师范生化学教学设计能力构成、水平层级及发展进阶研究

教学设计能力是师范生教学能力培养的重要组成部分。利用定性与定量相结合的研究方法从“教学设计知识”“教学设计技能”“教学设计态度与意识”等3个维度构建了师范生化学教学设计能力的构成模型及水平层级模型。开发了教学案例分析和问卷等2种测评工具对师范生化学教学设计能力进行实证研究,探查了师范生在“中学化学教学设计与实践”课程中化学教学设计能力的发展进阶。结果表明:师范生教学设计知识由单一发展为多样化,教学设计的技能从没有角度进阶到了多角度,教学设计态度与意识从不积极、不自信发展为积极且自信。     

高师化学师范生实验教学能力及其生成路径

实验教学能力是化学教师专业发展的重要标志,实验讲解能力是师范生实验教学能力的重要表征,实验思维能力是实验教学能力的重要品质,化学实验探究教学能力则是师范生实验教学能力的核心。实验教学能力的生成是在观察、实践和反思的过程中得以实现的。实验课程教学、教学说课、教学比赛、教学见习和教学实习则是师范生实验教学能力生成的有效路径。     

谈试用期初中化学教师技能的培训与指导

初中化学试用期教师在掌握教学、管理技能评价标准之后,进行自我评价。从统计数字反映试用期教师教学、管理能力的优劣,提出对试用期初中化学教师培训与指导的模式,对师范生在校培养、实习指导、试用期培训有借鉴作用。     

教师资格认证下师范生教育实践能力培养模式探索

以学科教学知识(pedagogical content knowledge, PCK)为基础, 通过立体化核心课程群和"观摩—见习—研习—实训—实习"五阶段一体化实践教学体系构建, 引入教师职业资格标准, 师范生将已有的化学学科专业知识、技能和教育科学知识运用于中学化学教育、教学和研究工作;建立可观察、可测量、可操作的科学的成长档案袋, 达到系统全面地提升师范生教育实践能力的目的, 实现教育实践能力培养模式的创新探索。     

高师化学教育实践课程的设置及实施

东北师范大学2015年对教师教育课程进行了修订,构建了从校内模拟到校外基础实习和应用实习的化学教育实践课程体系,逐渐提升师范生的教学实践能力,为将来成长为一名优秀的化学教师奠定了基础。但在理论与实践的融合、指导教师队伍建设和安全保障措施等方面需要进一步思考。     

线上线下化学教育实习模式探索

为了提高化学教育实习的质量，根据我校化学教育实习实际情况，探索出线上线下化学教育实习模式。线上和线下化学教育实习有机结合，在强化实习生教学基本功锻炼的同时，注重专业知识的学习和专业技能的规范化，以及改进实习成绩的考核和评定，从而有效地提高了化学师范生的教学实践能力和创新能力，我院化学教育实习实现进一步规范化、稳定化，并可为其他专业教育实习提供有价值的参考。     

提高化学师范学生实践与创新能力的实践探索

师范生教育实践和创新能力是教师培养的薄弱环节,为此,西北师范大学化学化工学院通过实施教师教育能力和科研创新能力提升计划等举措,着重加强对学生教学实践和创新能力的培养,主要采用实践环节教学与中学教学实际相结合、专业学习与科研创新有效结合等方法,有效提高了化学师范生的实践与创新能力。     

师范生顶岗实习对中学化学教学影响的调查

师范生顶岗实习是高等师范院校教育教学改革的重要举措,对促进师范生成长起着重要作用。通过对中学领导、教师、学生与师范生在教育顶岗实习过程中出现的各种情况进行调查,分析当前教育顶岗实习的实施对师生化学教学产生的影响,针对存在的问题,提出相应的建议。     

化学教学论课程实施中化学师范生教育教学能力的形成机理*

基于《中学教育专业师范生教师职业能力标准》提炼了师范生教育教学能力体系,体系涵盖了师德践行能力、实践教学能力、综合育人能力和专业发展能力等4项能力及对应的10方面能力要素。以化学教学论课程为例,分析了其章节内容与4项能力的对应关系,探讨了课程实施中化学师范生教育教学能力形成的机理和途径。化学师范生4项能力的形成机理各有特点,需要师范生和教师积极互动。     

基于扎根理论的化学师范生顶岗实习实践性知识发展研究

基于扎根理论，从顶岗实习的视角，运用质的研究方法，对化学专业师范生顶岗实习过程中实践性知识的发展路径及阶段性特征获得以下理性认识：（1）顶岗实习过程中化学专业师范生实践性知识发展的路径主要有：理论与实践的冲突与融合，个人经验的积累与建构，他人经验的参考与借鉴，活动参与的反思与提升，团队智慧的碰撞与交流，实习环境的熏陶与促动。（2）顶岗实习过程中化学专业师范生实践性知识发展呈现一定的阶段性特征：顶岗实习前期，化学专业师范生实践性知识的发展具有较为明显的个体性、理想性、冲突性、借鉴性特征；顶岗实习后期，化学专业师范生实践性知识的发展则具有较为明显的针对性、融合性、迁移性和验证性特征。基于研究结论提出关于师范生实践性知识生成与发展的几点建议。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。