乳状液膜处理含铬废水的研究

本文对乳状液膜从含铬(VI）废液中提取铬进行了研究，考察了影响铬迁移的几种因素；内外水相pH、表面活性剂、流动载体、添加剂等。结果表明，在合适的操作条件下，当废水中铬的含量在4．8×10^-3mol·L^-1时，经过一级液膜处理，废水中铬的提取率可达99%以上，提余液可以直接排放。     

3,3‘,5,5’—四甲基联苯胺分光光度法测定水和废水中总铬

提出了３，３‘，５，５’－四甲基联苯胺测定水和废水中总铬的分光光度法。在Ｈ２ＯＳ４介质中，用ＫＭｎＯ４将水中所有铬氧化成六价铬，而铬能定量氧化ＴＭＢ生成黄色化合物。该化合物的最大吸收波长位于４５０ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为１．０４×１０＾５Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１，铬量在０－０．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内服从比尔定律，用本文提出了方法测定了河水和电镀废水中的总铬，结果满意。     

3,3′,5,5′-四甲基联苯胺分光光度法测定水和废水中总铬

提出了３，３′，５，５′－四甲基联苯胺（ＴＭＢ）测定水和废水中总铬的分光光度法。在Ｈ２ＳＯ４介质中，用ＫＭｎＯ４将水中所有铬氧化成六价铬，而铬（Ⅵ）能定量氧化ＴＭＢ生成黄色化合物。该化合物的最大吸收波长位于４５０ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数为１．０４×１０５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，铬量在０～０．５０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内服从比尔定律，用本文提出的方法测定了河水和电镀废水中的总铬，结果满意。     

测定电镀废水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的高灵敏光度法

利用偶氮胂Ⅲ与Ｃｒ２Ｏ７２ － 的褪色反应, 对含Ｃｒ６ ＋ 电镀废水中痕量铬（ Ⅵ） 进行测定。结果表明, 在硝酸介质中褪色反应具有高的灵敏度, 反应产物的摩尔吸光系数为３ ．９ ×１０６ Ｌ·ｍｏｌ － １ ·ｃｍ － １ 。铬（ Ⅵ） 含量在０ ．０ ～４０ ．０ μｇ／Ｌ 范围内服从比耳定律。 该法用于测定电镀废水中的铬（ Ⅵ） , 得到了满意的结果。     

准液膜-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水中痕量铬

用选择性好,富集倍数高的液膜法处理含铬废水已有报道[1]。本文在文献[2,3]的基础上,进一步探讨了准液膜的富集行为,确立了以液膜体系富集铬的最佳试验条件,并用于废水中铬的测定,得到了满意的结果。1　试验部分1.1　主要仪器与试剂WYX 402A型原子吸收分光光度计(沈阳分析仪器厂),准液膜体系富集装置(自制,见图1)。　　　　图1　准液膜体系富集装置Fig.1　Preconcentrationinstallationofthequasi 　　　　　　liquid membrane　　1.料液池(Cellforsamplesolution)　　2.分离柱(Separationcolumn)　　3.解吸剂池(Cellforabsorbent)…     

催化动力学光度法测定痕量铬（Ⅵ）的研究

作发现铬（Ⅵ）在ｐＨ４．７的ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ缓冲溶液中，能催化过氧化氢氧化邻苯二酚紫的褪色反应，研究了影响催化褪色反应速度的最佳条件，建立了测定痕量铬（Ⅵ） 的新方法，方法的检测限为１．２８×１０＾－６ｇ／Ｌ，测定范围为０～３２μｇ／ＬＣｒ（Ⅵ）。本法已用于测定环境水样，钢样以及电镀废水中痕量的铬（Ⅵ）结果令人满意。     

