A theoretical study of the interactions between N, N-dimethylformamide and aromatic hydrocarbons

The B3LYP and MP2 methods with 6-31G* basis set were used to predict the geometries of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) dimer and DMF–aromatic hydrocarbons interaction systems. A total of 10 conformers were obtained with no imaginary frequencies, respectively. The interaction energies of these binary mixtures have been obtained. The analyses of chelpg charge distribution and the atoms in molecules theory (AIM) were used to analyze the nature of the interaction. The results show the presence of hydrogen bonds between DMF and aromatic hydrocarbons. The interaction between DMF and benzonitrile is the strongest with the interaction energy of −21.58 kJ mol⁻¹ (BSSE corrected), and the intensity order of interactions is DMF–benzonitrile: d2 > DMF–DMF: a2 > DMF–toluene: c1 > DMF–benzene: b2.     

IR spectroscopic study of ion-molecular interactions in the methanesulfonic acid—N,N-dimethylformamide system

Complex formation in the methanesulfonic acid (MSA)-DMF system was studied by Multiple Attenuated Total Reflectance (MATR) IR spectroscopy at 30°C within the composition range from neat MSA up to neat DMF. Depending on the ratio of components, two types of complexes with a strong quasi-symmetrical H bond (1 and2) are formed. The uncharged complex1 is a quasi-ion pair with the (O…H…O) bridge. Complex2 is formed by a protonated DMF molecule and the (A…H…A)⁻ anion bound as an ion pair. It is established that complexes1 are solvated by DMF molecules in an excess of a base. Solvation or2 in an excess of an acid corresponds to a change from contact to contact-separated ion pairs. Continuous absorption spectra of charged and uncharged complexes1 and2 were obtained. The schemes of acid-base interactions in the MSA-DMF and HCl-DMF systems were compared. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2484–2489, December, 1998.     

Thermochemical behavior of mixtures ofN,N-dimethylformamide with dimethylsulfoxide,acetonitrile, andN-methylformamide: Volumes and heat capacities

Densities and molar heat capacities have been measured for mixtures ofN,N-dimethylformamide with dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, andN-methylformamide at 25°C over the complete mole fraction range. From these data the apparent molar volumes and heat capacities have been calculated for both components. These quantities, as a function of the mole fraction, deviate very little from their molar values, indicating that the mixtures can be regarded as almost ideal.     

Structural properties of liquidN,N-dimethylformamide

Monte-Carlo simulation of liquidN,N-dimethylformamide was performed. The influence or electrostatic and van der Waals interactions on regularities of the mutual molecular arrangement was investigated. The spatial structure of liquid DMF is determined by the type of molecular packing and steric factors and is close to a random closely packed system of soft spheres. The electrostatic interactions only affect the mutual orientation of the molecular Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 21–27, January, 1998.     

Cobalt(II) chloro complexation in N-methylformamide–N, N-dimethylformamide mixtures

Cobalt(II) chloro complexation has been studied by titration calorimetry and spectrophotometry in solvent mixtures of N-methylformamide (NMF) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). It revealed that a series of mononuclear CoCln_n ^(2–n)+ (n=1–4) complexes are formed in the mixtures of NMF mole fraction x _NMF=0.05 and 0.25, and the CoCl⁺, CoCl₃ ^– and CoCl₄ ^2– complexes in the mixture of x _NMF=0.5, and their formation constants, enthalpies and entropies were obtained. As compared with DMF, the complexation is markedly suppressed in the mixtures, as well as in NMF. The decreasing formation constant of CoCl⁺ with the NMF content is mainly ascribed to the decreasing formation entropy. DMF is aprotic and thus less-structured, whereas NMF is protic to form hydrogen- bonded clusters. In DMF-NMF mixtures, solvent clusters in neat NMF are ruptured to yield new clusters involving DMF, the structure of which depends on the solvent composition. The entropy of formation of CoCl⁺ will be discussed in relation to the liquid structure of DMF, NMF and their mixtures.     

