Study of repetitive plasma opening switch generator technology

Repetitive plasma opening switch (POS) research for X-ray and electron beam generators for commercial applications is reviewed. This research was started on the RS-20 generator in 1991 with submicrosecond conduction times, 100 kA currents, and MV voltages. In the experiments wall-plug to electron beam production efficiency was increased from 10-50%. Maximum voltage obtained at POS was 3 MV starting from 0.8 MV at the Marx generator. POS operation was improved using an applied external magnetic field for the opening phase. Diode current and total generator efficiency were increased by combining the POS and diode system in one technology unit. For the opening phase of the high-impedance, repetitive POS, a set of conditions based on early POS experiments in the Kurchatov Institute were proposed. Repetitive POS generators have obtained peak X-ray dose rates of 1 MGy/s and electron dose rates of 10 GGy/s. This may be important for applications as pulsed irradiation may cause more efficient sterilization at lower doses. An X-ray generator based on repetitive POS technology at 5 MV and 200 kW in the electron beam is proposed     

椭圆高斯光束产生近似无衍射Bessel-Gauss光

研究了轴棱锥聚焦像散椭圆高斯光束的光场分布特性,根据菲涅耳衍射积分理论导出了椭圆高斯光束经轴棱锥衍射后的光场分布,通过数值积分给出椭圆高斯光束经轴棱锥聚焦后的近轴光场强度分布情况,将其与圆高斯光束产生的近似Bessel-Gauss场进行比较,发现椭圆高斯光束经轴棱锥聚焦后的光束在一定的传播距离内也具有无衍射特性,且轴上光强分布与圆高斯光束产生的Bessel-Gauss光束的轴上光强分布具有相似的形式,而这种无衍射光场的强度在垂直于光轴的平面上不再是柱对称分布。根据近轴球面波产生近似Bessel光束的最大无衍射距离公式计算了椭圆Bessel-Gauss光束在子午面和弧矢面上的最大无衍射距离,整个光束的无衍射距离由入射到轴棱锥上的椭圆光斑短轴方向的尺寸决定。     

A New Scheme for High‐Intensity Laser‐Driven Electron Acceleration in a Plasma

We propose a new approach to high‐intensity relativistic laser‐driven electron acceleration in a plasma. Here, we demonstrate that a plasma wave generated by a stimulated forward‐scattering of an incident laser pulse can be in the longest acceleration phase with injected relativistic beam electrons. This is why the plasma wave has the maximum amplification coefficient which is determined by the acceleration time and the breakdown (overturn) electric field in which the acceleration of the injected beam electrons occurs. We must note that for the longest acceleration phase the relativity of the injected beam electrons plays a crucial role in our scheme. We estimate qualitatively the acceleration parameters of relativistic electrons in the field of a plasma wave generated at the stimulated forward‐scattering of a high‐intensity laser pulse in a plasma. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

220 GHz均匀永磁聚焦行波管电子光学系统的设计与实验研究

电子光学系统是行波管的核心部件之一,在太赫兹频段,电子束通道很小,导致高电流密度电子束的传输非常困难。基于220 GHz折叠波导行波管慢波结构设计所需束流参数,根据理论分析和电磁仿真软件,设计了一款采用均匀永磁聚焦对电子束进行约束的电子光学系统。仿真结果显示,当电子束通道直径0.3 mm、长度31 mm时,在阴阳极压差20 kV的条件下阴极发射电流141 mA,电子流通率100%。根据设计结果封接了流通管,实验结果显示,当阴阳极压差20 kV时,阴极发射电流138.5 mA,收集极电流125.5 mA,电子流通率91%。     

Experimental determination of the fracture time of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene behind the shock wave excited by a high-current pulsed electron beam

The time ranges of the fracture of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene during the action of a shock wave generated by a high-current pulsed electron beam are experimentally determined using laser probing in combination with electron-optical chronography. It is shown that fractures occur during unloading of a material, i.e., after the passage of the shock wave. Although the characters of fracture of these polymers near the surface irradiated by electron beam are different, the fracture wave velocities in them are found to be close.     

Optimization of focusing of linearly polarized light

We show that, by adding a π-phase shift to one-half of a linearly polarized beam, the roles of the transversal and longitudinal field components of the focused beam are interchanged, resulting in better focusing of the longitudinal component in the direction perpendicular to the phase jump line. For this component the scheme produces a spot with FWHM >15% smaller than a spot generated with either linearly or radially polarized light for any NA. The scheme has a similar advantage when applied to circularly polarized light, and it holds for both a plane wave and a realistic case of a Gaussian incident beam. This technique may find applications when using recording media responsive to the longitudinal field only, particularly in read/write for optical storage where the resolution in one transverse dimension is most important.     