聚1-三甲基硅基丙炔膜渗透汽化分离乙醇-水溶液的研究Ⅰ.PTMSP膜渗透汽化分离乙醇-水传质的基本特征

研究了聚１－三甲基硅基丙炔膜渗透汽化分离乙醇－水溶液传质的主要特点。发现膜对乙醇优先吸附、溶解，对水优先扩散。但因吸附液中水含量很低，总的结果表现为优先透醇。在３１３Ｋ，膜厚２０～２５μｍ，料液浓度１０ｗｔ％时，α＝１８．５，Ｊ＝０．９６９ｋｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－１。透过膜的渗透液及其中的水和乙醇渗透汽化表观活化能分别为２８．８７、３１．３０和２７．６６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，并随料液浓度下降而增加。对实验数据进行非线性回归，建立了该膜传递乙醇的经验关联式：Ｊｅ＝－５．５６４Ｃ２Ｅ０＋１３．３４ＣＥ０－０．１５７３（ｋｇ·ｍ－２·ｈ－１），计算值与实验值相吻合。     

氯酸钾氧化鸡冠花红新催化光度法同时测定痕量钒（V）,铬（VI）

基于硫酸介质中，柠檬酸作活化剂，钒（Ⅴ）、铬（Ⅵ）催化氯酸钾氧化鸡冠花红褪色的反应，建立了催化光度同时测定痕量钒（Ｖ）、铬（Ⅵ）的新方法。研究了影响反应速率的最佳条件。本法测定钒（Ｖ）、铬（Ⅵ）的线性范围分别为０￣８μｇ／Ｌ和０￣０．６ｍｇ／Ｌ；检出限分别为１．７９×１０＾－７ｇ／Ｌ和２．３６×１０＾－５ｇ／Ｌ。用于测定环境水样、钢样及废水中的钒（Ⅴ）、铬（Ⅵ），结果令人满意。     

氯酸钾氧化鸡冠花红新催化光度法同时测定痕量钒(Ⅴ)、铬(Ⅵ)

基于硫酸介质中，柠檬酸作活化剂，钒（Ⅴ）、铬（Ⅵ）催化氨酸钾氧化鸡冠花红褪色的反应，建立了催化光度同时测定痕量钒（Ⅴ）、铬（Ⅵ）的新方法。研究了影响反应速率的最佳条件。本法测定钒（Ⅴ）、铬（Ⅵ）的线性范围分别为 ０～ ８μｍ／Ｌ和０～０.６ｍｇ／Ｌ；检出限分别为１．７９×１０－７ｇ／Ｌ和２．３６×１０－５ｇ／Ｌ。用于测定环境水样、钢样及废水中的钒（Ⅴ）、铬（Ⅵ），结果令人满意。     

β修正酸性铬蓝K光度法测定痕量钙

在碱性溶液中，钙（Ⅱ）与酸性铬蓝Ｋ反应，生成红色配合物．本文用此显色反应以β修正光度法测定痕量钙，该法能消除反应液中过量酸性铬蓝Ｋ的干扰，修正吸光度Ａβ与钙浓度ｘ呈良好线性关系，提高了分析灵敏度、准确度和精密度．钙在０—２．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１浓度范围，遵守Ｂｅｅｒ定律，对水样和苹果分中Ｃａ的析表明，ＲＳＤ≤５．１％，标准加入回收率８９．７－１０８％．钙检出限０．０３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１。     

液膜预富集水相痕量镍的分析研究

研究了液膜体系对水相中痕量镍离子的富集方法,镍离子从外相水溶液被膜相载体通过液膜运进含有反萃取剂的内相,从而达到富集效果,液膜富集一次回收率达98％,二闪富集倍数250倍,试验了载体,表面活性剂,液体石蜡,膜与内相水的水／油比,乳化液与外相水的乳／水比,内相酸度,外相PH值,富集时间的破乳剂用量等因素的影响,利用正交分析试验选出了最佳试验条件,并比较在相同条件下液膜法与萃取法提取镍的效果,通过液膜富集,使原子吸收法测定痕量镍达到了10^-9级。     

考虑催化层中气液态水影响的PEMFC微观模型

在考虑气、液两相水影响的条件下基于微观格点催化层模型对聚合物膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能进行了模拟. 通过氧浓度分布和反应速率分布的比较, 说明了同时考虑催化层中气、液两相水影响的必要性. 模拟分析了液态水体积分数、氧气浓度及氧还原反应速率等在阴极催化层中的分布情况和影响因素. 考察了不同程度‘水淹’情况下的电池性能以及催化层孔隙率对水传递和电池性能的影响. 结果显示, 催化层中‘水淹’程度对电池性能有显著影响. 催化层中较大的孔隙率便于其中水的排出, 从而有利于提高电池性能.     

