Synthesis and transformations of [1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-erythro (and α-d-ribo)furanose]-3-spiro-3′-(4′-amino-5′H-2′,3′-dihydroisothiazole-1′,1′-dioxide) derivatives

The carbanion-mediated sulfonamide cyclisations (CSIC protocols) of glyco-α-sulfonamidonitriles derived from readily available uloses 1A and 1B have been investigated using different bases (potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, LDA and n-BuLi). As a result, a series of enantiomerically pure [1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-erythro (and α-d-ribo)furanose]-3-spiro-3′-(4′-amino-5′H-2′,3′-dihydroisothiazole-1′,1′-dioxide) derivatives have been prepared and isolated in good yields.     

Stereodefined dinucleoside (3′,5′)-propionamidophosphonates and β-cyanoethylphosphonates and their incorporation into modified oligonucleotides

Base-catalyzed stereospecific anti-Markovnikov addition of dinucleoside (3′,5′)-H-phosphonates to the activated alkenes acrylamide and acrylonitrile resulting in the synthesis of P-chiral diastereomerically pure dinucleoside (3′,5′)-alkylphosphonates is reported.     

Synthesis and properties of siRNAs containing 5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxy-2′α-fluororibonucleosides

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) containing P3′→N5′ phosphoramidate linkages were successfully synthesized by introducing 2′-deoxy-2′-fluororibonucleoside and 5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxy-2′α-fluororibonucleoside in succession. It was found that the introduction of 5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxy-2′α-fluororibonucleosides into siRNAs improved the nuclease-resistant properties of the siRNAs without loss of their silencing efficacy.     

5,5′-二甲基-2,2′-二茚满-1,1′,3,3′-四酮的合成及结构表征

本文以4-甲基邻苯二甲酸酐为原料, 成功地合成了5,5′-二甲基-2,2′-二茚满-1,1′,3,3′-四酮(2). 通过元素分析、核磁共振、红外光谱及质谱等测试手段, 确定了化合物2的结构与存在形式, 通过ESR测试发现化合物2具有顺磁性.     

Synthesis and anti-HCV activity of 1-(1′,3′-O-anhydro-3′-C-methyl-β-d-psicofuranosyl)uracil

Synthesis of a novel 1′,2′-oxetane-uridine bearing a 2′-C-methyl substituent, [1-(1′,3′-O-anhydro-3′-C-methyl-β-d-psicofuranosyl)uracil], is described. Key to its construction was the use of 6-O-(p-toluoyl)-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-3-C-methyl-d-psicofuranose as a nucleosidation substrate, which itself was derived from d-fructose. Anti-HCV activity was examined for the corresponding triphosphate which was not found to be an inhibitor of HCV NS5B 1b wild type polymerase in vitro. The 1′,2′-oxetane uridine triphosphate without 2′-C-methyl substitution was similarly inactive, however, the guanosine analog displayed modest inhibition (IC₅₀ = 10 μM).     

Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of l-β-3′-C-cyano-2′,3′-unsaturated nucleosides and l-3′-C-cyano-3′-deoxyribonucleosides

An efficient synthetic method was developed for l-β-3′-C-cyano-2′,3′-unsaturated nucleosides and l-3′-C-cyano-3′-deoxyribonucleosides. The key intermediate 11 was obtained from l-xylose, from which a series of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides were prepared in high yield by the coupling of 11 and various silyl-protected bases in the presence of TMSOTf. These nucleosides were eliminated, followed by deprotecting to give l-β-3′-C-cyano-2′,3′-unsaturated nucleosides. When selectively deprotected by hydrazine hydrate in buffered acetic acid-pyridine followed by treatment with potassium carbonate in methanol, l-3′-C-cyano-3′-deoxyribonucleosides were obtained. The synthesized nucleosides were tested for anti-HIV activity.     

新型1-取代-2-(1′,3′-二氧五环-4′-基)苯并咪唑的合成

以地沟油水解副产物甘油和多聚甲醛为原料,经醇醛缩合和次氯酸钠催化氧化反应制得1,3-二氧杂环戊-4-酸(DIC); DIC与邻苯二胺或其衍生物进行酰胺化-环化反应高效地合成了3种新型的1-取代-2-(1′,3′-二氧五环-4′-基)苯并咪唑类化合物,其结构经UV-Vis, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR和GC-MS表征。     

Pronounced effects of grinding on rates of intramolecular electron transfer in mixed-valence 1′,2′,1?,2?-tetranaphthylmethyl- and 1′,3′,1?,3?-tetranaphthylmethyl-biferrocenium triiodides

The X-ray structural determinations of the neutral 1′,2′,1?,2?-tetranaphthylmethylbiferrocene and the mixed-valence 1′,3′,1?,3?-tetranaphthylmethylbiferrocenium triiodide have been determined. Our Mössbauer measurements for mixed-valence 1′,2′,1?,2?-tetranaphthylmethylbiferrocenium triiodide (1) and 1′,3′,1?,3?-tetranaphthylmethylbiferrocenium triiodide (2) indicate that the intramolecular electron-transfer rates in 1 and 2 are quite sensitive to the environmental perturbations caused by the grinding of sample. An interesting finding is that the Mössbauer results indicate that the unground diffusing sample of 1 is valence delocalized on the Mössbauer time scale above 180 K. However, the ground diffusing sample of 1 exhibits a Mössbauer spectrum characteristic of a valence-trapped cation which remains valence-trapped electronic state even at 300 K. The effects of grinding of samples are also observed in the EPR measurements.     

