基于链与链竞争的零售商线上线下同价O2O销售策略研究

本文从链与链竞争的角度分析了零售商采用线上线下同价的O2O销售策略对所在供应链成员及竞争供应链成员运营和利润的影响。依据两种竞争模式建立链与链竞争的Stackelberg博弈模型,并得到了博弈均衡解。研究结果表明,当单位赶路成本相对电子渠道感知系数大于一定阈值时,理性的零售商将采用线上线下同价的O2O销售策略来增加自身利润。更重要的发现是,此时零售商所在供应链和竞争供应链上的制造商利润也会随之增加,而且当单位赶路成本相对电子渠道感知系数继续增大到另一阈值时,两条链上的所有成员均将受益。但线上线下同价的O2O销售策略会抬高售价,降低消费者剩余。     

Analysis of the effectiveness of manufacturer-sponsored retailer gift cards in supply chains

Some manufacturers sponsor “free” retailer gift cards to be given to consumers who purchase their products. These gift cards are paid for by the manufacturer and are redeemable on all products at the retailer. We develop a model of such a supply chain. We analyze cases in which the gift cards’ redemption rate is constant or increasing in gift card value. The results indicate that in addition to the redemption rate and consumers’ valuation for gift card dollars, the profitability of manufacturer-sponsored gift cards depends on the average gross margin of the retailer and the type of purchases consumers make with gift cards. Furthermore, we show that under certain conditions, free gift cards will increase the expected profits of the retailer and manufacturer as well as decrease the retail price of the product. These conditions include a retailer with large average gross margin and consumers using gift cards to purchase products they would not buy with cash otherwise. Furthermore, all consumers, including those who do not redeem the gift card, are more likely to benefit from a reduced retail price when their probability of redeeming the gift card after purchase is equal to their estimated redemption probability at purchase time. We show the conditions under which gift cards are more profitable than cash mail-in rebates. We develop an incentive scheme to improve the performance of supply chains with gift cards.     

Decentralization versus coordination in competing supply chains under retailers’ extended warranties

This paper studies a two-tier duopoly competing supply chain system consisting of two manufacturers and two exclusive retailers. Both manufacturers produce differentiated products and both retailers provide extended warranties for the products they sell. Two types of channel-structure strategy options are considered: a decentralized structure with a wholesale price contract and a coordinated structure with a sophisticated contract. We first derive the equilibrium outcomes under three possible chain-to-chain competition scenarios. Subsequently, we reveal how manufacturers control their retail channels to gain more supply chain system profit under an interactive environment with supply chain competition and retailers’ extended warranties. We find that pure coordinated channel competition and pure decentralized channel competition may both reach equilibrium. Furthermore, the interaction forces of supply chain competition and extended warranty service significantly impact the characteristics of the equilibria. Finally, we analyze the competing supply chain’s coordination contract design by using the example of a two-part tariff contract, and determine the feasible contract parameter range that results in a win-win solution for supply chain members.

     

碳交易规制下信息不对称供应链的减排和低碳推广博弈研究

论文在碳交易规制下,研究单一制造商和双零售商组成的供应链减排与低碳推广决策以及零售商对制造商的成本信息分享问题,分析了零售商对制造商分享成本信息的条件,及不同情形下的制造商减排和零售商低碳推广策略。研究发现:零售商的最优低碳推广水平只与自身相关参数有关,零售商只有在自身低碳推广效率足够高时才会与制造商分享信息;制造商最优减排量随消费者低碳意识、碳交易价格、零售商低碳推广效率及其不确定性增大而提高,随零售商之间竞争程度提高而降低;无论零售商是否对制造商分享成本信息,供应链成员的最优利润随零售商之间竞争程度提高而增加,随消费者低碳意识、碳交易价格提高而提高;零售商低碳推广效率的不确定性越大则制造商的最优利润越低,零售商的最优利润越高;仅一家零售商分享成本信息时,制造商无法通过转移支付使另一家零售商与其分享信息。     

