基于热质理论的热波传递现象研究

基于热质的概念应用牛顿力学原理建屯了热质输运的控制方程,推导得到了普适的导热定律.在惯性力可以忽略时它即退化为傅立叶导热定律,反映出非傅立叶导热现象的本质是热质的惯性引起的.当热流和温度对空间的惯性以及温度对时间的惯性可以忽略时,所得到的导热定律可以退化为CV模型.对热波传递的数值分析表明:当热扰动和热流都比较小时,热流在空间加速的惯性可以忽略,基丁热质理论的热波方程和CV模型符合得很好;但是,在描述较大的热扰动时,由于热流的空间加速惯性不能够被忽略,CV模型的结果在两个温度波峰叠加时会出现负温度的非物理现象,而基于热质理论的普适导热定律的结果则克服了这一缺陷.     

二维气体模型中的负微分热阻

负微分热阻效应是指在一个热输运系统中增大热流驱动力热流反倒减小的现象.理解和控制非平衡热输运系统中的负微分热阻效应,并利用其设计制造新功能热器件是科学技术的前沿挑战,有着重要的理论意义和应用前景.相对晶格模型中的负微分热阻研究而言,流体模型中的负微分热阻性质还亟待认知.本文选用由多粒子碰撞动力学描述的二维气体模型为研究对象,理论证明了热库对气体粒子运动的约束是诱导负微分热阻的一个新机制,并通过非平衡分子动力学方法揭示了该机制仅适用于弱相互作用的小尺寸系统.这些结果为气体模型能表现出负微分热阻现象提供了微观机制的支持,同时也为开发新的应用提供了新思路.     

一维均匀Morse晶格体系的热流棘齿效应

本文系统研究了系统两端无平均温差时一维均匀Morse晶格中的热流棘齿效应. Morse晶格的两端分别与两个热浴相接触, 其中一端热浴温度周期调制,另一端热浴温度保持不变, 两端热浴温度长时平均相等. 数值结果表明, 当对一端热浴温度进行周期调制时, 系统中便会有稳定的定向热流产生. 通过改变调制频率和强度, 可以控制热流的大小及方向. 在合适的频率范围内, 可观察到一种非常有趣的现象——非定态负热导现象, 即系统中产生的定向热流逆着系统温度梯度方向由低温端流向高温端. 通过热波动力学分析(分析热流及温度分     

三终端原子环的弹道热整流

提出并通过非平衡格林函数法验证了一个弹道热整流理论模型——以原子环为中心散射区,非对称连接三条半无限长原子链作为左热极、控制热极和右热极.对三终端六元环结构的计算发现控制热极与左右热极之间的声子透射率有显著差异.左右热极之间的热整流比随着温差的增加而显著上升,正向热流可以达到反向热流的几倍以上.另外对该模型中弹道热整流的形成机理也做了详细说明.     

封闭腔体内水和钠钾合金热驱动换热数值分析

本文以一种涡轮叶片新型超级冷却技术机理为研究背景,用数值方法研究了以水和钠钾合金为热驱动介质的微小密闭通道的流动换热特性,分析了热流密度、冷气速度和转速对换热的影响规律.结果表明:在本文研究参数范围内,通道内两种热驱动介质的换热特性具有相同的变化规律;在相同工况条件下,采用钠钾合金为热驱动介质可以得到更好的热驱动换热效果.     

温库边界对布朗热机性能的影响

研究了单势垒锯齿势中,布朗粒子在外力和空间周期温度场作用下构成的布朗热机的热力学性能.考虑布朗粒子动能变化以及高、低温库之间热漏引起的热流.用Smoluchowski方程描述粒子在黏性介质中的动力学特性,推导出高、低温库的热流以及热机功率和效率的解析表达式.通过数值计算分析势垒高度、外力和温库边界对热机性能的影响.研究表明:由于动能变化和热漏引起的不可逆热流的存在,布朗热机为不可逆热机,热机的功率效率特性为一闭合的关系曲线;势垒边界与温库边界重合时,热机的功率达到最大值;通过改变温库边界的位置,可以在一定范围内提高热机的效率,但同时减小了热机的输出功率.     

