温控两相酸性聚合型离子液体催化胺醛缩合反应

为降低催化剂流失率,以聚乙二醇为主链、双键取代咪唑型离子液体为交联剂,采用自由基聚合方式设计合成出酸性聚合型离子液体。该离子液体可与甲苯形成优良的温控两相体系,并用于苯胺和苯甲醛的缩合反应。结果表明,聚合离子液体具有催化活性高、流失量小、回收方便的优点。产物N-亚苄基苯胺收率93.4%,离子液体平均单次流失率约2.5%。底物拓展试验表明,该温控体系对含不同取代基的芳胺和芳醛缩合反应具有良好的普适性,产物收率57.2%~82.9%。     

PEG型酸性温控离子液体中芳香酸和醇的酯化反应

报道了该催化体系在芳香酸和醇酯化反应中的应用. 研究发现, 该离子液体具有优良的催化性能, 产品易分离, 催化剂可循环使用且活性不降低, 催化剂不易流失, 实现了均相催化剂的高效回收和再利用.     

Polymeric ionic liquids: a strategy for preparation of novel polymeric materials

A novel polymeric ionic liquid (PIL), bearing high C-N and N-N content, potentially suitable for new safe energetic materials and catalyst supports was introduced. The PIL was prepared by way of radical co-polymerisation of 1-vinyl-3-p-nitrobenzylimidazolium bromide and 1-vinylimidazole at 80°C using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The PIL thus produced was successfully transformed into NO₃@PIL and N₃@PIL for potential application as safe energetic materials and/or catalyst supports. The polymers were obtained in quantitative yields and were characterised by NMR, FTIR, DSC and TGA data. This study reveals the adequate thermal stability of novel salt-based nitrogen-rich polymeric ionic liquids for application as safe energetic materials and/or supports in heterogeneous catalysis.     

Biaryl formation via Suzuki and Stille coupling reactions using palladium nanoparticle/polymeric N‐heterocyclic carbene grafted silica as recyclable and efficient catalyst

Palladium nanoparticles supported on polymeric N‐heterocyclic carbene grafted silica as an efficient organic–inorganic hybrid catalyst is introduced. Pd⁰ nanoparticle formation, which is stabilized by the polymeric N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands and ionic liquid units, was confirmed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy images showed microparticles of modified silica while transmission electron microscopy images displayed a fine distribution of Pd nanoparticles. The modified structure was applied successfully in biaryl formation via Suzuki and Stille coupling reactions. Various biaryls were generated through the reaction of phenylboronic acid or tetraphenyltin with a variety of haloarenes via cross‐coupling reactions. This catalyst showed promising activity after being recycled several times. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水相中交联型聚合物负载的Pd催化氨基醇氧化羰化反应

在水相无助剂条件下,将含有离子液基团的聚合物负载的Pd催化剂用于催化氨基醇氧化羰化反应高效合成噁唑烷酮.催化剂能够重复使用5次而活性没有明显降低.     

Polymeric ionic liquid as additive for the high speed and efficient separation of aromatic acids by co-electroosmotic capillary electrophoresis

A simple and reliable co-electroosmotic capillary electrophoresis system for the fast determination of aromatic acids has been developed by employing poly (1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide) as the background electrolyte modifier. The polymeric ionic liquid was synthesized by the conventional radical polymerization. The reversed electroosmotic flow was obtained by adding a small amount of the polymeric ionic liquid (0.0006%, w/v) to the electrolyte. To further improve the resolution of aromatic acids, conditions including the concentration of polymeric ionic liquid and pH of background electrolytes were optimized. All eight aromatic acids were baseline resolved in one measurement in a short time (less than 3.5 min) under optimized conditions, 100 mM NaH₂PO₄ buffer containing 0.006% (w/v) polymeric ionic liquid, pH 6.0. Separation efficiencies were in the range from 355,000 to 943,000 (plates/m). Satisfactory reproducibility on the basis of the migration time of analytes was achieved. RSDs (n = 3) were less than 0.33% except the p-aminobenzoic acid (0.9%). The applicability of the present method has been demonstrated for the determination of water-soluble aromatic acids in a common drug for external use.     