Generation of a quasimonoenergetic electron beam using a single laser pulse

The results of experiments are presented for a single laser pulse interaction with a very low density gas target under conditions when the generated wake wave is below the wave-breaking threshold and the laser pulse power is lower than the critical power for relativistic self-focusing. A quasimonoenergetic electron beam is found to be stably generated for various laser pulse intensity values by controlling the acceleration length.     

毫米波静电聚焦行波管电子光学系统的设计

介绍了静电聚焦方式在毫米波行波管中的独特优势,分析了周期静电聚焦场的建立方法。基于某Ka波段行波管,首先根据指标要求设计了强流电子枪并选择类梳齿状结构作为其慢波电路,然后对电子枪和类梳齿状慢波电路组成的电子光学系统进行了模拟计算,最后对慢波电路的关键尺寸进行了容差分析。结果显示,在周期静电场的作用下,电子注全部平稳地通过了慢波系统。良好的静态通过率为后续高效率的注-波互作用奠定了基础,证明了利用静电场聚焦毫米波行波管中大电流密度电子注的可行性。     

新型棱镜产生近似无衍射线结构光

为了改善三角棱镜系统产生近似无衍射线结构光的能量均匀分布在若干条光斑上,不适合直接应用于三维表面测量且中心光斑对能量利用率较低的问题,提出了一种新型光学元件.该元件在三角棱镜的基础上,通过在其底部胶合一个与原三角棱镜底面大小相等,横截面为等腰梯形的凸台制成.采用几何光学的理论对新型光学元件的光束变换特性进行分析,结果表明其可以等效为两个不同底角三角棱镜的组合,平面光束通过新型光学元件后将产生中心光斑较强的近似无衍射线结构光.由衍射积分理论分析和模拟了新型光学元件后的空间光强分布特性.仿真的结果表明,衍射积分分析的结果与几何光学分析的结果是一致的:新型光学元件可以产生一种性能更好的近似无衍射线结构光.并且通过改变棱镜的结构参量,能够方便地调节光束的中心光斑尺寸、近似无衍射范围等参量.     

基于同步多曲面法的发光二极管机器视觉照明设计

为了改善三角棱镜系统产生近似无衍射线结构光的能量均匀分布在若干条光斑上,不适合直接应用于三维表面测量且中心光斑对能量利用率较低的问题,提出了一种新型光学元件.该元件在三角棱镜的基础上,通过在其底部胶合一个与原三角棱镜底面大小相等,横截面为等腰梯形的凸台制成.采用几何光学的理论对新型光学元件的光束变换特性进行分析,结果表明其可以等效为两个不同底角三角棱镜的组合,平面光束通过新型光学元件后将产生中心光斑较强的近似无衍射线结构光.由衍射积分理论分析和模拟了新型光学元件后的空间光强分布特性.仿真的结果表明,衍射积分分析的结果与几何光学分析的结果是一致的:新型光学元件可以产生一种性能更好的近似无衍射线结构光.并且通过改变棱镜的结构参量,能够方便地调节光束的中心光斑尺寸、近似无衍射范围等参量.     

高功率孪生光束的产生与测量

讨论了一种用于运行于阈值以上的光学参量振荡器所产生的高功率孪生光束的测量方案。理论上讨论了分束器在高功率强度噪声测量中的作用,证明了分束器的引入并不影响强度量子关联的测量。并在实验上给出了高功率孪生光束的测量结果。     

Electrostatic guiding of cold polar molecules on a chip

We propose a novel scheme to guide cold polar molecules on the surface of an insulating substrate (i.e. a chip) using an electrostatic field generated by the combination of a pair of parallel charged wires and a grounded metal plate. The spatial distributions of the electric fields from the above charged-wire layout and their Stark potentials for cold CO molecules and dipole forces are calculated, and the relationships between the electric field and the geometric parameters of our charged-wire system are analyzed. Our study shows that our charged-wire scheme can be used to guide cold polar molecules in the weak-field-seeking state, and to construct various molecular optical elements, such as a molecular funnel, a molecular beam splitter and a molecular interferometer and so on, to form various integrated molecular optical elements and their molecular chips, and even to generate a continuous wave (CW) cold molecular beam by using a low-pass energy filter based on bent two-wire guiding.     

