共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Ding L Ley TJ Larson DE Miller CA Koboldt DC Welch JS Ritchey JK Young MA Lamprecht T McLellan MD McMichael JF Wallis JW Lu C Shen D Harris CC Dooling DJ Fulton RS Fulton LL Chen K Schmidt H Kalicki-Veizer J Magrini VJ Cook L McGrath SD Vickery TL Wendl MC Heath S Watson MA Link DC Tomasson MH Shannon WD Payton JE Kulkarni S Westervelt P Walter MJ Graubert TA Mardis ER Wilson RK DiPersio JF 《Nature》2012,481(7382):506-510
Most patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) die from progressive disease after relapse, which is associated with clonal evolution at the cytogenetic level. To determine the mutational spectrum associated with relapse, we sequenced the primary tumour and relapse genomes from eight AML patients, and validated hundreds of somatic mutations using deep sequencing; this allowed us to define clonality and clonal evolution patterns precisely at relapse. In addition to discovering novel, recurrently mutated genes (for example, WAC, SMC3, DIS3, DDX41 and DAXX) in AML, we also found two major clonal evolution patterns during AML relapse: (1) the founding clone in the primary tumour gained mutations and evolved into the relapse clone, or (2) a subclone of the founding clone survived initial therapy, gained additional mutations and expanded at relapse. In all cases, chemotherapy failed to eradicate the founding clone. The comparison of relapse-specific versus primary tumour mutations in all eight cases revealed an increase in transversions, probably due to DNA damage caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy. These data demonstrate that AML relapse is associated with the addition of new mutations and clonal evolution, which is shaped, in part, by the chemotherapy that the patients receive to establish and maintain remissions. 相似文献
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自适应量子交叉克隆选择算法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为克服传统克隆选择算法易于陷入局部最优的缺点,提出了自适应量子交叉免疫算法。自适应量子交叉算子在算法演化初期通过高适配度抗体对低适配度抗体的影响,加速收敛过程,而在算法演化后期,利用低适配度抗体对高适配度抗体的扰动,增加算法跳出局部最优的概率。对旅行商问题、单目标和多目标孔群加工路径优化问题所做的计算,结果表明:自适应量子克隆选择算法能有效平衡全局搜索和局部挖掘能力,在收敛速度和稳定性上优于同类克隆选择算法和其他启发式算法。 相似文献
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本试验将同工酶技术应用到果树品种间,尤其是无性系品种间差异分析中,证明在苹果无性系中,富士系与元帅系之间存在着较大的差别,而富士系与国光更为接近。另外,在富士系各品种间也存在着显著的差异。 相似文献
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Yachida S Jones S Bozic I Antal T Leary R Fu B Kamiyama M Hruban RH Eshleman JR Nowak MA Velculescu VE Kinzler KW Vogelstein B Iacobuzio-Donahue CA 《Nature》2010,467(7319):1114-1117
Metastasis, the dissemination and growth of neoplastic cells in an organ distinct from that in which they originated, is the most common cause of death in cancer patients. This is particularly true for pancreatic cancers, where most patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease and few show a sustained response to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Whether the dismal prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer compared to patients with other types of cancer is a result of late diagnosis or early dissemination of disease to distant organs is not known. Here we rely on data generated by sequencing the genomes of seven pancreatic cancer metastases to evaluate the clonal relationships among primary and metastatic cancers. We find that clonal populations that give rise to distant metastases are represented within the primary carcinoma, but these clones are genetically evolved from the original parental, non-metastatic clone. Thus, genetic heterogeneity of metastases reflects that within the primary carcinoma. A quantitative analysis of the timing of the genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer was performed, indicating at least a decade between the occurrence of the initiating mutation and the birth of the parental, non-metastatic founder cell. At least five more years are required for the acquisition of metastatic ability and patients die an average of two years thereafter. These data provide novel insights into the genetic features underlying pancreatic cancer progression and define a broad time window of opportunity for early detection to prevent deaths from metastatic disease. 相似文献