Polymeric Ionic Liquid and Carbon Black Composite as a Reusable Supporting Electrolyte: Modification of the Electrode Surface

One of the major impediments to using electroorganic synthesis is the need for large amounts of a supporting electrolyte to ensure the passage of charge. Frequently this causes separation and waste problems. To address these issues, a polymeric ionic liquid–Super P carbon black composite has been formulated. The system enables electrolyses to be performed without adding an additional supporting electrolyte, and its efficient recovery and reuse. In addition, the ability of the composite to modify the electrode surface in situ leads to improved kinetics. A practical consequence is that one can decrease catalyst loading without sacrificing efficiency.     

Basic Ionic Liquid： A Reusable Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation in Aqueous Media

IntroductionThe Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes/ketones and activated methylene compounds is one ofthe most common synthetic methods to produce func-tionalized alkenes. Theα,β-unsaturated productsobtained by this method have been widely used as th…     

Liquid-liquid biphasic synthesis of long chain wax esters using the Lewis acidic ionic liquid choline chloride·2ZnCl2

The first liquid-liquid biphasic synthesis of wax esters in a Lewis acidic ionic liquid, choline chloride·2ZnCl₂ by the esterification of long chain carboxylic acids with long chain alcohols is described. The reported reaction system has the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis with high product yield and the ease of product as well as catalyst separation without the use of an organic solvent. The ionic liquid studied plays the dual role of solvent as well as catalyst and is recycled up to six times without any significant loss of activity.     

Transition-metal ligands bound onto the micelle-templated silica surface

This paper reviews recent works on the design of immobilized transition-metal ligands on solid supports. After an overview of some results concerning ligand anchorage on polymeric supports and encapsulation of transition-metal complexes inside layered or zeolitic minerals, the grafting of ligands onto the silicic wall surface of micelle-templated silicas (MTS) is reported. MTS silicas featuring a regular mesoporous system of pore-monodispersed size and exhibiting larger pores than zeolites, provide a new opportunity to allow anchorage of organic moieties through the silanation procedure. Mn(III) Salpr and tSalpr complexes bound onto the MTS surface are active in epoxidation reaction using PhIO as oxygen donor. Anchorage of (1R,2S)-ephedrine has been also investigated with the aim to obtain benefit from the MTS structure effect. These new supported chiral catalysts are active in alkylation of benzaldehyde with diethylzinc although less enantioselective than the corresponding homogeneous catalyst. The effect of dispersion of active sites and of surface passivation has been investigated and discussed in terms of the nature of the support surface.     

Pd/C-catalyzed Heck reaction in ionic liquid accelerated by microwave heating

Pd/C-catalyzed Heck reaction was conducted in ionic liquid 1-octanyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([OMIm]BF₄) in absence of phosphine ligand, which was promoted by microwave irradiation. The ionic liquid containing catalyst system can be used five times with a little loss of activity.     

An ionic liquid-tagged second generation Hoveyda-Grubbs ruthenium carbene complex as highly reactive and recyclable catalyst for ring-closing metathesis of di-, tri- and tetrasubstituted dienes

A second generation Hoveyda-Grubbs ruthenium carbene complex bearing an ionic liquid tag was prepared and shown to be a highly reactive catalyst for the ring-closing metathesis of di-, tri- and tetrasubstituted diene and enyne substrates in minimally ionic solvent systems ([Bmim]PF₆/CH₂Cl₂, 1:9-1:1 v/v). Both the catalyst and the ionic liquid can be conveniently recycled and repeatedly reused (up to 17 cycles) with only a very slight loss of activity. The ionic liquid tag is crucial to the high level of recyclability of the catalyst since the original second generation Grubbs and Hoveyda-Grubbs catalysts rapidly lose their activity when recycled in the ionic liquid layer.     