Dehumidification and humidification of air by surface-soaked liquid membrane module with triethylene glycol

A novel liquid membrane system, a surface-soaked liquid membrane, with triethylene glycol (TEG) on the hydrophilic-treated surface of the hydrophobic microporous membrane was developed and used for the dehumidification and humidification of air. The selectivity of the TEG liquid membrane for water vapor with respect to air was over 2000, which was derived from the selective absorption of the TEG liquid. A flat-type liquid membrane module with a dual membrane surface was designed, of which the TEG liquid membrane thickness was 18 μm and the permeation area was 0.13 m². The liquid membrane humidifier and dehumidifier consisted of the membrane module and a vacuum pump. As a dehumidifier, the membrane system recovered water vapor at 4.1 g/h from 70%RH room air at 298 K. For use as a humidifier, the air flow was effectively humidified by the permeated water vapor through the membrane module. The effects of the air humidity and sweep air flow rate were studied and discussed. Simple model calculations based on the permeability of the water vapor well predicted the experimental results.     

Concentration polarization,separation factor,and Peclet number in membrane processes

Concentration polarization affects almost all the membrane separation processes and can be the cause of a substantial reduction in the separation factor and flux. A generalized equation relating the modified Peclet number to the concentration polarization occurring in the boundary layer is proposed and shown applicable to the majority of membrane separation processes like gas separations, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, and dissolved gas permeation in liquid. The membrane permeability, separation factor (or solute rejection), membrane thickness, boundary layer mass transfer coefficient, and Henry's law coefficient are the factors that determine the extent of polarization. An analysis is presented to offer a clean division of the hydrodynamic effect from the pure membrane property for membrane separation processes of liquid phases. Also the effect of membrane thickness on polarization is discussed. An attempt has been made to reconcile the different approaches taken for different membrane processes in the literature. Experimental data from widely different sources illustrate and confirm the present theory for pervaporative separation of dilute solutions of volatile organic compounds, dissolved gas permeation, and ultrafiltration of proteins and carbowax. Specific suggestions are made to obtain independent experimental measurements of the Peclet number and polarization index in terms of measurable quantities like the actual and intrinsic separation factors.     

Hydrodynamic voltammetry at the liquid|liquid interface: facilitated ion transfer and the rotating diffusion cell

A new approach to the voltammetric investigation of facilitated ion transfer processes is reported. The technique uses a rotating diffusion cell approach to induce laminar flow in the organic phase of a liquid|liquid electrochemical cell. The interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) was stabilised against rotation with either γ-alumina or a track-etched polyester membrane. The resultant voltammetry is shown to be consistent with the Koutecký–Levich equation enabling kinetic parameters associated with facilitated transfer of sodium by dibenzo-18-crown-6 across the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface to be evaluated. In particular, the use of the more hydrophilic alumina membrane permits the uncertainties regarding the use of the membrane-stabilised ITIES, namely the interfacial position, to be eliminated.     

