Cresol Izomerization in the Presence of Acid Catalysts

It is shown for toluene oxidation with nitrous oxide that modifying HZSM-5 zeolite with zinc oxide nanoparticles considerably improves the selectivity and yield of cresols. It is found that a 2% ZnO/HZSM-5 composite catalyst also exhibits enhanced and stable activity at high temperatures. For the o-cresol isomerization reaction, this modification of HZSM-5 zeolite greatly reduces the contribution from disproportionation and cracking reactions proceeding with formation of phenol, C₆–C₉ aromatic hydrocarbons, and xylenols. The regularities of their formation in the presence of the studied catalysts are determined using the results from thermodynamic calculations for the equilibrium concentrations of cresol isomers.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Radical Polymerization

Low molecular reactions are frequently accompanied by side reactions producing a whole spectrum of by-products whose removal in purification operations generally causes little difficulty because the major and side products usually differ sufficiently in their properties. Hence detailed kinetic studies in low molecular chemistry can claim industrial interest only insofar as they aim to reduce the rate of formation of side products. The situation is completely different in polymer chemistry, where the terms major and side product no longer apply. Instead, one obtains mixtures of similar and/or isomeric molecules which differ so little with regard to molecular weight and structure that resolution into pure substances or isolation of pure substances becomes practically impossible. However, since all partial reactions exert a direct influence on the product spread, i.e. the composition and properties of a product mixture are modified by any change in operating conditions, detailed kinetic analyses embracing all relevant partial reactions are an essential prerequisite for the production of defined polymeric products on any scale. This progress report illustrates the importance of kinetics for radical polymerization with the aid of selected examples.     

邻苯三酚自氧化反应的动力学研究

利用单扫示波极谱法(并辅以紫外-可见光谱法)研究了邻苯三酚在pH7.20～9.10的Tris－HCl缓冲体系中自氧化反应的动力学.结果表明, 在过量溶解O₂存在时, 反应对邻苯三酚为一级.在一定pH范围内, 准一级反应表现速率常数K_app随pH值的增加而增加, 说明H₂PYR-比H₃PYR对溶解O₂具有更高的反应活性.探讨了邻苯三酚自氧化生成半醒自由基和活性氧的反应机理, 用速率方程解释了实验现象.并为酶活力测定和药物抗氧活性研究提供了一种新方法.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Dehydration of Heteropolyacids

The kinetics and mechanism of the dehydration and decomposition of heteropolyacids of molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium (H3+xYx+M12O40·mH2O; Y=Si, P; M=Mo, W) were studied. The data obtained on the dehydration kinetic parameters correlate with the expected structures, of these crystal hydrates, the IR data and X-ray phase analysis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

司他夫定的热分解机理及动力学

采用TG-DTG-DSC测定司他夫定（STVD）在N2气和空气气氛中的热分解过程及其在热分解过程中不同阶段残留物的红外光谱,运用量子化学GAMESS软件计算STVD分子的键级,探讨了STVD的热分解机理。 采用Ozawa方法计算STVD各阶段热分解反应动力学参数,采用Dakin方程推算了不同使用温度下STVD的预期寿命。结果表明,STVD的热分解过程是一个三阶段过程,起始热分解步骤是联接胸腺嘧啶环与五元环的C-N键的断裂。 在N2气中,第一阶段热分解温度范围为139~173 ℃,失重21.2%,反应活化能Ea=168.9 kJ/mol,指前因子A=2.884×1019 min-1;第二阶段热分解温度范围为173~313 ℃,失重56.2%,Ea=96.4 kJ/mol,A=2.884×108 min-1;第三阶段分解速率缓慢,至880 ℃仍有10.9%残重。 在空气中,第一阶段热分解温度范围为139~166 ℃,失重19.1%,Ea=168.1 kJ/mol,A=2.188×1019 min-1;第二阶段热分解温度范围为166~314 ℃,失重53.9%,Ea=154.9 kJ/mol,A=8.913×1013 min-1;第三阶段热分解温度范围314~550 ℃,失重27%,Ea=116.9 kJ/mol,A=3.548×108 min-1。 STVD在常温下具有较好的热稳定性。     

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Kabachnic-Fields Reaction

Abstract

The Kabachnic-Fields reaction is one of the most important methods of synthesis of functionally substituted derivatives of tetracoordinated phosphorus with P-C bond. At the same time mechanism of this important and interesting reaction practically has not been investigated.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Pudovik Reaction

Abstract

The kinetics and the mechanism of the Pudovik reaction for the series of α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds have been studied. The factors which determine the addition locoselectivity and the reactivity of the hydrophosphoryl and unsaturated compounds in this process are established. The qualitative and quantitative relationships obtained allow to predict the reaction rate and its direction depending on the reagents structure and also on the nature of catalyst and solvent used.     