Structural peculiarities of particle solvation inN,N-dimethylformamide

Monte Carlo computer simulation of infinitely dilute solutions of Cs⁺ and I⁻ ions and Xe atoms inN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was performed. Peculiarities of intermolecular interactions and structural properties of the solutions were investigated. The solvation enthalpies of cations and anions are close, but the energies of the ion-solvent and solventsolvent interactions differ appreciably. The solute particles affect the energy and structural properties of DMF only in spatially localized domains. The second solvation shell of the solute particles was not structurally allocated. Two structurally and energetically differing states of DMF molecules (with normal and anomalous orientation of the dipole moments) exist in solution of Cs⁺ cations. The anomalous orientation of DMF molecules is due to the solvation steric effect, packing, and kinematic factors. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 584–596, April, 2000.     

Structural properties of liquid formamide—N,N-dimethylformamide mixtures

Monte Carlo simulations of formamide—N,N-dimethylforamide mixtures in the whole range of compositions were carried out at 298 K. Structural properties were investigated by calculating the atom-atom spatial distribution functions, generalized spatial distribution functions, concentrations of closed cycles of H-bonds, and other properties of the system of hydrogen bonds. It was found that local spatial regions with the structure of pure components are conserved in a wide range of concentrations. The regularities of manifestation of solvophobic effects have been established. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2421–2429, December, 1998.     

Intermolecular interactions in orthophosphoric acid-<Emphasis Type="Italic">N,N</Emphasis>-dimethylformamide system according to viscometric data

The viscosity of an orthophosphoric acid—N,N-dimethylformamide system was measured in the whole region of compositions at 298–338 K. An excess viscosity of the system was analyzed by the data obtained using different model concepts. Calculations suggested that strong intermolecular interactions and the formation of complexes (H₃PO₄)₂·DMF occur in the system. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2252–2256, October, 2005.     

N, N, N′, N′-四丁基丙二酰胺萃取镧系元素的性能及机理

研究新型萃取剂从硝酸盐介质中萃取分离稀土元素对于后处理工艺具有重要意义。本文报道以甲苯为稀释剂,N,N,N′,N′-四丁基丙二酰胺(TBMA)从硝酸盐介质中萃取铈(Ⅲ)、镝(Ⅲ)、铒(Ⅲ)、镨(Ⅲ)、钐(Ⅲ)、铽(Ⅲ)、铥(Ⅲ)、镱(Ⅲ)的机理。考察了硝酸浓度、TBMA浓度、盐析剂浓度以及温度对上述三价镧系离子分配比的影响。得出萃合物的组成主要是三配体配合物M(NO₃)₃·3TBMA;计算出萃取反应的条件平衡常数、萃取平衡常数。温度效应研究表明萃取反应主要是焓驱动的。对萃取分离系数以及TBMA萃取三价镧系离子的规律进行了初步研究。     

Effect of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane on IR spectra of HCl complexes withN,N-dimethylformamide and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone formed by a strong quasi-symmetric hydrogen bond

The effect of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE) on the IR spectra of HCl complexes withN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (N-MP) with strong quasisymmetric hydrogen bonds was studied using Multiple Attenuated Total Reflection (MATR) IR spectroscopy. The addition of TCE does not change the background absorption spectra, but results in a change in the extinction coefficients of some bands of these complexes. The analysis of the spectra shows that the HCl−DMF complexes interact only with one molecule of TCE, and the HCl−N-MP complexes interact with two molecules of TCE. It is shown that the neutral component of the system (TCE) has no effect on the parameters of the strong quasi-symmetric H-bond in the complexes studied. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 956–960, May, 1997.     

A theoretical study of the relative stability of the isomeric forms of N2O3

The electronic structure, geometrical parameters and relative stability of the isomeric forms of N₂O₃ are analysed by means of ab initio calculations. Total energies of the different isomers are given. The energy difference between the most stable conformers of the symmetric N₂O₃ is 4.31 Kcal mol^–1 as provided by 6–31G basis set. The height of the rotational barrier determined by the ab initio technique is 7.12 kcal mol^–1.Member of the Carrera del Investigador CICPBA, R. Argentina.Member of the Carrera del Investigador CONICET, R. Argentina.Predoctoral fellow of CONICET, R. Argentina.     

Quantitative 2H NMR spectroscopy. 1. Thermodynamic H/D isotope effects in N,N-dimethylformamide and cyclopentadiene molecules

A new method for quantification of the relative distribution of deuterium in molecules is proposed. The technique is based on the lineshape analysis in the ²H NMR spectra obtained at the natural abundance level of deuterium with allowance for inhomogeneity of the magnetic field. The equilibrium thermodynamic H/D isotope effects for hindered rotation about the C—N bond in the N,N-dimethylformamide molecule and for prototropic exchange in the cyclopentadiene molecule were determined. The results obtained agree with those of DFT calculations of the vibrational energies.     