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克隆植物的特性及研究进展 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
论述了克隆植物在繁殖与生存等方面的优势及其生态功能;综述了克隆植物的研究进展并分析了克隆植物研究的空白及发展方向。旨在推动我国克隆植物研究的深入开展。 相似文献
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北冬虫夏草液体深层发酵最适营养的研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
通过摇瓶单因子和正交设计试验结果。液体培养的最佳营养条件为:葡萄糖2%,食用糖1%,酵母膏1%,蛋白胨1%,NH4Cl0.2%,MgSO4.7H2O0.05%,KCl10.1%,100立升发酵罐结果,碳,氮源分别为食用糖3%,蛋白胨1.5%。 相似文献
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过路黄克隆生长对光照强度的反应 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
利用遮阳网产生光照梯度,以研究光照强度对克隆植物过路黄(Lysimachia christinae)形态特征和生物量分配的影响.结果表明:1)匍匐茎节间长度随光照强度的减弱而增大,遮荫明显增加过路黄的分枝角度,分枝强度没有对光强发生显著反应.遮荫使叶柄变长,而根长则变短.2)随光照强度的减弱,叶柄生物量逐渐增大;遮荫降低了叶生物量、根生物量、总生物量、根生物量比和地下生物量/地上生物量.3)在遮荫条件下,一级匍匐茎基部分株的叶生物量和分株总生物量显著大于顶部分株,而根冠比则相反.根的生物量在各分株间无显著差异.在不遮荫条件下,仅匍匐茎基部分株的叶生物量大于顶部分株,其它的生物量指标在各分株间无显著差异.在分株水平,分株的根冠比不受光强的影响.总之,过路黄的克隆生长在基株和分株水平都对光强作出了明显的反应,而且这种反应具有等级性. 相似文献
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The liver of the neonatal mouse continues to show haematopoietic activity for up to 2 weeks after birth and morphological analysis has shown that this activity becomes focused in discrete haematopoietic colonies by the end of the first week postnatal. Furthermore, each colony contains cells of one haematopoietic lineage only, that is, erythroid, myeloid or pre-B-lymphoid cells. This pattern of differentiation suggests that each colony is derived from a single committed precursor cell, which, if true, would represent the first demonstration of non-mixed haematopoietic colonies in normal development and would provide a useful system for studying the factors affecting the clonal diversity of haematopoietic stem cells and their lineage-committed progeny. Here we have analysed the haematopoietic foci in the liver of neonatal mouse chimaeras, using a newly developed ubiquitous in situ cell marker system which clearly demonstrates the clonal origin of these colonies. 相似文献
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Wu X Northcott PA Dubuc A Dupuy AJ Shih DJ Witt H Croul S Bouffet E Fults DW Eberhart CG Garzia L Van Meter T Zagzag D Jabado N Schwartzentruber J Majewski J Scheetz TE Pfister SM Korshunov A Li XN Scherer SW Cho YJ Akagi K MacDonald TJ Koster J McCabe MG Sarver AL Collins VP Weiss WA Largaespada DA Collier LS Taylor MD 《Nature》2012,482(7386):529-533
Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, arises in the cerebellum and disseminates through the cerebrospinal fluid in the leptomeningeal space to coat the brain and spinal cord. Dissemination, a marker of poor prognosis, is found in up to 40% of children at diagnosis and in most children at the time of recurrence. Affected children therefore are treated with radiation to the entire developing brain and spinal cord, followed by high-dose chemotherapy, with the ensuing deleterious effects on the developing nervous system. The mechanisms of dissemination through the cerebrospinal fluid are poorly studied, and medulloblastoma metastases have been assumed to be biologically similar to the primary tumour. Here we show that in both mouse and human medulloblastoma, the metastases from an individual are extremely similar to each other but are divergent from the matched primary tumour. Clonal genetic events in the metastases can be demonstrated in a restricted subclone of the primary tumour, suggesting that only rare cells within the primary tumour have the ability to metastasize. Failure to account for the bicompartmental nature of metastatic medulloblastoma could be a major barrier to the development of effective targeted therapies. 相似文献
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Fournier D Estoup A Orivel J Foucaud J Jourdan H Le Breton J Keller L 《Nature》2005,435(7046):1230-1234