Ionic Liquid–Liquid Extraction and Supported Liquid Membrane Analysis of Lipophilic Wood Extractives from Dissolving-Grade Pulp

In this study, the extraction of lipophilic wood extractives from dissolving pulp samples using ionic liquid–liquid extraction and a two phase hollow fibre supported liquid membrane was investigated. Ionic liquids are capable of dissolving a range of organic and polymeric compounds and are biodegradable, with a negligible vapour pressure. Pulp samples were dissolved in a suitable amount of molten 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride to give 5 % cellulose solution. Pure cellulose was regenerated by adding water and filtered off. The ionic liquid-aqueous filtrate was first extracted for lipophilic extractives using liquid–liquid extraction. Then, a two phase hollow fibre supported liquid membrane extraction of lipophilic extractives was performed to extract the derivatized compounds prior to analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The operational parameters of this sample preparation approach were optimised using sterols and fatty acid methyl esters. The variation of enrichment factors and extraction efficiency with respect to liquid membrane, extraction time, stirring speed and sample pH were observed and used to get the optimal parameters. The approach was used in the analysis of oxygen bleached dissolving pulp samples in which main compounds identified were fatty acids, sterols, fatty alcohols, steroid hydrocarbons and ketones. These compounds were similar to those obtained using molecular solvent extraction method, which indicated the absence of chemical reaction between extractives and ionic liquid used.

     

Supported liquid membrane enrichment using an organophosphorus extractant for analytical trace metal determinations in river waters

Metal ions were preconcentrated from water samples using supported liquid membranes containing 40% w/w di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (DEHPA) dissolved in kerosene as the membrane liquid. The driving force for the mass transport of analytes in this system is the pH gradient across the membrane. The effect of the carrier concentration on the extraction efficiency was studied. The mechanism for the mass transport in the system was investigated by measuring changes in pH and analyte ion concentration as well as changes in the concentration of other interfering metal ions present in large excess during the enrichment. The extraction efficiency was found to be unchanged as long as the pH difference across the membrane was more than 2 pH units. The long-term stability of the system was investigated at different pHs in the donor solution. Under optimal conditions, the membrane was stable for at least 200 h with reagent water samples and at least 80 h for river water samples. Enrichment factors of approximately 15 times could be obtained. The corresponding extraction efficiencies were over 80% for some of the investigated metal ions. The detection limits of blank samples for Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ using 120 min processing time were 0.19, 0.024 and 0.09 ng/mL, respectively. Received: 29 October 1996 / Revised: 17 February 1997 / Accepted: 23 February 1997     

Micro-scale membrane extraction of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water followed by high-performance liquid chromatography and post-column derivatization with fluorescence detector

A carrier-mediated supported liquid membrane micro-extraction using single hollow fiber membrane suitable for the determination of the herbicide glyphosate and its main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid in water is reported. A solution of 0.20 M Aliquat-336, a cationic carrier, in di-n-hexyl ether was selected as the supported liquid. A 20 microL of 1.0 M potassium chloride as the acceptor phase was filled in the membrane lumen. The membrane was immersed in a 20 mL of pH 9.0 sample solution. After 60-min extraction, the acceptor phase was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. The enrichment factors were found to be 853 and 136 for glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid, respectively. The method detection limits are 0.22 microg/L for glyphosate and 3.40 microg/L for aminomethylphosphonic acid. The procedure was validated and showed good accuracy and precision over a large linear dynamic range. The validated method was tested for the analysis of both analytes in spiked groundwater with good success.     

Membrane Distillation and Related Operations—A Review

Abstract

Membrane contactors represent an emerging technology in which the membrane is used as a tool for inter phase mass transfer operations: the membrane does not act as a selective barrier, but the separation is based on the phase equilibrium. In principle, all traditional stripping, scrubbing, absorption, evaporation, distillation, crystallization, emulsification, liquid‐liquid extraction, and mass transfer catalysis processes can be carried out according to this configuration. This review, specifically addressed to membrane distillation (MD), osmotic distillation (OD), and membrane crystallization (MCr), illustrates the fundamental concepts related to heat and mass transport phenomena through microporous membranes, appropriate membrane properties, and module design criteria. The most significant applications of these novel membrane operations, concerning pure/fresh water production, wastewater treatment, concentration of agro food solutions, and concentration/crystallization of organic and biological solutions, are also presented and discussed.