聚合离子液体用作毛细管电泳背景电解质添加剂快速高效分离5种核苷类化合物

将聚乙烯基-3-乙基咪唑溴盐离子液体用作毛细管电泳背景电解质添加剂,利用聚合离子液体的阳离子聚合物性质静电吸附到毛细管内表面,成功实现电渗流的有效反转,建立了共电渗流模式下5种核苷类化合物分离的新方法。考察了聚合离子液体浓度、pH值等因素对电渗流的影响。在优化实验条件下,3.1 min内实现了对5种核苷类化合物的快速高效分离;将该方法分别与不加添加剂和加入离子液体单体后的体系进行对比,结果表明,该方法大大缩短了5种核苷类化合物的分析时间,提高了分析效率,最高柱效达95万/m塔板数,分析物的迁移时间RSD均不高于0.38%。该方法简单、快速、重复性好,具有很好的应用前景。     

Ion-selective sensors for determining Au(CN)<Stack><Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>−</Superscript></Stack> with membranes based on the ionic liquid tetradecylphosphonium dicyanoaurate

A polymeric membrane for an ion-selective electrode is proposed on the basis of supramolecular systems including a polymeric compound (polyvinyl chloride, PVC) and an ionophore (ionic liquid tetradecylphosphonium dicyanoaurate) in which ionic liquid is simultaneously used as a PVC plasticizer. The selectivity, linear response range, and potential stability of ion-selective electrodes with the optimum membrane composition are measured. The detection limit for Au(I) with the developed electrode is 4.5 × 10^?7 M.     

新型高效 Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体催化剂体系催化烯烃齐聚反应

烯烃齐聚是重要的化工反应之一, 是指低碳烯烃在催化剂存在下发生聚合反应, 生成一个或多个单体重复相连的化合物过程. 烯烃齐聚反应是一种碳链增长过程, 是生成线性α-烯烃的重要过程. 齐聚反应主要生成单体的二聚、三聚、四聚或五聚物等低聚体, 发生反应的单体主要是低碳烯烃如乙烯、丙烯、正丁烯和异丁烯等. 烯烃齐聚产物应用十分广泛, 可以用于合成环境友好的液体燃料、长链烷烃润滑油、表面活性剂、增塑剂、汽油柴油添加剂等重要化工产品, 同时齐聚产物本身亦是重要的化工中间体和化学试剂. 烯烃齐聚反应研究的重点内容是开发新颖高效的催化剂, 以满足不同需要, 而应用 Br(o)nsted 酸性功能化离子液体作为催化剂用于齐聚反应的报道较少.本文考察了新型高效催化剂体系 (Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体作为主催化剂, 三辛基甲基氯化铵作为助剂) 对烯烃齐聚反应的催化性能. 合成的 Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体通过红外光谱、紫外可见光谱、1H 核磁共振和13C 核磁共振等进行系列表征,并进一步分析其结构与酸度的关系. 结果表明, 在相同的反应条件下, Br(o)nsted 酸性离子液体[HIMBs]HSO4对烯烃齐聚反应具有最好的催化活性. 本文考察了不同离子液体、离子液体用量、不同助剂、助剂用量、反应时间、反应压力、反应温度和不同溶剂等因素对反应的影响, 得到了最佳反应条件: 催化剂体系为[HIMBs]HSO4与三辛基甲基氯化铵, [HIMBs]HSO4/异丁烯摩尔比为25%, [HIMBs]HSO4/助剂 (三辛基甲基氯化铵)摩尔比为20:1 , 140 ℃, 8 h, 反应起始压力为2.0 MPa, 无添加溶剂 (离子液体本身作催化剂和溶剂). 在最佳反应条件下对反应物进行了拓展, 并研究了催化剂体系的循环使用情况. 在最佳反应条件下, 异丁烯齐聚反应中反应物转化率为 83.21%, 三聚物选择性高达 35.80%, 二聚物选择性为52.02%, 四聚物选择性为 3.14%. 结果表明, 本文提出的催化剂体系对烯烃齐聚反应具有较好的催化性能. 同时, 催化剂体系可以通过静置分层与产物分离, 并进行循环使用. 根据以往的报道和反应产物分布, 推测了烯烃齐聚反应机理. 烯烃齐聚反应为酸催化反应, 生成碳正离子中间体进行碳链增长, 生成齐聚产物.     

In-water dehydrative alkylation of ammonia and amines with alcohols by a polymeric bimetallic catalyst

An in-water dehydrative alkylation with a novel heterobimetallic polymeric catalyst is described. Thus, a boron-iridium heterobimetallic polymeric catalyst was prepared by ionic convolution of a poly(catechol borate) and an iridium complex. The alkylation of ammonia and amines with alcohols, alkylating agents, was performed with 1 mol % Ir of the heterogeneous catalyst in water without the use of organic solvents under aerobic conditions to give the corresponding alkylated amines.     