Theoretical study of the gas-phase thermolysis reaction of alkyl (ethyl,isopropyl, and tert-butyl) N,N-dimethylcarbamates and N,N-diethylcarbamates

Theoretical studies on the thermolysis in the gas phase of alkyl N,N-dialkylcarbamates were carried out using ab initio theoretical methods, at the MP2/6-31G(d), MP2/6-31++G(d,p) and MP2/6-311++G(2d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d) levels. The reactions have two steps: the first one corresponds to the formation of an alkene and a neutral dialkylcarbamic acid intermediate via a six-membered cyclic transition state; the second one is the decarboxylation of this intermediate via a four-membered cyclic transition state, leading to carbon dioxide and the corresponding dialkylamine. The progress of the reactions was followed by means of the Wiberg bond indices. The results indicate that the transition states have character intermediate between reactants and products, and the calculated synchronicities show that the reactions are slightly asynchronous. The bond-breaking processes are more advanced than the bond-forming ones, indicating a bond deficiency in the transition states. The rate constants calculated for all the reactions agree very well with the available experimental data.From the Proceedings of the 28th Congreso de Químicos Teóricos de Expresión Latina (QUITEL 2002)     

Binary and ternary complexes involving manganese(II), 2,2’-bipyridine and halide or thiocyanate ions inN,N-dimethylformamide

Ternary complexation involving the manganese(II) ion, 2,2’-bipyridine (bipy), and halide (chloride, bromide) or pseudohalide (thiocyanate) ions has been studied by precise titration calorimetry inN,N -dimethylformamide (DMF) at 298K. All the titration curves are explained well in terms of formation of mononuclear complexes of the type [MnX_m(bipy)_n](^2-m) + (X = CI, Br or SCN), and the formation of [MnCl(bipy)]⁺, [MnCl₂(bipy)], [MnCl(bipy)₂]⁺ and [MnCl₂(bipy)₂] has been established in the chloride system, [MnBr(bipy)]⁺, [MnBr₂(bipy)], [MnBr(bipy)₂]⁺ in the bromide system, and [Mn(NCS)(bipy)]⁺, [Mn(NCS)₂(bipy)], [Mn(NCS)₃(bipy)]^-, [Mn(NCS)(bipy)₂]⁺, and [Mn(NCS)₂(bipy)₂] in the thiocyanate system. The data were analyzed on the basis of the thermodynamic parameters for the binary Mn^lIbipy and Mn^II-X (X = Cl, Br and SCN) systems, the latter being determined in previous work. The formation constants, reaction enthalpies, and entropies of the ternary complexes were extracted. The thermodynamic parameters thus obtained are discussed in comparison with those of the corresponding systems of other transition metal(II) ions.     

Partial Molar Volumes of Tetraalkylammonium Ions in N, N-Dimethylformamide

The densities of tetraalkylammonium bromide, R₄NBr (R = Et, Pr, Bu, Hex, Hep, Oct), solutions in dimethylformamide have been measured for the composition range (0.05–0.4) mol-kg⁻¹ at 25 ^∘C. Apparent molar V_φ and limiting partial molar volumes ⫫₂^o of the electrolytes have been evaluated. Using the extrapolation values, the limiting partial molar volumes of the tetraalkymammonium ions (⫫_i^o) have been calculated. Analysis of different contributions to the ionic ⫫_i^o indicated partial penetration of solvent molecules into the van der Waal’s volume of tetraalkylammonium (TAA) ions.     

Amide interactions in chlorinated solvents

Enthalpies of solution and of transfer of amides for the solvents chloroform (CHCl₃), methylenechloride (CH₂Cl₂), carbontetrachloride (CCl₄), cyclohexane (C₆H₁₂), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), and ethylacetate (EtOAc) have been used to isolate and quantify the solvation interactions of amides in chlorinated solvents. Specific interactions at the aminde carbonyl and N–H groups have been identified. An analysis of the transfer enthalpies of pyrrole and methylpyrrole from cyclohexane to the chlorinated solvents shows that specific interactions between the pyrroles and these solvents are similar in nature. A means of calculating differences in the transfers of different solutes between the same solvent pair is given.Work done at Lebanon Valley College.     