Mo／ZSM-5催化剂上NO催化还原反应机理与动力学研究

采用浸渍法制备了Mo/ZSM-5催化剂样品,并以氨为还原剂对其NO选择性催化还原活性、以及NO转化的反应速率进行测定.结果表明,在Mo/ZSM-5催化剂上不会发生NO氧化成NO2的反应,也没有N2O生成,然而有少量的NO分解反应发生.在氧气存在条件下,Mo/ZSM-5催化剂上NO-NH3-O2的SCR反应遵循LH机理.NO、O2和NH3首先吸附在Mo/ZSM-5表面,吸附态NO物种与吸附NH3物种直接反应生成氮气,气相氧的作用是加强NO吸附、补充催化剂表面吸附氧物种.并由此推导出NO转化的速率方程式,分别计算和模拟了在不同O2浓度、NO浓度和反应温度条件下NO的反应速率rNO值及其变化关系.结果表明,理论模拟值能够与实验值很好地吻合,所推测的机理能够很好地描述Mo-ZSM-5催化剂上NO选择性催化还原行为.     

Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism of Selective NO Reduction on a CoZSM-5 Catalyst as Studied by SSITKA

The dynamics of ¹³C transfer from methane to carbon dioxide was studied under the steady-state reaction conditions of selective NO reduction with methane on a CoZSM-5 catalyst at various reactant (NO, CH₄, and O₂) concentrations and temperatures. It was found that the reaction occurs by a two-pathway mechanism with the participation of Co²⁺ sites (or CoO _x clusters) and paired Co²⁺–OH sites localized at the boundary between the clusters and the zeolite; in this case, the rate of the reaction at boundary sites was higher by more than one order of magnitude. Based on the numerical simulation of isotopic response curves, the concentrations of intermediate compounds and the rate constants of particular steps were evaluated; differences in the kinetics via the above reaction pathways were found and analyzed.     

Kinetics and mechanism of 5-vinyltetrazole alkylation

Alkylation of NH-unsubstituted 5-vinyltetrazole with methyl iodide in the presence of triethylamine in acetonitrile solution led to the formation of isomeric 1- and 2-methyl-5-vinyltetrazoles in 1:1 ratio. The reaction rate constants were measured at 25–55°C. According to the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction [ΔH ^≠ 66 kJ mol^?1, ΔS^≠-74 (mol K)^?1, 298 K] the limiting stage of the reaction consists in the electrophilic attack of methyl iodide on an H-complex of the heterocycle with triethylamine.     

聚乙烯管材的开裂动力学与机理

PE气体管材在室温低应力长期作用下发生开裂破坏的过程是由较长时间的裂纹慢速增长(SCG)阶段和较短时间的快速增长阶段(FCG)构成的.通过预测SCG阶段的持续时间可以预测PE材料的使用寿命,而SCG阶段可由PE的拉伸试验和三点弯曲试验进行模拟并用Dugdale理论处理.用弯曲试验来模拟预测PE开裂破坏时间的式子为■PE的这种开裂破坏是由连结分子的解缠滑脱作用造成的.在宏观上表现为脆性断裂.它受应力、温度、试样切口深度以及分子量与分子量分布、支化情况和结晶情况等因素的影响.改变这些因素能够使断裂机理发生改变,从而改变PE材料的使用寿命.     