基于消费者偏好的低碳双渠道供应链定价与减排策略

在考虑消费者渠道偏好和低碳偏好的基础上,使用以制造商为主的Stackelberg博弈模型,研究了单一传统零售渠道、网上直销双渠道和网上分销双渠道中各成员的最优定价决策与减排策略,以及两种双渠道的利润分享协调策略。研究发现:当制造商引入网上直销和分销渠道后,能够有效增加制造商的最优单位减排量;在开通新的渠道后,传统零售商的利润总是会降低,而当消费者对网上销售渠道的偏好处于某一范围内时,制造商的利润会增加。本文通过设计利润分享机制来协调制造商和传统零售商的利润问题,使得供应链成员的利润实现Pareto改进。     

产能约束下的闭环供应链制造商合作策略研究

构建了一个由制造商、回收商和零售商组成的闭环供应链模型,运用Stackelberg博弈对产能约束下制造商的合作策略进行了研究。研究发现：制造商始终有与回收商或零售商合作的经济动机,且当产能较小时,更倾向于与零售商合作;反之,则更倾向与回收商进行合作。此外,相对于无合作模式,不同合作策略对于回收率、供应链整体利润、新产品与再制品总体环境影响程度以及消费者剩余的影响会随着制造商产能大小的变化发生改变,而不同合作策略对于总体环境影响程度的影响与制造商的再制造水平也存在关联。     

The impact of power structure on the retail service supply chain with an O2O mixed channel

While the Internet has provided a new means for retailers to reach consumers, it has fundamentally changed the dynamic of competition in the retail service supply chain. The mix of offline and online channels adds a new dimension of competition, and one central issue of this competition is the pricing strategy between the two channels. How to set prices for both online and offline channels? What is the impact of the supply chain power structure on pricing decisions and the performance? This research aims to address these questions by focusing on a retail service supply chain with an online-to-offline (O2O) mixed dual-channel. From the Supplier-Stackelberg, Retailer-Stackelberg, and Nash game theoretical perspectives, we obtain the optimal prices and maximum profits for both the retailer and supplier under different power structures. The analysis result provides important managerial implications, which will be beneficial to retailers to develop proper pricing strategies.     

竞争环境下基于双重微分博弈的低碳供应链动态优化与协调

在节能减排背景下考虑制造商低碳生产、零售商宣传竞争的情形,将碳减排量以及商誉作为状态变量,借助微分博弈研究供应链动态优化与协调问题。针对双重边际化效应,通过引入成本共担契约对供应链进行协调。研究表明,引入契约后零售商处的低碳宣传努力水平提高、低碳商誉提升、需求量增加,供应链利润基本达到集中决策水平;随着竞争程度的增加,市场需求量提高,制造商利润增加,供应链整体利润提高,启发供应链企业在决策过程中创造良性竞争环境、形成良性竞争机制。     

基于供应链视角的环境保护税社会分配效应研究

2018年实施的《环境保护税法》确立了排污征税的法律依据。环境保护税会增加成本并沿着供应链向下游逐级转移,从而改变社会分配格局。对此,基于供应链视角研究环境保护税的社会分配效应:首先,分析环境保护税沿着供应链的逐级转移,发现环境保护税会同时减少企业利润和消费者剩余;其次,比较企业利润和消费者剩余的减少程度,发现环境保护税会提高消费者的社会分配地位,也会提高零售企业的社会分配地位,但是会降低制造企业的社会分配地位;最后,比较环境保护税减少的企业利润和消费者剩余与形成的税收收入之间的相对大小,发现环境保护税会导致净社会福利损失,而且税负分担非常不均衡,制造企业承担最多,零售企业次之,消费者最少。     

价格竞争下风险规避对闭环供应链决策的影响研究

基于零售商销售价格与回收价格竞争情形,构建了一个可持续的闭环供应链.考虑决策者风险规避行为,研究了闭环供应链成员的定价决策问题.利用博弈论,在风险中性与风险规避特性下分别探讨了批发价格,零售价格和回收价格的最优决策,并建立了它们的表达式.研究结论表明,仅当零售商具有风险规避时,制造商决策不受零售商的影响,而仅当制造商具...     