The competition between the intramolecular hydrogen bond and π‐electron delocalization in trifluoroacetylacetone—A theoretical study

Conformational study of trifluoroacetylacetone was carried out using the HF, B3LYP, and MP2 methods with the 6‐31G(d, p) and 6‐311++G(d, p) basis sets. All of the results show that the chelated enol structures (E11 and E31) have extra stability with respect to the other forms and one of them (E11) is global minimum. The energy gap between the chelated forms is in the range 0.7–5.9 kJ mol^?1. Theoretical calculations show that this compound has an asymmetric double minimum potential energy surface which is in contrast with the electron diffraction result. Moreover, the computational results predict that due to the withdrawing effect of CF₃ group, hydrogen bond in trifluoroacetylacetone is weaker than the acetylacetone. Because of the more stability of E11, it is expected that the hydrogen bond energy in E11 is greater than the E31, but at all of the computational levels with most extended basis set the converse results were observed. These results clearly show that the hydrogen bond is not a superior parameter in conformational preference and the contribution of resonance is probably greater than the hydrogen bond. Finally, the analysis of this system by quantum theory of atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital methods fairly support the ab initio results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

A theoretical study of saturated sp nitrogen rings

Ab initio calculations on molecular structures composed of hexagonal rings of sp³-hybridated nitrogen atoms (the external nitrogen atoms being saturated with hydrogens) are presented. All the studied systems are local minima on the potential energy surface, and dissociate producing nitrogen dimer and ammonia in different proportions. A periodic Hartree–Fock study of the infinite layer is also presented, and it is shown that the molecular structural parameters quickly converge towards the infinite-system values. Accordingly to the computed dissociation energies, these systems have a very high energy content.     

Ni(II)/N,N-dimethylglycine complex equilibrium study

The complex formation of Ni(II) withN,N-dimethyl-glycine in water and in water-methanol has been studied by computer analysis of potentiometric data.

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Gleichgewichtsuntersuchungen der Komplexbildung von Ni(II) mitN,N-Dimethylglycin (Kurze Mitteilung)

Zusammenfassung Anhand der Computer-Analyse von potentiometrischen Daten wurden die Bildungsgleichgewichte von Nickel(II)-Komplexen mitN,N-Dimethylglycin in Wasser und Wasser — Methanol untersucht.

     

Modelling of interactions between volatile anaesthetics (halothane,enflurane) and aromatic compounds,ab initio study

For many years halothane and enflurane have been used clinically as volatile anaesthetics, however, their mechanism of action is still not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that they can act by a direct bonding to neuroreceptors containing the aromatic groups. In this work, the halothane?benzene and enflurane?benzene complexes were studied by the ab initio MP2 and CCSD(T) methods. All possible structures of the complexes were calculated by means of the counterpoise CP-corrected gradient optimization technique. It has been found that among these species, the C–H?π hydrogen bonded complexes are the most stable. The CCSD(T)/CBS calculated stabilization energies for halothane and enflurane complexes are: −10.56 and −9.72 kcal mol⁻¹, respectively. The interaction energy is mainly dominated by the dispersion attraction. In the case of enflurane, the C–H bond shows a very small contraction (by −0.0008 Å) upon complexation. This change is accompanied by the blue-shift (20 cm⁻¹) of the C–H stretching frequency and an increase of the infrared intensity of the corresponding mode by 7 km mol⁻¹. Similar results were obtained for the halothane complex: a small contraction of the C–H bond; an increase of the C–H stretching frequency by 11 cm⁻¹ (blue-shift); and an increase of the infrared intensity by 37 km mol⁻¹. In order to explain the nature of these effects, the halothane and enflurane molecules were studied in the electric field generated by benzene atoms, and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses were performed. The molecular dipole moments of these molecules were calculated with respect to the C–H bond changes. The positive dipole moment derivative obtained for halothane is in agreement with the literature data, while, in the case of enflurane, an unusual effect is observed, the blue-shift of the C–H stretching frequency is accompanied by the positive dipole moment derivative for one C–H bond and the negative for the other C–H bond. The mechanisms responsible for contraction and strengthening of the C–H bonds are discussed.