Novel catalytic kinetic resolution of racemic epoxides to allylic alcohols

[formula: see text] The kinetic resolution of racemic epoxides via catalytic enantioselective rearrangement to allylic alcohols was investigated. Using the Li-salt of (1S,3R,4R)-3-(pyrrolidinyl)methyl-2-azabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane 1 as catalyst allowed both epoxides and allylic alcohols to be obtained in an enantioenriched form.     

Commercialization of the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of racemic epoxides: toward the economical large-scale production of enantiopure epichlorohydrin

The hydrolytic kinetic resolution of racemic terminal epoxides utilizing chiral (salen)Co(III) catalysts provides practical access to enantiopure epoxides and diols. However, general issues surrounding catalyst activation combined with the specific problem of racemization of epichlorohydrin served to make the large-scale production of (R)- or (S)-epichlorohydrin difficult and uneconomical. A process for the large-scale production and isolation of active (salen)Co(III)OAc catalyst and a method of catalyst reduction after reaction using ascorbic acid have been developed to overcome these issues.     

Dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic tropic acid ethyl ester and its derivatives

The dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic mixtures of tropic acid ethyl ester under substrate racemizing conditions was studied using lipase PS with a ruthenium catalyst. Isopropenyl acetate was used as an acyl donor, since it was found to be compatible with both catalysts; this resulted in an efficient dynamic kinetic resolution. With this process, a variety of racemic tropic acid ethyl esters were transformed to optically active acetoxy-2-arylpropionic acid ethyl esters with 60-88% yields and 53-92% ee.     

Dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic gamma-aryl-delta-oxoesters. Enantioselective synthesis of 3-arylpiperidines

Cyclodehydration of racemic gamma-aryl-delta-oxoesters with (R)- or (S)-phenylglycinol stereoselectively affords bicyclic delta-lactams, in a process that involves a dynamic kinetic resolution. Subsequent reduction of these lactams leads to enantiopure 3-arylpiperidines. Starting from racemic aldehyde esters, this short sequence has been applied to the synthesis of (R)-3-phenylpiperidine and the antipsychotic drug (-)-3-PPP (an (S)-3-arylpiperidine), whereas starting from racemic ketone esters enantiopure cis-2-alkyl-3-arylpiperidines are prepared.     

Chiral Co(III)(salen)-catalysed hydrolytic kinetic resolution of racemic epoxides in ionic liquids

In the chiral Co(III)(salen)-catalysed HKR of racemic epoxides, in the presence of ionic liquids, Co(II)(salen) complex is oxidised without acetic acid to catalytically active Co(III)(salen) complex during reaction and, moreover, this oxidation state is stabilised against reduction to Co(II) complex which enables the reuse of the recovered catalyst for consecutive reactions without extra reoxidation.     

Kinetic resolution of racemic epoxides using a chiral diamine catalyst

The kinetic resolution of a variety of racemic epoxides has been performed using a chiral bicyclic diamine ligand. Using 5 mol % of catalyst very high selectivity could be achieved; both epoxide and the corresponding allylic alcohol could be obtained in up to 99% ee.     

Fluorous biphasic hydrolytic kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides

Although application of light-fluorous techniques facilitates the isolation of reaction products from the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of terminal epoxides catalysed by cobalt complexes of salen ligands, the extension of the original fluorous biphasic approach to this reaction is far from being a trivial exercise. The nature of the counter anion has a dramatic effect on the catalytic activity of heavily fluorinated chiral (salen) cobalt(III) complexes. Excellent enantioselectivities are obtained in the fluorous biphasic HKR of 1,2-hexene oxide when fluorinated anions are introduced (e.e.s up to 99% both for the diol and the epoxide), with C₈F₁₇COO^- affording reaction rates even higher than those observed with non-fluorous systems.     

A Microbiological approach to kinetic resolution of racemic estra-4,9-dienes

Resolution of rac.-estra-4,9-diene-3,17-dione is achieved by enantioselective, microbiological reduction.     

Highly selective hydrolytic kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides catalyzed by chiral (salen)Co(III) complexes. Practical synthesis of enantioenriched terminal epoxides and 1,2-diols

The hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of terminal epoxides catalyzed by chiral (salen)Co(III) complex 1 x OAc affords both recovered unreacted epoxide and 1,2-diol product in highly enantioenriched form. As such, the HKR provides general access to useful, highly enantioenriched chiral building blocks that are otherwise difficult to access, from inexpensive racemic materials. The reaction has several appealing features from a practical standpoint, including the use of H(2)O as a reactant and low loadings (0.2-2.0 mol %) of a recyclable, commercially available catalyst. In addition, the HKR displays extraordinary scope, as a wide assortment of sterically and electronically varied epoxides can be resolved to > or = 99% ee. The corresponding 1,2-diols were produced in good-to-high enantiomeric excess using 0.45 equiv of H(2)O. Useful and general protocols are provided for the isolation of highly enantioenriched epoxides and diols, as well as for catalyst recovery and recycling. Selectivity factors (k(rel)) were determined for the HKR reactions by measuring the product ee at ca. 20% conversion. In nearly all cases, k(rel) values for the HKR exceed 50, and in several cases are well in excess of 200.     