Synthesis and photo-physical properties of methoxy-substituted π-conjugated-2,2′-bipyridines

4,4′-Bis-vinyl-2,2′ bipyridines have been known in the area of materials chemistry since last few decades. Bipyridine molecules bearing donor substituents in their π backbone are examples of ‘push-pull’ molecules. Emissive properties of such ligands depend on the position of the donor unit in their π backbone. The Horner-Wordsworth-Emmons reaction has been used extensively to synthesize such types of conjugated systems. Three newly synthesized highly conjugated 2,2′ bipyridines (3a-c) have been described. The molecules 3a-c are highly emissive in the visible region at room temperature.     

Synthesis,structure and spectroelectrochemical property of (2,2′-bipyridine)–metal (M = Pt,Pd) dichloride with 4,4′-bis(fluorous-ponytail) on bipyridine

The 4,4′-bis(R_fCH₂OCH₂)-2,2′-bpy ligands [R_f = n-C₃F₇ (1a), HCF₂(CF₂)₃ (1b)] were prepared and then treated with [MCl₂(CH₃CN)₂] (M = Pt or Pd) to result in the corresponding metal complexes, [MCl₂(4,4′-bis(R_fCH₂OCH₂)-2,2′-bpy)] (M = Pt 2a–b; Pd 3a–b). Both ligands and metal complexes were fully characterized by multi-nuclei NMR (¹H, ¹⁹F and ¹³C), FTIR, and mass (GC/MS or HR-FAB) methods. The X-ray structures of 2a–b and 3a–b were studied. With terminal CF₃, the structures of 2a and 3a exhibit disordered polyfluorinated regions in solid state. With terminal HCF₂, the structures of 2b and 3b show a π–π stacking of the bpy planes, five-membered C–H···O hydrogen bond and an unusual intramolecular blue-shifting C–H···F–C hydrogen bond system, whereas without terminal HCF₂, the structures of 2a and 3a show the similar π–π stacking, five-membered C–H···O hydrogen bond and typical orientation of polyfluorinated ponytails, but not the C–H···F–C hydrogen bond system. The CV and UV/Vis studies were also carried out.     

Gallium(III) selective sensors based on 2-amino-3-(α-N-phenylmethyl-2′-amino-1′,4′-naphthoquinonyl)-1,4 naphthoquinones in poly (vinyl chloride)

Synthesis and application of 2-amino-3-(α-N-phenylmethyl-2′-amino-1′,4′-naphthoquinonyl)-1,4 naphthoquinone (S) as a neutral ionophore for the determination of gallium(III) in PVC-based membrane sensors has been described. The sensor based on membrane composition (w/w, mg%); 5.0 (S):30.0 (PVC):5.0 (KTpClPB):60.0 (o-NPOE) is the best and showed a working range of 2.3 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.0 × 10⁻² M with detection limit of 1.2 × 10⁻⁷ M. It can tolerate non-aqueous media up to 15% with a slope of 19.7 mV decade⁻¹ of activity. The sensor has been used to assess the Ga(III) concentration in different natural samples (peach and tomato leaves, coal-fly-ash and river sediments). It can be used for 2.5 months without any distortion in results, after which, leaching of ionophore was observed from the membrane phase. The proposed sensor has shown a good dynamic response time of 11 s.     

2,2′-Bis(diarylstibano)-1,1′-binaphthyls (BINASbs); a useful chiral ligand for palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation, and the structure of a BINASbPdCl2 complex

The first attempt to use enantiopure antimony ligands 1-4 as a chiral auxiliary was successfully accomplished in a palladium-catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of 1,3-diphenylprop-2-ene-1-yl acetate with dimethyl malonate. Under the optimized conditions, the allylation product can be obtained with up to 96% ee in 84% chemical yield by use of enantiopure C₂-symmetric 2,2′-bis[di(p-tolyl)stibano]-1,1′-binaphthyl [BINASb(p-Tol)] 4a as a chiral ligand with O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) and potassium acetate. The structure of the intermediary BINASb-PdCl₂ complex was elucidated by single crystal X-ray analysis, implying that the BINASb should work as a bidentate chiral ligand in the reaction.     