负载离子液体纳米钯催化芳卤羰化反应

研究了高分散性的负载离子液体纳米钯催化剂的制备及其催化芳卤羰化反应的性能. 用XRD、HRTEM和XPS等方法对催化剂进行了表征, 结果表明, 钯组分处于高分散零价态, 其平均粒径小于5 nm, 且催化剂表面存在一厚度适中的离子液体液膜, 有利于提高催化剂的稳定性; 该催化剂对PhI、PhBr、PhCl的羰化反应的催化活性优于离子液体两相催化体系, 在优化的反应条件下, 碘苯的转化率可达99.3％, 生成苯甲酸乙酯的转化频率(TOF)可高达4926 h−1, 反应产物中苯甲酸乙酯的选择性大于99％.     

The use of imidazolium ionic liquids for the formation and stabilization of ir0 and rh0 nanoparticles: efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of arenes

Stable transition-metal nanoparticles of the type [M(0)](n) are easily accessible through the reduction of Ir(I) or Rh(III) compounds dissolved in "dry" 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid by molecular hydrogen. The formation of these [M(0)](n) nanoparticles is straightforward; they are prepared in dry ionic liquid whereas the presence of the water causes the partial decomposition of ionic liquid with the formation of phosphates, HF and transition-metal fluorides. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) show the formation of [Ir(0)](n) and [Rh(0)](n) nanoparticles with 2.0-2.5 nm in diameter. The isolated [M(0)](n) nanoparticles can be redispersed in the ionic liquid, in acetone or used in solventless conditions for the liquid-liquid biphasic, homogeneous or heterogeneous hydrogenation of arenes under mild reaction conditions (75 degrees C and 4 atm). The recovered iridium nanoparticles can be reused several times without any significant loss in catalytic activity. Unprecedented total turnover numbers (TTO) of 3509 in 32 h, for arene hydrogenation by nanoparticles catalysts, have been achieved in the reduction of benzene by the [Ir(0)](n) in solventless conditions. Contrarily, the recovered Rh(0) nanoparticles show significant agglomeration into large particles with a loss of catalytic activity. The hydrogenation of arenes containing functional groups, such as anisole, by the [Ir(0)](n) nanoparticles occurs with concomitant hydrogenolysis of the C-O bond, suggesting that these nanoparticles behave as "heterogeneous catalysts" rather than "homogeneous catalysts".     

Polymeric ionic liquid material‐anchored Mn–porphyrin anion: Heterogeneous catalyst for aerobic oxidation of olefins

P(APTMACl)‐[Mn(TPPS)(OAc)] heterogeneous catalyst system comprised of anionic [Mn(tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin)(OAc)] ([Mn(TPPS)(OAc)]) embedded within cationic cross‐linked polymeric ionic liquid (poly[(3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride], p(APTMACl)) hydrogel matrices was used for the selective aerobic oxidation of olefins. P(APTMACl)‐[Mn(TPPS)(OAc)] hydrogel was synthesized by radical polymerization in a solution of cationic APTMACl as an ionic liquid monomer, N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as cross‐linking agent, ammonium persulfate as initiator and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylmethylenediamine as accelerator in the presence of anionic [Mn(TPPS)(OAc)]. P(APTMACl)‐[Mn(TPPS)(OAc)] was characterized using Fourier transform infrared, diffuse reflectance UV–visible and atomic absorption spectroscopies and scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was used for measuring the glass transition temperature. Catalytic activity of p(APTMACl)‐[Mn(TPPS)(OAc)] was investigated in the aerobic oxidation of olefins with emphasis on the effect of various parameters such as temperature, catalyst amount, substituent effect, etc. The catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction medium and could be re‐used for another seven runs without significant loss of activity.     

Catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins using a recoverable and reusable OsO(4)2- in ionic liquid [bmim][PF6

The use of the solvent systems water/ionic liquid or water/ionic liquid/tert-butanol provides a recoverable, reusable, robust and simple system for the asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins, based on the immobilization of the osmium-ligand catalyst in the ionic liquid phase.