气相色谱–质谱联用法测定空气中的丙烯腈

建立测定空气中丙烯腈的气相色谱–质谱联用方法。用活性炭管采集样品,以体积分数为2%的丙酮二硫化碳溶液解吸,利用气相色谱–质谱法以选择离子扫描方式采集数据并进行分析,以色谱峰面积外标法定量。丙烯腈的质量浓度在0~100μg/m L范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,线性相关系数(r~2)为0.999 0。丙烯腈检出限为1.2μg/m L,最低检出质量浓度为0.16 mg/m~3(以采样体积7.5 L计),平均加标回收率为97.0%~99.3%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.0%~4.2%(n=6)。该方法定性、定量准确,精密度、灵敏度高,可用于空气中丙烯腈的常规检测。     

气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中的毒死蜱

建立气相色谱测定工作场所空气中毒死蜱的方法。采用硅胶管采集空气样品,丙酮溶剂解吸,用气相色谱工作曲线法测定毒死蜱的含量。在采样体积为4.5 L,解吸体积为1.0 m L的条件下,空气中毒死蜱的含量在0.022~2.2μg/L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999 5,检出限为0.002μg/L。加标回收率为99.4%~97.3%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为4.6%~6.0%(n=6)。该方法适合测定工作场所空气中的毒死蜱。     

气相色谱法测定工作场所空气和水体中己二酸

建立了采用气相色谱法分离检测工作场所空气及水体中己二酸的方法。空气中的己二酸经0.01mol/L NaOH溶液吸收,0.05mol/L HCl酸化;水体中己二酸直接经0.05mol/L HCl酸化,采用乙酸乙酯提取,六甲基二硅氮烷衍生为较易挥发的硅烷类衍生物,用毛细管气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器分离测定。方法测定的线性范围为2.0～100.0μg/mL,空气及水体中已二酸的检出限分别为7.0μg/m3与1.0μg/L。     

顶空气相色谱-质谱法同时测定地表水中的五种挥发性有机化合物

建立了顶空气相色谱-质谱检测地表水中三氯甲烷、四氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、三溴甲烷五种挥发性有机化合物残留量的方法,选择离子扫描模式(SIM)检测,方法的检出限为1.2μg/L,在10~200μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均为0.9992,在加标回收实验中,三氯甲烷、四氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、三溴甲烷的加标回收率分别为99.2%,100.1%,95.9%,99.1%,96.7%,该方法灵敏度高,分离效果良好,能有效地消除复杂基质带来的干扰,可以作为地表水中三氯甲烷、四氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、三溴甲烷残留量的检测和确证方法。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定作业场所空气中的1,3-丁二烯

依据GBZ/T 160.39–2007方法测定作业场所空气中的1,3-丁二烯时,采用毛细管色谱柱分离样品,对HP–1,HP–FFAP,DB–1701 3种极性不同的毛细色谱柱进行了对比,确定采用HP–1柱。1,3-丁二烯的质量浓度在45~450μg/m L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999,检出限为0.05μg/m L。解吸效率为87.9%~91.3%,方法精密度在1.5%~2.4%(n=6)之间。毛细管气相色谱法分离效果好,灵敏度高,方法检出限、精密度和解吸效率满足GBZ/T 160.39–2007的要求。     

固相萃取–气相色谱–质谱法测定地表水中的三氯苯

建立固相萃取–气相色谱–质谱联用法测定地表水中三氯苯的方法,对固相萃取柱、洗脱剂、甲醇用量进行优化试验。在200 m L水样中加入20 m L甲醇,采用C18固相萃取柱,以正己烷为洗脱溶剂萃取水中的三氯苯,用气相色谱–质谱法测定。结果表明,三氯苯的三种同分异构体分离良好,1,2,3-三氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、1,3,5-三氯苯的质量浓度在2.0~100μg/L范围内与其色谱峰面积均呈良好的线性,线性相关系数分别为0.999 1,0.999 4,0.999 2,检出限分别为0.004,0.005,0.005μg/L,加标回收率为90.3%~96.5%,测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于2%(n=7)。该方法操作简便、快速,定性定量准确,有机试剂用量少,适用于地表水中三氯苯的检测。     

气相色谱法测定环境空气中的丙烯酸酯类

建立环境空气中7种丙烯酸酯类的气相色谱测定的方法。将活性炭吸附管与大气采样器连接,在0.5L/min流量下采集空气样品20 min,采样后的活性炭用1.0 mL二氯甲烷解吸,以氢火焰离子化为检测器,气相色谱法测定7种丙烯酸酯类的含量。结果表明,7种丙烯酸酯类的质量浓度在1~100μg/mL范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999 5,当采样体积为10 L时,方法检出限为0.010~0.017 mg/m~3。各组分平均空白加标回收率为84%~120%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.2%~15.0%(n=6)。该方法样品处理简单,精密度与准确度高,检出限低,抗干扰,便于在实验室推广和应用。     

固相萃取–毛细管气相色谱法同时测定水体中8种有机磷类农药残留

建立固相萃取–毛细管气相色谱法同时测定水体中敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、治螟磷、乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、杀螟硫磷和水胺硫磷8种有机磷类农药残留。样品经OASIS HLB固相萃取柱富集,丙酮洗脱,用毛细管气相色谱(FPD)法进行定量分析。8种有机磷类农残留的质量浓度在0.05~4.0μg/m L范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.998,方法检出限为0.004~0.01μg/m L。测定结果的相对偏差为2.6%~4.5%(n=6),加标回收率为81.6%~106.2%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高,可用于检测水体中的8种有机磷类农药残留。     

吸附-自动热解析法测定工厂污染空气中的氯乙烯

利用活性炭采样管捕集空气中的氯乙烯 ,以吸附 -热脱附装置自动热解析 ,在 GC-9AM气相色谱仪上用 Chromosorb 10 2 GC柱为固定相、氢火焰测定空气中氯乙烯含量。当采气量为 30 L时 ,检出限为 0 .2μg/m3。     

气相色谱法分离和测定环境空气中的丙烯酸乙酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯

用活性炭吸附环境空气中的丙烯酸乙酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯 ,经二硫化碳 (CS2 )解吸后用气相色谱法测定 .在填充 2 .5 %DNP + 2 .5 %Bentone 34/ChromosorbWHPDMCS的玻璃色谱柱 (长 2m内径 3mm)上 ,丙烯酸乙酯与甲基丙烯酸甲酯及干扰物之间能较好地分离 .方法的回收率 :丙烯酸乙酯为 86.4%～ 1 0 3.0 % ,甲基丙烯酸甲酯为 86.3 %～ 1 0 1 .2 % ,变异系数 :丙烯酸乙酯为 4.1 %～ 4.4% ,甲基丙烯酸甲酯为 4.4%～ 4.9% ,当采样体积为 2 0L ,解吸液体积为 2 .0 0mL ,进样 2 μL时 ,丙烯酸乙酯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的最低检测浓度分别为 0 .0 2mg/m3和 0 .0 1mg/m3.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。