三终端原子环的弹道热整流

提出并通过非平衡格林函数法验证了一个弹道热整流理论模型——以原子环为中心散射区,非对称连接三条半无限长原子链作为左热极、控制热极和右热极。对三终端六元环结构的计算发现控制热极与左右热极之间的声子透射率有显著差异。左右热极之间的热整流比随着温差的增加而显著上升,正向热流可以达到反向热流的几倍以上。另外对该模型中弹道热整流的形成机理也做了详细说明。     

一维晶格中费曼棘齿-棘爪热机

研究了一维晶格中费曼棘齿-棘爪热机模型. 用粒子的概率主方程来描述粒子在晶格中的动力学特性, 推导出热流、 功率和效率的表达式. 通过数值计算分析势垒高度、 外力和温比对热流以及热机功率和效率的影响. 研究表明: 在粒子稳态概率流为零时, 存在非零的热流从高温库流入低温库, 类似于经典不可逆卡诺模型中的热漏; 热漏的存在使得热机的效率远远小于卡诺效率, 功率与效率之间为闭合的关系曲线, 热机为不可逆热机; 对热机性能参数进行优化, 可以使热机工作在最优性能状态下.     

热质的运动与传递-微尺度导热中的热质动能效应

基于热质(热量的当量动质量)的概念,通过建立和分析热质的运动方程得到了反映热质动能变化的稳态导热微分方程,表明Fourier导热定律只有在热质的动能变化相对热质势能变化很小而可以忽略时才成立;在高热流密度和低温的情况下热质的动能变化不可忽略,这种动能效应表现为热流密度和温度梯度不再成线性关系.动能效应也导致Fourier导热定律不能通过热流和温度梯度准确地获得物体的导热系数,本文基于热质运动方程给出了导热系数动能效应的修正式.最后针对高热流密度和低温一维稳态导热进行了分子动力学模拟验证.     

近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统中熵的应用

近场辐射换热能够极大地提高热光伏和热辐射电池系统的输出电功率,因此研究近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统的转换效率具有重要意义。本文通过计算近场效应影响下的辐射热流和熵流,给出了近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统的最大理论转换效率,并与实际转换效率对比。结果发现在近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统中,纳米线、纳米孔两种微结构和双曲线材料相比平板和电介质,不仅有更强的辐射热流,而且有更高的理论效率。但是在实际过程中,由于近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统中光谱辐射热流的峰值频率小于电池能带间隙所对应的频率,所以其实际效率低于最大理论效率。本工作为近场热光伏和热辐射电池系统的转换效率提供了一个理论极限。     

Performance of shell-and-dimpled-tube heat exchangers for waste heat recovery

This paper presents an experimental study of waste heat recovery shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The exchanger heat duty, overall heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness and tubeside friction factor are investigated as functions of the tube surface geometry (plain or dimpled), the flow type (counter or parallel), the tube Reynolds number and the shellside heat capacity rate. Water and the exhaust gases of a Diesel engine are passed inside the tube and the shell, respectively.The heat transfer characteristics increase with an increase in tube Reynolds number and the shellside heat capacity rate, for all the flow types and the surface geometries examined. The counter-flow, shell-and-dimpled-tube heat exchanger, compared with that exchanger having a plain tube, increases the heat duty and the overall heat transfer coefficient by 80%, and the heat exchanger -effectiveness increases by 35%. For the parallel-flow, shell-and-dimpled-tube heat exchanger, the heat duty, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the effectiveness increase by 30, 55, and 25%, respectively. At the same time the dimpled tube increases the tubeside friction factor by 600% over that of the plain tube. The rate of waste heat recovered from the exhaust gases of the Diesel engine by the counter-flow, shell-and-dimpled-tube heat exchanger is equal to 10% of the maximum brake power of the engine running at 1500 rpm, and the tube Reynolds number equal to 8875.     