From tropos to atropos: 5,5′-bridged 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)biphenyls as chiral ligands for highly enantioselective palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation of α-phthalimide ketones

A class of atropisomeric diphosphine ligands with a wide range of dihedral angles has been developed. X-ray study of the Pd(II) complexes of these ligands showed that as the bridge length increased, the dihedral angles and the ligand bite angles increased as well, while an excessive increase in bridge length had a reverse effect. It was found that there was a correlation between the ligand dihedral angles and the enantioselectivity in Pd-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α-phthalimide ketones, and excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99% ee were afforded.     

Retention studies of 2′-2′-difluorodeoxycytidine and 2′-2′-difluorodeoxyuridine nucleosides and nucleotides on porous graphitic carbon: Development of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method

The development of a method for the separation of 2′-2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine, dFdC), 2′-2′-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU) and their mono-, di- and triphosphates using a porous graphitic carbon column (Hypercarb), without ion-pairing agent, is described. The retention of dFdC and dFdU could be controlled with an organic modifier (acetonitrile, CH₃CN) and the retention of the anionic nucleotides with an eluting ion (bicarbonate). Separation of all analytes was achieved using a 0–25 mM ammonium bicarbonate gradient in CH₃CN–H₂O (15:85, v/v). Under these conditions, however, very long re-equilibration times were required. Injection of an acidic solution (100 μL 10% formic acid in H₂O, v/v; 2.65 M) after running a gradient directly restored the separation capabilities of the column. Still, separation between the analytes slowly deteriorated over a period of months. These problems were solved by preconditioning the column with a pH buffered hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) solution (0.05% H₂O₂ in CH₃CN–H₂O (15:85, v/v), pH 4) before starting an analytical run. The oxidation of the stationary phase with H₂O₂ prevented its slow reduction, which most likely caused the decreasing retention times. The analytes were detected using tandem mass spectrometry.     

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed from Zn/Cd-2,2′-bipyridines and polycarboxylic acids: Synthesis,characterization and microstructural studies

Metal–organic frameworks with the compositions [Zn(bpy)(bdc)(H₂O)]_n1, [Zn(bpy)(btec)_1/2(H₂O)]_n2, [Cd(bpy)(bdc)(H₂O)]_n3 and Cd(bpy)(btec)_1/2(H₂O)]_n4 (H₂bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid = terephthalic acid, H₄btec = 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid and bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) have been synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. In these complexes, Zn^II/Cd^II-2,2′-bipyridine units and carboxylate anions exists as nodes and spacers respectively. An infinite 1D zig-zag chain structure is observed for both complexes 1 and 3, whereas complexes 2 and 4 display a 3D supramolecular architecture. The complexes are found to be photoluminescent, porous and show significant thermal stability.     

一种5,5′,6,6′-四氯-1,1′-3,3′-四乙基苯并咪唑羰花青碘化物的合成方法

JC-1作为一种荧光探针，广泛应用于线粒体细胞膜的电位测定。本文以1,2,4-三氯-5-硝基苯为起始底物，经多步反应以18%的总收率获得JC-1。      

2,2′-联咪唑合成的改进方法

优化了传统合成及提纯2,2＇-联咪唑的方法,使实验步骤缩减,并使产率和纯度有较大提高。     

Synthesis of 5′,9-anhydro-3-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)xanthine, and 3,5′-anhydro-xanthosine as potential anti-hepatitis C virus agents

5′,9-Anhydro-3-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)xanthine and 3,5′-anhydro-xanthosine were prepared as potential anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents from uridine and xanthosine, respectively.     

Structure and emission spectra of dinuclear lanthanide(III) β-diketonate complexes with a bridging 2,2′-bipyrimidine ligand

The 2,2′-bipyrimidine (bpm) adducts of the β-diketonate complexes of Eu(III), Sm(III), or Yb(III) with 2,2′,6,6′-tetramethyl-2,4-heptanedione (tmhd) resulted in the formation of dinuclear species. The synthesis and X-ray structure of these three new dinuclear lanthanide complexes are found to be similar. Each lanthanide ion is eight coordinate, bound to six O-atoms from the β-diketonates and 2N atoms from the bridging bpm ligand. They exhibit Ln–Ln distances (Sm(III): 6.935 Å, Eu(III): 6.901 Å, Yb(III): 6.679 Å) and Ln–ligand distances that are consistent with the decrease in radii across the lanthanide series. Absorption spectra of the complexes are dominated by ligand absorptions. Both the solution and solid state emission spectra of the complexes resemble ordinary monomeric lanthanide species, indicating independent ions in the dinuclear species. Cyclic voltammetry of all the complexes appear almost identical with discernable ligand centered redox reactions. The complex with Eu(III) ions, having the lowest possible lanthanide redox potential, was not found to display a signal corresponding to metal reduction.