SCALING EXPONENTS IN FULLY DEVELOPED ASYMMETRIC CHANNEL FLOW

IntroductionDuetotheimportanceofglobalandlocalscalingexponents,theyattractmanyturbulentresearchersduringthepasttwentiesyears.Butresultsobtaineduptonowaremainlyonisotropicturbulence ,bothinexperimentsandnumericsimulations[1].Itisfoundthatξpisnonlinearfunc…     

小波分析在复合材料层合结构损伤检测中的应用

利用小波变换技术，研究了含裂纹悬臂复合材料层合结构的损伤振动检测问题。用小波分析技术分解完好板与损伤板在方波信号激励下的动力响应信号，得到一系列子信号，并从中提取出结构损伤信息一响应信号能量谱，作为损伤特征参数。     

An application of the wavelet analysis technique for the objective discrimination of two-phase flow patterns

This paper presents an application of the wavelet analysis technique for two-phase flow pattern identification by using the void fraction signals obtained from a multi-channel Impedance Void Meter (IVM) in a vertical-upward air–water flow. A new method for the objective discrimination of the two-phase flow pattern has been developed to provide information regarding the local energy of void fraction signals at a given scale on the joint time–frequency diagram. The void signals are processed with Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) to get the local wavelet energy coefficients map on the time–frequency diagram. The effective local wavelet energy and the effective scale are then calculated. Then the criteria for flow pattern identification are, finally, obtained. A series of void fraction measurements were conducted over a wide range of air–water vertical-upward flow condition to provide an extensive database to cover several types of flow patterns. The results show that the proposed method has a high precision for characterizing different flow regimes in two-phase flow, and is considerably more promising for the online recognition of two-phase flow patterns due to the short time of data processing.     

任意斜裂纹转子的耦合振动研究

对包含不同类型裂纹(横裂纹、横-斜裂纹以及任意斜裂纹)的转子的耦合振动进行研究,以揭示裂纹转子在不同方向上刚度参数的变化规律及其交叉耦合机理,特别是由此引发的振动特征.对于包含不同类型裂纹的转子轴段,采用六自由度Timoshenko梁单元模型对其进行单元建模,并基于应变能理论推导计算柔度参数和刚度矩阵.在此基础上,采用纽马克-β数值算法求解裂纹转子的运动方程,获得裂纹转子在单故障或多故障激励(不平衡激励、扭转激励或不平衡激励加扭转激励)作用下的耦合振动响应,进而分析耦合振动谱特征.与横裂纹和横-斜裂纹相比,任意斜裂纹使转子刚度矩阵的交叉耦合效应更显著,导致转子发生更强烈的弯-扭耦合甚至是纵-弯-扭耦合振动.无论是在不平衡激励还是扭转激励作用下,弯曲振动与扭转振动幅度都更大.而且,包含不同类型裂纹的转子的耦合振动特征频率,例如旋转基频与二倍频、扭转激励频率及其边带成分的幅值,对裂纹面方向角具有不同的敏感性.所得的这些研究结果,可以为转子裂纹的特征参数辨识与诊断提供理论依据.     

On the continuous wavelet transforms applied to discrete vibrational data for detecting open cracks in damaged beams

This paper deals with the detection of open cracks in beam structures that undergo transverse vibrations. The investigation is aimed at detecting the location of open cracks in damaged beams by minimizing measurement data and baseline information of the structure. The study is carried out by using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). The application of this recent, but advanced, mathematical tool is initially presented through a theoretical background, which is believed to be valuable for bridging the gap between the CWT and previous existing techniques. It is shown how the possibility to efficiently identify localized damages by CWT comes up from the intrinsic capability of the wavelets to collect several mathematical tools in only one mathematical aspect: derivatives, convolution and appropriate smoothing of data are translated into the CWT. Simulations show how the redundancy of the CWT in the functional space is able to efficiently identify locations of open cracks in the presence of noisy or clean data. Indeed, the possibility to approach the problem by using different families of wavelets, for several available scales, allows a successful application of the characteristic microscopy of the wavelets. The technique may be promisingly applied to discrete vibrational data.     