Method for intensifying the heat transfer using local heat pulses

The conditions of heat transfer intensification using short local heat pulses applied to a heater cooled by fluids with a boiling curve hysteresis (cryogenic, organic fluids, and others) are considered.     

Waste heat recovery using looped heat pipes for air cooling

A scheme is described for the recovery of waste heat from stacks of gas turbine engines and the utilization of recovered energy for the cooling of ambient air. Relationships are summarized for the modeling of components of the cooling system. Samples are presented from performance data that is predicted by the model. Effect of size and design of system components, as well as operational variables on system performance, are discussed. It is concluded that the single most significant variable in the design of the looped heat-pipe recovery and utilization system is the geometry of the exhaust pipe of the gas turbine engine. Accordingly it is suggested that a design for the exhaust pipe of a gas turbine must consider the effects of (a) the variation of velocity of exhaust gases at different exhaust inlet temperatures, and the consequent pressure drops in the exhaust chimney pipe, and (b) the length of the exhaust pipe. The latter essentially determines the length of the heat pipe evaporator. Furthermore, the temperature drop through the air cooler is also significant, since this also influences system performance.     

芯片冷却用热管散热器的数值模拟研究

随着计算机性能的提高,CPU散热量也持续增大,并导致了能量分布不均匀,所以高热流密度热控制或大型服务器的冷却处理方式已受到广泛关注。文中对大型计算机服务器CPU的耗能量、冷却效果等进行了实验研究,提出通过采用导热板扩大CPU散热面积的同时,采用高导热相变方法来解决高热流密度器件冷却的处理办法。研究结果证实,对高热流密度器件,依靠增大外界气流的速度来改善散热器的冷却性能并不明显,采用高效热管散热器来强化芯片传热,可满足计算机服务器CPU的冷却要求。     

The conjugate problem of convective-conductive heat transfer for heat pipelines

The conjugate problem on heat transfer in a system of subsurface channel one-duct heat pipeline-environment is solved by the finite element method. Thermal regimes of the heat pipeline are analyzed, depending on the temperature at the internal boundary of the system. Values of the main characteristics of the system are found and adequacy of the proposed model is validated.     

Interconnection between dynamics of liquid boiling-up and heat transfer crisis for nonstationary heat release

This paper deals with investigation results on crisis phenomena for nonstationary heat release under the conditions of free convection and in falling liquid films. It is shown that the character of the crisis development and the critical heat flux for nonstationary heat release significantly depend on the characteristics determining the temperature head of liquid boiling-up. According to experimental data with an arbitrary temporal function of heating, the character of the dependence between the critical heat flux and the heat release increasing rate is significantly effected by ready nucleation sites. It is found that a change in the nonstationary critical heat flux in the range of high times between impulses for periodic heat release is connected with deactivation of ready nucleation sites on the heat-releasing surface. According to new experimental results, in the studied range of irrigation degree alteration (Re_in = 30–1660), parameters characterizing decay of the falling liquid film with stepped heat release (the distribution of the time of boiling-up expectation along the liquid film, the velocities of movable boundaries in the boiling-up and drying fronts, the intensity of liquid ejection from the heat-releasing surface) complexly depend on the Reynolds number, wave characteristics, and heat flux density. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Enhanced static evaporation heat transfer surfaces for compact two-phase heat exchangers

In the frame of the JOULE 1 R&D programme of the Commission of the European Communities this project has been carried out on enhanced evaporation heat transfer surfaces. The main goal of the project was to develop and investigate enhanced evaporation heat transfer surfaces for industrial compact two-phase heat exchangers. Planar and tubular surfaces have been investigated by IKE (structured planar and tubular surfaces), GRETh (covered planar surfaces) and NEL (covered tubular surfaces).     

Modified equations for heat conduction

It is shown that the form of the modifications previously suggested for the heat conduction equations when macroscopic parameters are changing rapidly may be incorrect when the heat carriers' relaxation time is wave number dependent. Even when the relaxation time is constant it is shown that for insulators the correction terms previously suggested are in error by a factor of 5.