网络平台零售商自主销售对平台定价策略的影响

网络平台零售商为了应对愈发激烈的市场竞争,获取更高的利润,选择进入零售市场自主销售。本文在制造商和网络平台零售商构成的渠道结构下,研究网络平台零售商进入市场自主销售对渠道成员的利润、销量以及定价策略的影响。结果显示,网络平台零售商自主销售会带来积极的溢出效应。当竞争系数足够大时,(1)渠道成员的利润均会得到提升,且市场竞争越激烈渠道成员的利润提升越显著;(2)网络平台零售商会提高平台费,渠道成员也会制定更高的零售价格。更为重要的是,网络平台零售商自主销售模式下,渠道的总体利润得到提升,存在帕累托改进。     

A note on price and quality competition between asymmetric firms

This paper analyzes the impact of asymmetry between firms on the outcome of price and quality competition from a microeconomic viewpoint. Consumers purchase a product based on not only its price but also its quality level; therefore, two firms compete in determining their prices and quality levels to maximize their profits. The asymmetry arises from the difference in consumers’ loyalty to each firm; that asymmetry then determines a character of differentiation between firms. Our purpose is to show how asymmetry influences competition under varying consumers’ price- and quality-sensitivity. In doing so, we extend earlier work in the area of price and quality competition. We show that in both the moderately quality-sensitive and price-sensitive markets, higher consumers’ sensitivity as well as lower consumers’ loyalty to any firm leads to intense competition, resulting in a decrease of both firms’ equilibrium profits. On the other hand, in highly quality-sensitive market, asymmetry compels the smaller firm to change its competitive strategy. In general, this is more beneficial to the larger firm, as the smaller firm’s profit tends to decline. In the worst case, the smaller firm is driven out of business under equilibrium.     

Consignment contracts with retail competition

Consignment contracts have been widely employed in many industries. Under such contracts, items are sold at a retailer’s but the supplier retains the full ownership of the inventory until purchased by consumers; the supplier collects payment from the retailer based on actual units sold. We investigate how competition among retailers influences the supply chain decisions and profits under different consignment arrangements, namely a consignment price contract and a consignment contract with revenue share. First, we investigate how these two consignment contracts and a price only contract compare from the perspective of each supply chain partner. We find that the retailers benefit more from a consignment price contract than from a consignment contract with revenue share or a price only contract, regardless of the level of retailer differentiation. The supplier’s most beneficial contact, however, critically depends upon the level of retailer differentiation: a consignment contract with revenue share is preferable for the supplier if retailer differentiation is strong; otherwise a consignment price contract is preferable. Second, we study how retailer differentiation affects the profits of all supply chain partners. We find that less retailer differentiation improves the supplier’s profit for both types of consignment contract. Moreover, less retailer differentiation improves profits of the retailers in a consignment price contract, but not necessarily in a consignment contract with revenue share.     

非对称信息下的后端VMI协调模型

对VMI模式下的两层供应链,在考虑制造商的生产成本信息对称和不对称两种情形下,运用委托-代理理论设计了基于可转移效用-折扣策略的VMI协调机制,有效地改善了分散式供应链结构下由激励不一致、信息不对称等因素引起的供应链效率低下问题,以达到在提高供应链渠道效益的同时,实现制造商和零售商收益的pareto改进.     

Customer rebates and retailer incentives in the presence of competition and price discrimination

Promotions are important tools for matching supply and demand in many industries. In the United States automotive industry, promotions are frequently offered, which may be given directly to customers (rebates) or given to dealers (incentives) to stimulate demand. We analyze the performance of customer rebate and retailer incentive promotions under competition. We study a setting with two manufacturers making simultaneous pricing and promotion decisions, and with two price-discriminating retailers as Stackelberg followers making simultaneous order quantity decisions. In the benchmark case with no promotions, we characterize the equilibria in closed form. We find that retailer incentives can be used by manufacturers to simultaneously improve each of their profits but can potentially lead to lower retailer profits. When manufacturers use customer rebates, we show that a manufacturer is able to decrease the profit of her competitor while increasing her own profit, although she is also at risk for her competitor to use rebates in a similar fashion. Unlike the monopoly case where the manufacturers are always better off with retailer incentives, customer rebates can be more profitable under some cases in the presence of competition. Using numerical examples we generate insights on the manufacturers’ preference of promotions in different market settings.     