A novel method for slant crack detection in rotors based on turning in two directions

This paper presents a novel way to detect fatigue slant cracks in rotors based on theoretical discussion. Hence, the dynamic behaviour of a Jeffcott rotor system with a mid-span slant crack under arbitrary crack orientations is studied. First, using concepts of fracture mechanics, the flexibility matrix and subsequently the system’s stiffness matrix are calculated. A symmetric relation for a global stiffness matrix is presented and proved. Next, the motion equations of the system that are obtained in four directions, two transverse, one torsional and one longitudinal, are solved using the Runge–Kutta numerical method. The characteristics of crack orientations for angles greater than 90° (transverse crack) are investigated in detail and their influence on the elements of the crack compliance matrix is presented. Also, slant crack characteristics with complementary angles are compared to each other. It is shown that the difference between cracked systems with complementary angles is only in 3rd row (3rd column) of the crack compliance matrix, and also it is shown that due to the presence of a slant crack, the system responses in forward and backward motion are different. Using the frequency responses of the shaft obtained, a technique to detect the existence of slant cracks on the shaft was proposed. This novel method is a simple way that can be used for slant crack detection in rotors.     

Detection of a slant crack in a rotor bearing system during shut-down

Abstract

The transient response of a slant-cracked rotor system during shut-down has been analyzed while it is decelerating through the critical speed. Vibration response has been simulated by using finite element method (FEM) for flexural vibrations. An unbalance force and a harmonically-varying torque is applied on the rotor system. Subharmonic frequency components at an interval frequency corresponding to torsional frequency were found in the frequency domain (Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) plot). These peaks are centered on the critical speed of the rotor system when a slant crack is present and can be used to detect the crack. The fundamental mode shapes of the rotor bearing systems are wavelet transformed to identify the crack location. A peak is observed at the crack location in the spatial variation of the wavelet-transformed fundamental mode shape. A few suggestions for the detection of slant cracks in the rotor during shut-down are described.     

A non-linear study of a cracked rotor

The influence of the presence of transverse cracks in a rotating shaft is analyzed. The paper addresses the influence of crack opening and closing on dynamic response during operation. The evolution of the orbit of the cracked rotor near half and one-third of the first critical speed is investigated. The dynamic response of the rotor with a breathing crack is evaluated by expanding the changing stiffness of the crack as a truncated Fourier series and then using the Harmonic Balance Method. This method is applied to compute various parametric studies including the effects of the crack depth and location on the dynamic of a crack rotor. The evolution of the first critical speed, associated amplitudes at the critical speed and half of the critical speed, and the resulting orbits during transient operation are presented and some distinguishing features of a cracked rotor are examined.     

Identification of multiple open and fatigue cracks in beam-like structures using wavelets on deflection signals

A novel method for damage detection of multi-cracked beam-like structures by analyzing the static deflection is presented. The damage incurred produces a change in the stiffness of the beam. This causes a localized singularity which can be identified by a wavelet analysis of the displacement response. The existence and location of the cracks can be revealed by positions of the peaks in the continuous wavelet transform (CWT). To achieve this, the static profile of beams is analyzed with Gauss2 wavelet to identify the cracks. Beams under some ideal boundary and prescribed load conditions are considered. The deflected shape of the beam with open and fatigue cracks has been simulated under static loading using lumped crack models adopted from fracture mechanics and involving various degrees of complexity. The deflection of cracked beam in closed form for several cases of loads, crack sizes, and crack locations is calculated, and an explicit expression for the damage index (DI), based on CWT, is developed; it is demonstrated that the proposed damage index does not depend on mechanical properties of a homogeneous beam, and that the DI of one crack does not depend on the size and location of other cracks in a multiple cracked beam. Hence, the obtained expression for the DI can be used to find the size of each crack independently. Numerical results show that the method can detect cracks of small depth and is also applicable under the presence of measurement noise.     

Parametric instability of a Jeffcott rotor with rotationally asymmetric inertia and transverse crack

Both the rotationally asymmetric inertia and transverse crack frequently appear in the rotor system. The parametric excitations induced by this two features cause instability and severe vibration under certain operating conditions. Thus, the parametric instability of a Jeffcott rotor with asymmetric disk and open transverse crack is studied analytically. The vibration equations of four degrees-of-freedom of the system are established, and the stiffness coefficients of cracked rotor shaft are derived based upon the compliance method and strain energy release rate method. Then, utilizing the harmonic balance method and Taylor expansion technique, the unstable widths of simple and combination instability regions (SIR and CIR) are solved approximately. For a practical rotor system, the approximate unstable widths are verified by the Floquet numerical analysis. The effects of crack depth and position upon the unstable widths are discussed, and the conditions for zero unstable points (ZUPs) are given: Besides the asymmetric angle should be π/2 (for SIR) or 0 (for CIR), the relationships between the inertia asymmetry and crack parameters (depth and position) are also presented analytically. These results would be useful for crack detection and instability control of the asymmetric rotor-bearing system.     

