The dislocations in graphene with the correction from lattice effect

The dislocation widths and Peierls stresses of glide dislocations and shuffle dislocations in graphene have been studied by the improved Peierls-Nabarro (P-N) equation which contains the discrete correction. The discrete parameter is obtained from a simple dynamic model in which the interaction attributed to the variation of bond length and angle was considered. The restoring force in the improved P-N equation is given by the gradient of the generalized stacking fault energy surface (γ-surface). Our calculation shows that the widths of the shuffle dislocation and the glide dislocation are narrow and the width of the shuffle dislocation is about twice wider than the glide dislocation. The Peierls stress of a shuffle dislocation is one order of magnitude smaller than that of a glide dislocation. As a consequence, the shuffle dislocation moves more easily than the glide dislocation.     

Generation of glide split-dislocation half-loops by grain boundaries in nanocrystalline Al

A three-dimensional model for the generation of split dislocations by grain boundaries in nanocrystalline A1 is proposed. In terms of this model, rectangular glide split-dislocation half-loops nucleate at glide lattice dislocation loops pressed to grain boundaries by an applied stress. The level of the applied stress and the grain size at which the emission of such dislocation half-loops becomes energetically favorable are determined. The dependences of the stacking-fault width on the grain size and the applied stress are found. The anomalously wide stacking faults experimentally detected in nanocrystalline A1 are shown to be caused by high internal stresses forming in the stages of preparation, treatment, or local loading of nanocrystalline samples.     

A model for the dynamics of loop drag by a gliding dislocation

Clusters of self-interstitial atoms are formed in metals by high-energy displacement cascades, often in the form of small dislocation loops with a perfect Burgers vector. In isolation, they are able to undergo fast, thermally activated glide in the direction of their Burgers vector, but do not move in response to a uniform stress field. The present work considers their ability to glide under the influence of the stress of a gliding dislocation. If loops can be dragged by a dislocation, it would have consequences for the effective cross-section for dislocation interaction with other defects near its glide plane. The lattice resistance to loop drag cannot be simulated accurately by the elasticity theory of dislocations, so here it is investigated in iron and copper by atomic-scale computer simulation. It is shown that a row of loops lying within a few nanometres of the dislocation slip plane can be dragged at very high speed. The drag coefficient associated with this process has been determined as a function of metal, temperature and loop size and spacing. A model for loop drag, based on the diffusivity of interstitial loops, is presented. It is tested against data obtained for the effects of drag on the stress to move a dislocation and the conditions under which a dislocation breaks away from a row of loops.     

On low temperature glide of dissociated 〈1 1 0〉 dislocations in strontium titanate

An elastic interaction model is presented to quantify low temperature plasticity of SrTiO₃ via glide of dissociated 〈1 1 0〉{1 1 0} screw dislocations. Because 〈1 1 0〉 dislocations are dissociated, their glide, controlled by the kink-pair mechanism at T < 1050 K, involves the formation of kink-pairs on partial dislocations, either simultaneously or sequentially. Our model yields results in good quantitative agreement with the observed non-monotonic mechanical behaviour of SrTiO₃. This agreement allows to explain the experimental results in terms of a (progressive) change in 〈1 1 0〉{1 1 0} glide mechanism, from simultaneous nucleation of two kink-pairs along both partials at low stress, towards nucleation of single kink-pairs on individual partials if resolved shear stress exceeds a critical value of 95 MPa. High resolved shear stress allows thus for the activation of extra nucleation mechanisms on dissociated dislocations impossible to occur under the sole action of thermal activation. We suggest that stress condition in conjunction with core dissociation is key to the origin of non-monotonic plastic behaviour of SrTiO₃ at low temperatures.     

Localization of twinning plastic strain in doped γ-Fe single crystals

The patterns of plastic flow localization in high-manganese γ-Fe fcc single crystals oriented for twinning upon stretching are obtained. Basic space-time features of strain localization at the stages of yield plateau, easy glide, and linear hardening are established. The velocity of strain localization sites during stretching is determined. Conditions under which plasticity autowaves appear in the strained medium are discussed. It is demonstrated that the local strain distributions in the case of twinning are similar to those due to dislocation glide.     

