其是铑、铱、钯、钌等过渡金属都能催化芳烃的碳氢活化,从而合成异喹啉化合物。 Fagnou课题组最早报道了氧化条件下利用三价铑催化剂经碳氢键活化与炔烃偶联合成异喹啉的方法。随后,众多研究组利用氧化型导向基策略在无外加氧化剂条件下高效、高选择性地合成了异喹啉。除了利用三价铑催化剂之外,利用二价钌催化剂通过碳氢活化策略也能实现类似反应。但是,这些反应体系都必须使用铑和钌等贵金属催化剂,极大地限制了该合成异喹啉方法的应用前景。近年来,数个研究组将地球上储量丰富、便宜有效的钴络合物作为催化剂应用到芳烃的碳氢键活化反应中,在简单的反应条件下合成了各种杂环化合物。对于一些反应,三价钴催化与三价铑催化能形成互补。最近, Kanai, Ackermann和Sundararaju几乎同时报道了三价钴催化肟谜的碳氢键活化,并在无外加氧化剂条件下实现了其与炔烃的偶联反应,高效地合成了异喹啉,在该类反应中以氮–氧键断裂作为内部氧化剂。但是在钴催化条件下氧化性的氮–硫键作为内部氧化剂辅助碳氢键活化的反应尚无报道。本课题组最近报道了芳基酮的N-亚磺酰亚胺与烯烃和胺化试剂的偶联反应,经N–S键断裂,高效合成了喹唑啉。本文利用三价钴催化剂在无外加氧化剂条件下实现了芳基酮N-亚磺酰亚胺与炔烃的偶联,反应经历了碳氢键活化和氮硫键断裂得到异喹啉。此反应对端炔和内炔底物均适用。为了初步了解反应机理,我们利用分子内竞争的方法进行了动力学同位素效应测定,结果表明碳氢键断裂过程可能是反应的决速步骤。结合文献结果,提出了可能的反应机理。     

Scandium terminal imido complex induced C-H bond selenation and formation of an Sc-Se bond

The reaction between scandium terminal imido complexes and elemental selenium showed an unprecedented C-H bond selenation and the formation of an Sc-Se bond.     

Reactivity of mononuclear alkylperoxo copper(II) complex. O-O bond cleavage and C-H bond activation

A detailed reactivity study has been carried out for the first time on a new mononuclear alkylperoxo copper(II) complex, which is generated by the reaction of copper(II) complex supported by the bis(pyridylmethyl)amine tridentate ligand containing a phenyl group at the 6-position of the pyridine donor groups and cumene hydroperoxide (CmOOH) in CH3CN. The cumylperoxo copper(II) complex thus obtained has been found to undergo homolytic cleavage of the O-O bond and induce C-H bond activation of exogenous substrates, providing important insights into the catalytic mechanism of copper monooxygenases.