滑动轴承-转子系统非线性裂纹故障特征及其实验研究

由于材料缺陷以及疲劳运转等多种因素，轴承-转子系统常出现轴上裂纹故障，进一步发展会产生断轴巨大事故。本文考虑滑动轴承支承的单盘转子系统，分析轴上裂纹对系统振动特性的影响，并采用谐波小波变换技术分析实验结果，结果表明在充分考虑支承条件的基础上，裂纹的存在不仅在频域上出现了亚频、超频的频率分量，在时域上也有明显的奇异现象。说明谐波小波变换作为时域分析的有力工具，可以用于滑动轴承-转子系统裂纹故障的早期诊断。     

Stress state characterization of delamination cracks in [0/90] symmetric laminates by BEM

The presence in a laminate of plies oriented at 90° with respect to the preferred direction of load generates almost immediately the appearance in these plies of cracks transverse to the load (parallel to the fibres in the lamina). These cracks reach the interface with the neighbouring ply, which in this paper will be considered oriented 0° with respect to the direction of the load. This may cause the bifurcation of the crack, which now appears propagating as a delamination crack between the two plies. The objective of this study is to characterize the stress state at the tip of both, the transverse crack in the 90° ply reaching the interface with the 0° ply, and the delamination crack for different lengths of the debonding. The analysis is performed by means of the Boundary Element Method allowing contact, without or with friction, to take place between the faces of the crack. The plies are considered as equivalent homogeneous bodies under a generalized plane strain state. The results are compared with those predicted by the open and contact models of Interfacial Fracture Mechanics. Accurate knowledge of the stress state at the neighbourhood of the tips of the cracks studied is necessary to generate failure criteria based on Fracture Mechanics parameters to predict the appearance and growth of the type of damage described.     

Fourier and wavelet analyses for fatigue assessment of concrete beams

We investigate damage detection in a simply-supported pre-stressed beam. A crack was propagated by fatigue loads, which were applied up to two million cycles. Both fast Fourier transform (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) are used in the analysis of the structural response to impulse loads. The acceleration response of the full-scale beam was measured each time a certain number of cycles of fatigue loads were applied. The results of this study show that both methods can clearly identify the crack growth induced by fatigue loads. The natural frequencies found by FFT are sensitive to the crack progression. The results from the CWT analysis show a clear difference in structural responses between the initial and damaged states of the structure. The response accelerations are de-noised by a soft-thresholding method before they are analyzed by CWT. In addition to the frequency components, the CWT shows the moment in time when particular frequencies occur. Therefore, wavelet analysis has the potential of becoming an effective tool for damage detection and health monitoring of structures for which the natural frequencies are irregularly changing. As the crack grows, the magnitude of ridges obtained by CWT analysis decreases significantly, which indicates the reduction in structural stiffness.     

转子裂纹识别仿真研究中的小波时频分析方法

谐波共振是识别转子裂纹的重要依据，但由于转子裂纹的弱激励、非线性、非平称稳等特性，导致利用传统信号处理方法不能准确有效地获取系统的谐波共振特性，从而难于识别出裂纹；小波时频分析方法是处理非线性、非平稳信号的强有力工具，将小波时频分析方法引入到裂纹识别的仿真研究中，基于建立的裂纹转子动力学模型，分析了利用小波时频分析方法识别裂纹的可行性。偏心激励转子裂纹故障识别的仿真研究表明了该方法的有效性。     

Effects of a crack on the stability of a non-linear rotor system

The stability of a rotor system presenting a transverse breathing crack is studied by considering the effects of crack depth, crack location and the shaft's rotational speed. The harmonic balance method, in combination with a path-following continuation procedure, is used to calculate the periodic response of a non-linear model of a cracked rotor system. The stability of the rotor's periodic movements is studied in the frequency domain by introducing the effects of a perturbation on the periodic solution for the cracked rotor system.It is shown that the areas of instability increase considerably when the crack deepens, and that the crack's position and depth are the main factors affecting not only the non-linear behaviour of the rotor system but also the different zones of dynamic instability in the periodic solution for the cracked rotor. The effects of some other system parameters (including the disk position and the stiffness of the supports) on the dynamic stability of the non-linear periodic response of the cracked rotor system are also investigated.     