Sexual reproduction can lead to major conflicts between sexes and within genomes. Here we report an extreme case of such conflicts in the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata. We found that sterile workers are produced by normal sexual reproduction, whereas daughter queens are invariably clonally produced. Because males usually develop from unfertilized maternal eggs in ants and other haplodiploid species, they normally achieve direct fitness only through diploid female offspring. Hence, although the clonal production of queens increases the queen's relatedness to reproductive daughters, it potentially reduces male reproductive success to zero. In an apparent response to this conflict between sexes, genetic analyses reveal that males reproduce clonally, most likely by eliminating the maternal half of the genome in diploid eggs. As a result, all sons have nuclear genomes identical to those of their father. The obligate clonal production of males and queens from individuals of the same sex effectively results in a complete separation of the male and female gene pools. These findings show that the haplodiploid sex-determination system provides grounds for the evolution of extraordinary genetic systems and new types of sexual conflict. 相似文献
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为了全面认识竹类植物克隆生长的密度调节机制,通过对两种生境的野外调查,本文在基株和分株两个层次上分析了慈竹克隆繁殖的数量和质量、竹笋高生长速度以及根茎长度等克隆生长特征与密度的关系.结果表明,慈竹的一些克隆生长特征(如:出笋数、死笋数、出笋速度、活笋基径和根茎长度)与分株密度呈不同程度的正相关,而竹笋高生长速度与分株密度无关.仅西山慈竹的出笋数和北湖公园的活笋数与基株密度呈显著的正相关.这些结果显示慈竹的克隆生长受分株密度和基株密度的共同调节,且以分株调节为主.不同生境中,慈竹克隆生长及其密度制约的规律存在差异. 相似文献
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针对网格计算中多个独立任务在多个异构的资源上处理时,资源的负载均衡为最小非抢先调度的问题,建立了一类资源负载均衡问题的优化调度模型.该模型将量子算法、克隆算法和遗传算法结合起来,提出一种新的混合量子克隆遗传调度算法.仿真实验表明在网格环境下,该算法全局寻优能力强,能有效地实现资源的负载均衡,并具有合理性和高效性. 相似文献
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干旱胁迫对克隆植物蕨麻游离脯氨酸含量的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了干旱胁迫对匍匐茎克隆植物-蕨麻游离脯氨酸含量的影响.实验设置4个处理,即PEG-6000的浓度为0、15%、20%、25%,进行不同时间以及不同渗透强度的处理,重复3次.实验结果表明:随着PEG-6000浓度的增加,除CK的脯氨酸含量逐步增加外,其余处理的脯氨酸含量呈二次曲线变化,在48h时达到最高值,随后脯氨酸的含量开始逐渐下降. 相似文献
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以莲叶海棠幼叶为材料,材料经表面消毒接种于诱导培养基上,27d左右外植体表面出现不定芽,经继代培养可获大量不定芽,不定芽在壮苗培养基上培养45d转至生根培养基中40d后长出完整根系,再生植株炼苗后转移至砂基中进行培养,移栽成活率为90%。 相似文献
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运用克隆遗传算法重构配电网络.在分析传统遗传算法应用于电力系统的不足之处的基础上,提出了一种针对电力系统的遗传算法,即提出一种配电网络的简化、染色体编码策略和修正克隆遗传算法.该方法的使用能减少配电网络重构中不可行解,提高有效候选解的比例,从而使GA算法的收敛速度大为提高.算例结果表明作者提出的方法具有较高的计算效率.图2,表3,参11. 相似文献
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Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. For over fifty years, the evolution of social behaviour has been guided by the concept of inclusive fitness as a measure of evolutionary success. Nowak et al. argue that inclusive fitness should be abandoned. In so doing, however, they misrepresent the role that inclusive fitness has played in the theory of social evolution by which understanding social behaviour in a variety of disciplines has developed and flourished. By discarding inclusive fitness on the basis of its limitations, they create a conceptual tension which, we argue, is unnecessary, and potentially dangerous for evolutionary biology. 相似文献
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Chromosomal evolution in Saccharomyces 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The chromosomal speciation model invokes chromosomal rearrangements as the primary cause of reproductive isolation. In a heterozygous carrier, chromosomes bearing reciprocal translocations mis-segregate at meiosis, resulting in reduced fertility or complete sterility. Thus, chromosomal rearrangements act as a post-zygotic isolating mechanism. Reproductive isolation in yeast is due to post-zygotic barriers, as many species mate successfully but the hybrids are sterile. Reciprocal translocations are thought to be the main form of large-scale rearrangement since the hypothesized duplication of the whole yeast genome 10(8) years ago. To test the chromosomal speciation model in yeast, we have characterized chromosomal translocations among the genomes of six closely related species in the Saccharomyces 'sensu stricto' complex. Here we show that rearrangements have occurred between closely related species, whereas more distant ones have colinear genomes. Thus, chromosomal rearrangements are not a prerequisite for speciation in yeast and the rate of formation of translocations is not constant. These rearrangements appear to result from ectopic recombination between Ty elements or other repeated sequences. 相似文献