不具C2对称轴的Co（Ⅲ）（Salen)催化的末端环氧化合物的水解拆分

用（S）-3-甲基-1，2-丁二胺或（R）-1，2-丙二胺为原料与2-羟基-5-甲-3- 叔丁基苯甲醛缩合，得到不具C2对称轴的手性Salen, 与Co(Ⅱ）络各并氧化后得到 4a或4b.4a和4b成功地应用于外消旋末端环氧化合物的水解拆分，取得了较好的产 率，但产物的对映体过量值较低。     

Enzymatic kinetic resolution of racemic cyanohydrins via enantioselective acylation

Enzymatic kinetic resolution of a series of aromatic and aliphatic cyanohydrins in organic media has been investigated. The behavior of potential lipases, molecular sieves, acyl reagent, reaction temperature, and organic solvents on the kinetic resolution was studied. The influence of substrate structure, steric, and electronic nature and position of the aryl substituent on the enantioselectivity was discussed. Under the optimized reaction conditions, good enantioselectivity could be achieved for most of the investigated compounds. Specifically, substrates 1a, 1c, 1d, 1f, 1u could be resolved with the kinetic enantiomer ratio (E) higher than 200.     

Development of porous materials for heterogeneous catalysis: kinetic resolution of epoxides

Template copolymerization methods have been utilized to prepare porous materials with immobilized cobalt complexes that catalyze the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epoxides.     

Chiral nanoporous metal-metallosalen frameworks for hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epoxides

Chiral nanoporous metal-organic frameworks are constructed by using dicarboxyl-functionalized chiral Ni(salen) and Co(salen) ligands. The Co(salen)-based framework is shown to be an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of racemic epoxides with up to 99.5% ee. The MOF structure brings Co(salen) units into a highly dense arrangement and close proximity that enhances bimetallic cooperative interactions, leading to improved catalytic activity and enantioselectivity in HKR compared with its homogeneous analogues, especially at low catalyst/substrate ratios.     

Enzyme-promoted kinetic resolution of racemic,P-chiral phosphonyl and phosphorylacetates

A series of racemic methyl phosphonyl- and phosphorylacetates were hydrolyzed in the presence of porcine liver esterase (PLE) under kinetic resolution conditions to give the corresponding P-chiral phosphonyl- and phosphorylacetic acids and recovered esters in moderate to high enantiomeric purity (up to 95% ee). The Jones PLE active site model was applied to explain the enantioselectivity of this reaction.     

Lipase-promoted kinetic resolution of racemic,P-chiral hydroxymethylphosphonates and phosphinates

Lipase-mediated acetylation of racemic P-chiral hydroxymethylphosphonates and phosphinates, and hydrolysis of their O-acetyl derivatives have been conducted under kinetic resolution conditions to give the enantiomerically enriched title products with up to 92% ee. Their absolute configuration has been determined by means of chemical correlation and CD measurements.     

Parallel kinetic resolution of racemic oxazolidinones using quasi-enantiomeric active esters

Racemic Evans’ oxazolidinones were efficiently resolved using a combination of quasi-enantiomeric profens. The levels of stereocontrol were high, leading to products with predictable configurations.     

Asymmetric catalysis with CO2: direct synthesis of optically active propylene carbonate from racemic epoxides

This communication describes a convenient route to optically active propylene carbonate by a catalytic kinetic resolution process resulting from the coupling reaction of CO2 and racemic epoxides using simple chiral SalenCo(III)/quaternary ammonium halide catalyst systems.     

Chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of beta-halo alcohols. An efficient route to chiral epoxides

Enzymatic resolution of beta-chloro alcohols in combination with ruthenium-catalyzed alcohol isomerization led to a successful dynamic kinetic resolution (conversion up to 99% and ee up to 97%). The efficiency of the DKR is dramatically reduced when beta-bromo alcohols are used. The presence of the bromo substituent causes decomposition of the ruthenium catalysts, which triggers the progressive deactivation of the enzyme. The synthetic utility of this procedure has been illustrated by the practical synthesis of different chiral epoxides.