基于线上评论的生鲜产品供应链定价策略

随着网络购物的普及,线上评论对消费者的购买决策发挥着越来越重要的作用,零售商和制造商可以利用这些评论调整、优化生产流程。本文基于消费者效用理论,构建了由一个零售商和一个制造商组成的生鲜产品供应链定价决策模型,研究了三种决策模式下生鲜产品零售价、利润和保鲜努力水平的差异。研究发现:集中决策下生鲜产品的最优零售价最低、利润最高;随着运输时间增加,保鲜努力水平和新鲜度均呈现下降趋势;当成本分担系数较高时,在成本分担和收益共享的分散决策模式下,保鲜努力最优水平高于集中决策模式下保鲜努力最优水平。     

基于Stackelberg博弈策略下的多渠道供应链决策研究

构建了基于价格竞争的多渠道供应链模型,模型中两个不同的制造商分别通过单渠道、双渠道销售具有一定替代性的产品,考虑到制造商在市场上的领导地位,制造商与零售商之间采用stackclberg博弈竞争策略.探讨了拥有双渠道的制造商采取分散和集中利润决策时供应链各竞争者的价格策略,分析了需求函数参数变化对供应链竞争者价格决策的影响,借助算例分析表明,拥有双渠道营销方式的制造商采取决策1有利于提高其所在供应链的利润,采用决策2能够激励零售商维持原有的分销渠道.     

考虑消费者退货的双渠道订货量决策研究

在考虑消费者退货下,构建由制造商和零售商组成的二级供应链模型,研究了双方的订货量决策问题,并分析不同策略以及决策顺序对均衡结果和制造商开通直销渠道的影响。研究发现:在单渠道中,提供退款保证可提高订货量、制造商和零售商利润。当直销成本较大时,制造商将不开通直销渠道;提供退款保证有利于制造商开通直销渠道。在双渠道中,提供退款保证能够提高直销量、总订货量和制造商利润;直销量、总订货量、制造商利润和总利润都随直销成本递减;在顺序决策下,制造商利润和总利润更高。     

制造商竞争环境下逆向供应链的政府奖惩机制研究

主要运用博弈论方法探讨制造商竞争环境下的逆向供应链奖惩机制,建立了5个决策模型,分别是逆向供应链集中式决策、以逆向供应链和不回收再制造的制造商的总利润为目标决策、逆向供应链分散式决策、政府对制造商实施奖惩机制以及政府对回收商实施奖惩机制下逆向供应链的决策模型。研究表明:竞争对回收率提高有益,竞争越激烈回收率越高;积极回收再制造的制造商的新产品零售价较低,具有价格竞争优势;奖惩制造商和奖惩回收商均能起到提高回收率的作用,奖惩力度越大,回收率越高,新产品零售价越低;奖惩制造商比奖惩回收商更能调动制造商和回收商的积极性;奖惩制造商时的回购价高于奖惩回收商时的回购价;在实施奖惩机制时,回收再制造的制造商利润高于不回收再制造的制造商的利润;不回收再制造的制造商的利润随奖惩力度的增大而降低。     

Markdown money contracts for perishable goods with clearance pricing

It is common in practice that retailers liquidate unsold perishable goods via clearance pricing. Markdown money is frequently used between manufacturers and retailers in such a supply chain setting. It is a form of rebate from a manufacturer to subsidize a retailer’s clearance pricing after the regular season. Two forms of markdown money are percent markdown money, in which the markdown money is limited to only a certain percentage of the retail price markdown, and quantity markdown money, which is essentially a buyback contract or returns policy with a rebate credit paid to the retailer for each unsold unit after the regular season. We show both forms of markdown money contracts can coordinate the supply chain and we discuss their strengths and limitations.