F+NCO反应的机理和动力学

利用Ｇ２（ＭＰ２）理论研究Ｆ（＾２Ｐ）与ＮＣＯ（Ｘ＾２ＩＩ）在三重激发态（ａ＾３Ａ＂）势能面上的反应机理揭示了生成ＮＦ）Ｘ＾３Σ＾－）的两种反应途径,即顺式和反式加成－消除,其中顺式反应途径的势垒较低（２０．０ｋｊ．ｍｏｌ＾－１）,。动力学计算显示,在室温 上,Ｆ与ＮＣＯ反应于三重态势能面上只能较缓慢地生成ＮＦ（Ｘ＾３Σ＾－）自由基。预测ＦＣ（Ｎ）Ｏ是另一可能的反应产物     

酸性化学镀镍磷合金的动力学机理

通过极化曲线研究了3种不同溶液（阴极液、阳极液和完整镀液）的电化学行为,测定了主盐、还原剂浓度以及镀液pH和体系温度对化学镀镍沉积速率的影响. 与直接在镁合金上化学镀镍并使用重量分析法得到的沉积速率相比较发现,完整镀液体系的极化曲线才能真实地反映化学镀镍的沉积过程,其过程不能简单视为由彼此完全独立毫无关联的阴阳极半反应构成. 根据Butler-Volmer公式,本化学镀液体系的化学镀镍过程属混合控制,其表观反应活化能为42.89 kJ·mol^-1.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed 2,5-Xylenol-Formaldehyde Reaction

This paper deals with kinetic studies of the 2,5-xylenol and formaldehyde reaction catalyzed by hydrochloric acid. The catalyst concentrations used were 0.008, 0.012, 0.02, and 0.04 N. The investigations were carried out at 65, 70, 75, and 80°C. It was observed that the reaction follows a second-order rate law. The rate of reaction was found to increase with an increase in acid concentration. The overall rate constant was resolved into stepwise rate constants. It is a two-step reaction, the second step of the reaction being a rapid follow-up of the first step. Activation parameters for the overall reaction have been calculated, and a mechanism conforming to the experimental observations is suggested.     

The Kinetics and Mechanism of Esterification and Polyesterification Reactions

The conditions under which previous kinetic measurements have been carried out on esterification and polyesterification reactions have been examined in relation to the significance of the conclusions reached. It is suggested that only in the later stages of the reactions are conditions achieved which yield sensible kinetic results.     

在Pt/HZSM-5双功能催化剂上FCC汽油加氢异构化反应机理及动力学研究

在活性趋于稳定的Pt/HZSM-5双功能催化剂上，利用连续流动微反一色谱装置，进行了催化裂化汽油加氢异构化反应机理和动力学的研究．在250-330℃，1．0-3．0MPa反应条件下，考察了催化汽油加氢异构化反应产物分布，按单分子反应机理，建立了催化裂化汽油中烯烃加氢异构化反应网络和动力学模型，计算了反应网络中各步的反应速率常数和活化能．结果表明：Pt／HZSM-5双功能催化剂具有较好的加氢和异构活性，在保证辛烷值不下降的条件下，可使催化裂化汽油中烯烃加氢饱和，达到降低汽油烯烃和提高安定性的目的．     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Topochemical Transformations of Phosphoric Salts

A study was made on the topochemical processes of hydration-dehydration, ammonation-deammonation, disproportionation and anionic condensation (certain of which can proceed concurrently) that occur during the production, storage and exploitation of phosphoric salts and phosphate materials. These processes which can be accompanied by complicated structural transformations and sometimes by melting were shown to be satisfactorily described by the known kinetic regularities. The detected deviations, that are associated with the anomalous influence of temperature, the gaseous phase, the size and habit of the crystals and the ageing of samples on the process rate, were explained in terms of the localization peculiarities of the reactions proceeding on the surface or in the bulk of the reactant. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Molybdenum Sulphide

This paper reports on the results attained in the determination of the mechanism of oxidation of molybdenum sulphide under non-isothermal conditions in an air atmosphere. The mechanism of the process was determined by simultaneous DTA-TG-DTG, and the kinetic parameters of the reactions involved were obtained according to the methods of Kissinger and Ozawa. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多酚氧化酶催化反应的抑制动力学及机理

用丙酮自香蕉皮中提取多酚氧化酶，用氧电极法测得酶促儿茶酚氧化反应的表现活化能为２３．６ｋＪ·ｍｏｌ－１，米氏常数为１．５８×１０－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，测试了９种化合物对酶活性的抑制效果。以苯甲酸为抑制剂研究了抑制动力学及机理，测出蕉皮酚酶中含有铜离子，它起着活化反应物的作用，抑制剂与铜离子的结合抑制了酶的催化活性。