Transmission electron microscopy of dislocations in cementite deformed at high pressure and high temperature

Polycrystalline aggregates of cementite (Fe₃C) and (Fe,Ni)₃C have been synthesised at 10 GPa and 1250 °C in the multianvil apparatus. Further, deformation of the carbides by stress relaxation has been carried out at temperature of 1250 °C and for 8 h at the same pressure. Dislocations have been characterised by transmission electron microscopy. They are of the [1?0?0] and [0?0?1] type, [1?0?0] being the most frequent. [1?0?0] dislocations are dissociated and glide in the (0?1?0) plane. [0?0?1] dislocations glide in (1?0?0) and (0?1?0). Given the plastic anisotropy of cementite, the morphology of the lamellae in pearlitic steels appears to have a major role in the strengthening role played by this phase, since activation of easy slip systems is geometrically inhibited in most cases.     

Experimental and computational creep characterization of Al–Mg solid-solution alloy through instrumented indentation

Carefully designed indentation creep experiments and detailed finite-element computations were carried out in order to establish a robust and systematic method to extract creep properties accurately during indentation creep tests. Samples made from an Al–5.3?mol%?Mg solid-solution alloy were tested at temperatures ranging from 573 to 773?K. Finite-element simulations confirmed that, for a power-law creep material, the indentation creep strain field is indeed self-similar in a constant-load indentation creep test, except during short transient periods at the initial loading stage and when there is a deformation mechanism change. Self-similar indentation creep leads to a constitutive equation from which the power-law creep exponent n, the activation energy Q _c for creep, the back or internal stress and so on can be evaluated robustly. The creep stress exponent n was found to change distinctively from 4.8 to 3.2 below a critical stress level, while this critical stress decreases rapidly with increasing temperature. The activation energy for creep in the stress range of n = 3.2 was evaluated to be 123?kJ?mol^?1, close to the activation energy for mutual diffusion of this alloy, 130?kJ?mol^?1. Experimental results suggest that, within the n = 3.2 regime, the creep is rate controlled by viscous glide of dislocations which drag solute atmosphere and the back or internal stress is proportional to the average applied stress. These results are in good agreement with those obtained from conventional uniaxial creep tests in the dislocation creep regime. It is thus confirmed that indentation creep tests of Al–5.3?mol%?Mg solid-solution alloy at temperatures ranging from 573 to 773?K can be effectively used to extract material parameters equivalent to those obtained from conventional uniaxial creep tests in the dislocation creep regime.     

Energy of planar defects in the Ni<Subscript>3</Subscript>Al phase: Theory and experiment

The Ni₃Al phase with an L1₂ surperstructure exhibits a clearly pronounced positive temperature dependence of the yield stress. The nature of this phenomenon is still not clearly understood. The temperature dependence of the yield stress under consideration is determined, in many respects, by the structure of glide superdislocations and planar defects of these superdislocations involved in the L1₂ superstructure. A critical analysis is made of the current state of the art in the solution of the problem regarding the energy of antiphase boundaries in planes of an octahedron and a cube, as well as the energy of stacking faults in the Ni₃Al phase.     

Elastic interaction between two parallel dislocations in non-parallel slip planes

The elastic interaction between two parallel dislocations which can glide in non-parallel slip planes is studied under the simplifying assumption that the dislocation glide velocity is proportional to stress. The motion of the two dislocations is represented by a motion of one reference point in a configuration plane. It is concluded that the contribution of the long-range elastic interaction between individual dislocations from different slip systems to work hardening is negligible, compared to the contribution from the formed attractive junctions. Especially, two parallel edge dislocations with mutually perpendicular Burgers vectors can co-exist in minimum energy positions, however, they can be separated by an arbitrarily small external stress.     