温度影响下基于应力波的钛合金试件疲劳裂纹监测实验研究

本文对温度影响下应用应力波监测钛合金CT试件中的疲劳裂纹进行了研究。建立了由MTS材料试验机和温控箱组成的实验装置,模拟温度变化对应力波在钛合金试件中传播的影响。采用PZT压电元件分别在试件中激励和接收应力波信号。通过连续小波分析,提取应力波信号的多种特征用于表征疲劳裂纹的发生与发展,并对信号特征进行了统计分析。为在温度变化下监测钛合金试件中的疲劳裂纹,对信号特征进行多元偏值分析,采用马氏平方距离融合多个信号特征,在概率统计意义下确定钛合金试件中是否存在疲劳裂纹。实验结果表明了所提出方法的可行性和有效性。     

Experimental investigation on the propagation of fatigue cracks emanating from sharp notches

The effect of notch geometry on the propagation of fatigue cracks emanating from sharp V-shaped notches is investigated by means of an experimental campaign performed on Al-7075-T651 specimens carrying notches with opening angles of 45°, 90°, and 135°. The samples were tested using a servohydraulic machine under different loading directions and at several loading levels. The crack deflection induced by the variation in loading direction was determined my measuring the kinking angle and by studying the crack propagation plane through fractographic analysis. A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach was adopted for the analysis of experimental results. Stress intensity factors were calculated using an appropriate weight function set up for studying inclined edge cracks emanating from sharp V-notches. The influence of K _II on the crack propagation was discussed on the basis of theoretical and semi empirical models.     

Coupled torsional and bending vibrations of a rotor with an open crack

Summary The influence of transverse cracks on the coupled torsional and bending vibrations of a rotor is presented in this study. A fragment of the shaft of constant cross-section with a crack is modelled by means of a beam finite element. A procedure to calculate the stiffness coefficients in cross-sections weakned by cracks is given. The crack is considered to be open. The stiffness matrix for the above mentioned element is given. The method is illustrated by an example.

---

Über gekoppelte Dreh- und Biegeschwingungen eines Rotors mit offenem Riß

Übersicht Der Einfluß von transversalen Rissen auf die gekoppelte Dreh- und Biegeschwingungen eines Rotors wird vorgestellt. Der Abschnitt einer Welle von konstantem Querschnitt mit Riß wird mit Hilfe der Finite-Element-Methode modelliert. Ein Rechenverfahren zur Bestimmung der Torsions- und Biegesteifigkeitskoeffizienten in durch den Riß geschwächten Querschnitten wird angegeben. Dabei wird der Spalt als offen betrachtet. Eine Steifigkeitsmatrix für das erwähnte Element wird aufgestellt. Die Methode wird mit einem Beispiel veranschaulicht.

     

Identification of an open crack in a beam using an a posteriori error estimator of the frequency response functions with noisy measurements

This paper presents a robust damage assessment technique for the nondestructive detection and size estimation of open cracks in beams. The damage detection, based on the constitutive relation error updating method, is used for the identification of the crack's location and size in a simply-supported beam. The transverse open crack is modeled through the introduction of the flexibility due to the presence of the crack, i.e. by reducing the second moment of area of the element at the crack's location.This identification algorithm is illustrated through numerical examples involving different positions and sizes of a transverse open crack. We show that the detection of damage and the identification of the crack's size and position can be achieved with satisfactory precision, even if 20% noise has been added to the simulations and less than 5% of all displacements have been measured.     

Environmentally assisted initiation and growth of multiple surface cracks

The initial stages of stress corrosion on an amorphous polymer is investigated. This is done by exposing stressed specimens of polycarbonate to an acetone and water solution. The surface develops two distinct features of degradation that appear on different length scales when subjected to tensile stress. Small pits form on the surface and make it rough. These pits are in the order of micrometers, and are found to be randomly distributed. They occur even without load and seem to slightly increase in number with increasing stress. In the millimeter domain, visible to the bare eye, surface cracks are formed transverse to the direction of loading. The occurrence of cracks is seen to have a positive stress threshold value, exceeding which, a linear increase of number of cracks with stress is found. The manners in which the cracks grow and coalesce on the surface are examined. It is seen that they do not meet crack tip to crack tip. Instead, they avoid each other initially and coalesce crack tip to crack side. The results are discussed in the light of mechanical considerations. A stress analysis for a few configurations of meeting cracks supports the experimental observations. With assumptions of stress corrosion crack growth and coalescence, a simulation of cracks growing from randomly distributed initiation sites is performed. Similar crack patterns as obtained in the experiments are found.