热应力作用降低LPE层中的位错

提出由温差造成热剪切应力,引起衬底穿线位错滑移,形成<110>界面位错,从而降低LPE层中位错的模型。稳定自然对流下的温度梯度液相外延,存在衬底厚度方向的温差,能在边缘固定的衬底中造成热剪切应力。生长了厚GaAs和Ga_1-xAl_xAs层(x<0.3),估算的热剪切应力大于产生<110>暗线缺陷的临界剪切应力。表面腐蚀坑观察表明,外延层位错密度下降,或无位错。界面蚀槽和阴极荧光观察表明,衬底穿线位错在界面弯曲成<110>界面位错。透射电子显微镜观察表明,界面位错多 关键词：     

Formation mechanism for nanodefects on surfaces of loaded metals

Tunneling profilometry is used to investigate the shape and orientation of defects that form at the surfaces of Cu, Au, Mo and Pd under loading. The defects have the shape of an indented prism. The value of the angles at the tip of the defects coincide with the angles between glide planes, while the orientation of the walls coincide with the orientation of these planes. At the edges of the defects there exist “swellings” caused by expulsion of material at the surface. Based on these results, the creation of these defects is explained by the exit of dislocations as they burst through barriers formed at intersecting glide planes. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 668–671 (April 1998)     

Interaction of reacting dislocations in superlattices of the CuAu and Pt2Mo type

A calculation is made of the strength of combinations of superlattices of a primary glide system consisting of two or three partial superdislocations and a single dislocation of the secondary glide system. Estimates are made of the contributions of dislocation combinations to the yield stress of alloys in which glide is effected by dislocations with different structures in different glide systems. The critical dislocation density at which plane sources are activated is determined.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 81–86, July, 1978.     

A composite model of the plastic flow of amorphous covalent materials

A model based on the data available in the literature on the computer simulation of amorphous silicon has been proposed for describing the specific features of the plastic flow of amorphous covalent materials. The mechanism of plastic deformation involves homogeneous nucleation and growth of inclusions of a liquidlike phase under external shear stress. Such inclusions experience plastic shear, which is modeled by glide dislocation loops. The energy changes associated with the nucleation of these inclusions at room and increased temperatures have been calculated. The critical stress has been found, at which the barrierless nucleation of inclusions becomes possible. It has been shown that this stress decreases with an increase in temperature. According to the calculations, the heterogeneous (homogeneous) plastic flow of an amorphous material should be expected at relatively low (high) temperatures. Above the critical stress, the homogeneous flow is gradually replaced by the heterogeneous flow.     

沿〈111〉晶向冲击加载下铜中纳米孔洞增长的塑性机制研究

 用分子动力学方法计算模拟了沿〈111〉晶向冲击加载过程中，单晶铜中纳米孔洞（直径约1.3 nm）的演化及其周围区域发生塑性变形的过程。模拟结果表明，在沿〈111〉晶向冲击加载后，在面心立方（fcc）结构中的4族{111}晶面中有3族发生了滑移。伴随孔洞的增长，在所激活的3族{111}晶面上，观察到位错在孔洞表面附近区域成核，然后向外滑移，其中在剪切应力最大的〈112〉方向上，其位错速度超过横波声速，其它〈112〉方向的位错速度低于横波声速。模拟得到的位错阻尼系数范围与实验值基本符合。由于孔洞周围产生的滑移在空间比较对称，孔洞增长形貌接近球形。在恒定的冲击强度下，孔洞半径增长速率近似保持恒定，其速率随着冲击强度的增加而增大。     

Axisymmetric wave propagation of thermoelastic transversely isotropic half-space under buried loading using potential functions

By virtue of a new scalar potential function and Hankel integral transforms, the wave propagation analysis of a thermoelastic transversely isotropic half-space is presented under buried loading and heat flux. The governing equations of the problem are the differential equations of motion and the energy equation of the coupled thermoelasticity theory. Using a scalar potential function, these coupled equations have been uncoupled and a six-order partial differential equation governing the potential function is received. The displacements, temperature, and stress components are obtained in terms of this potential function in cylindrical coordinate system. Applying the Hankel integral transform to suppress the radial variable, the governing equation for potential function is reduced to a six-order ordinary differential equation with respect to z. Solving that equation, the potential function and therefore displacements, temperature, and stresses are derived in the Hankel transformed domain for two regions. Using inversion of Hankel transform, these functions can be obtained in the real domain. The integrals of inversion Hankel transform are calculated numerically via Mathematica software. Our numerical results for displacement and temperature are calculated for surface excitations and compared with the results reported in the literature and a very good agreement is achieved.     

Kinetic analysis of dynamic point defect pinning in aluminium initiated by strain rate changes

The role of point defect production during deformation was examined by sealing the vacancy sinks in the grain boundaries with solutes to magnify its effect upon instantaneous strain-rate changes. AA1100 aluminium sheets were thermal-mechanically treated to result in a grain size of about 25 µm and in grain boundaries that were not capable of acting as efficient vacancy sinks. Tensile tests at various temperatures ranging from 78 to 300 K showed that above 195 K, the pinning effect could be quantitatively analysed. A rate equation analysis for mono- and di-vacancy recovery was adopted to perform fits to the deduced change in flow stress with time after strain-rate change from which apparent activation energies were derived. This examination indicates that the migrating species are predominantly di-vacancies. It is concluded that point-defect atmospheres have the capacity to glide in unison with mobile dislocations and hence are sensitive to the magnitude of the strain rate and temperature.     

Hysteresis loops of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites under in-phase/out-of-phase thermomechanical and isothermal cyclic loading

In this paper, the stress?strain hysteresis loops of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) under in-phase/out-of-phase thermomechanical and isothermal cyclic loading have been investigated. The thermomechanical hysteresis loops models have been developed considering synergistic effects of thermal temperature cycling, stress levels and fiber/matrix interface debonding. The relationships between thermal cyclic temperatures, peak stress, fiber/matrix interface shear stress and stress?strain hysteresis loops under in-phase/out-of-phase thermomechanical and isothermal cyclic loading have been established. The effects of fiber volume fraction, peak stress, matrix crack spacing, interface frictional coefficient, interface debonded energy and temperature range on the stress?strain hysteresis loops under in-phase/out-of-phase thermomechanical and isothermal cyclic loading have been analyzed. The hysteresis loops of cross-ply SiC/magnesium aluminosilicate (MAS) composite under in-phase/out-of-phase thermomechanical and isothermal fatigue loading have been predicted.     

非对称倾侧亚晶界的晶体相场法研究

采用晶体相场法研究非对称倾侧亚晶界结构及其在应力作用下的微观运动机制.分别从温度、倾斜度角以及应力施加方向等方面对其结构及迁移过程进行分析和讨论.结果表明,非对称倾侧亚晶界由符号相同的一排刃型位错等距排列,部分出现由两个相互垂直排列的刃型位错构成的位错组;在应力作用下,非对称倾侧亚晶界迁移的微观机制包括位错的滑移和攀移、位错组分解、单个位错与位错组反应、单个位错分解以及位错湮灭;温度降低和倾斜度增大都会阻碍亚晶界的迁移过程;应力方向改变导致位错运动方向改变,从而改变晶界迁移形式.     

Detection of cracking and damage mechanisms in brittle granites by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission signals

An acoustic emission (AE) testing of rock cracking was performed under uniaxial loading conditions by precut varisized circular holes in selected brittle granites. Based on AE-source location technique and AE-theory for moment tensor analysis, rules of the temporal–spatial evolution of micro-cracks in different failure mechanisms were explored and types of micro-cracks were analyzed as well. The results revealed that the micro-cracks are uniquely easy to generate in the positions where stress are concentrated. Tensile fractures are easy to form on the roof and floor of a circular hole, while shear fractures are easy to be found on both sides. The locations of initial cracks generated around the holes in the loading process are the direction or vertical direction of maximum principle stress. Macroscopic crack orientation agrees with the direction of maximum principle stress approximately. As the size of circular opening increases and the relative size of pillar decreases, shear cracks are dominant with the percentage more than 45%, tension cracks are fewer, accounted for less than 40% of the total events, and mixed-mode cracks represent a minimum proportion, despite the decrease of percentage of shear cracks. The findings of this work can serve for supporting design of tunnel or roadway to avoid collapse.