Study on current density distribution of electron beam spots by wave optics theory

The image theory of wave electron optics is used to study the current density distribution of electron beam spots for high-resolution electron optical systems. Using the wave aberration concept and paraxial expansion of charge density, the space charge effect is taken into consideration by modification of paraxial rays and spherical aberration coefficient of the lens. The point spreading function is obtained by Fourier-Bessel transform of the optical transfer function considering the space charge and partial coherence of the electron source.     

Development of a 2 MW relativistic backward wave oscillator

In this paper, a high power relativistic backward wave oscillator (BWO) experiment is reported. A 230 keV, 2 kA, 150 ns relativistic electron beam is generated using a Marx generator. The beam is then injected into a hollow rippled wall metallic cylindrical tube that forms a slow wave structure. The beam is guided using an axial pulsed magnetic field having a peak value 1 T and duration 1 ms. The field is generated by the discharge of a capacitor bank into a solenoidal coil. A synchronization circuit ensures the generation of the electron beam at the instant when the axial magnetic field attains its peak value. The beam interacts with the SWS modes and generates microwaves due to Cherenkov interaction. Estimated power of 2 MW in TM₀₁ mode is observed.      

On a modified projection scheme of the least-squares method for the modeling of the distribution of minority charge carriers generated by an electron beam in a homogeneous semiconductor material

A modified projection scheme of the least-squares method is considered for modeling of the distribution of minority charge carriers generated by an electron beam in a homogeneous semiconductor material. The order estimate is given, and the condition for the computational stability of the proposed modified projection scheme is obtained in the form of the limiting relation.     

Excitation of microwave by an annular electron beam in a plasma-filled dielectric lined waveguide

An axial relativistic electron beam passing through a slow wave structure is unstable to an electromagnetic perturbation whose phase velocity equals the velocity of the beam. This phenomenon of Cherenkov emission is the basis of all traveling wave tubes. In this paper an excitation of Cherenkov radiation by a thin annular relativistic electron beam in a plasma-filled dielectric-lined waveguide is analysed by use of the self-consistent linear theory. The effect of the thin annular electron beam on the beam-wave interaction is completely described by a jump condition. The dispersion equation and the simultaneous condition of the beam-wave interaction are derived. Finally, the growth rate of the wave is obtained, and the effect of the background plasma density and the electron beam radius on the growth rate of the wave are presented.This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

利用超快电子探针诊断受激拉曼散射静电波的数值模拟

利用二维粒子模拟程序EPOCH验证了超快电子束探针诊断受激拉曼散射产生的静电波的可行性。结果表明,电子束探针穿过静电波电场后会在电子束探针的横向上产生密度调制,密度调制呈周期性分布且沿静电波的传播方向移动,密度调制的波数对应静电波的波数且移动速度对应静电波的相速度,因此特定条件下可用于反推电子的温度、密度等信息。在诊断静电波的过程中,电子束探针的束长必须小于静电波的波长或者诊断设备的曝光时间必须小于静电波的周期。本研究提供了一种新型的直接诊断静电波和电子温度、密度的方法,对于推动受激拉曼散射等激光等离子体不稳定性的实验研究具有重要意义。     

Linear optical implementation of optimal unambiguous discrimination among quantum states

In this paper, we present a linear optical scheme for optimal unambiguous discrimination among nonorthogonal quantum states in terms of the multiple-rail and polarization representation of a single photon. In our scheme, discriminated quantum states are expressed by using the spatial degree of freedom of a single photon while the polarization degree of freedom of the single photon is used to act as an auxiliary qubit. The optical components used in our scheme are only passive linear optical elements such as polarizing beam splitters, wave plates, polarizers, single photon detectors, and single photon source.     

Laser Self-Trapping for the Plasma Fiber Accelerator

A short-pulsed intense laser is injected into an underdense plasma to sustain a self-trapped photon channel. With either high-enough intensity or strong-enough focusing the optical beam causes total electron evacuation on the beam axis. Under appropriate conditions this laser and plasma fiber system can provide a slow wave structure of the electromagnetic wave that is suitable for high-energy acceleration.     

基于轴棱锥产生近似无衍射Mathieu光束的新方法

提出了一种基于轴棱锥产生零阶近似无衍射Mathieu光束的新方法,利用轴棱锥聚焦具有椭圆高斯振幅调制的平面波,得到近似零阶无衍射Mathieu光束.根据椭圆高斯平面波经轴棱锥衍射的衍射积分公式,对光强分布进行了数值模拟,依据几何光学模型计算了近似无衍射Mathieu光束的最大无衍射距离,并设计了实验对理论模拟的结果进行了验证.实验采用柱透镜和准直扩束系统变换圆高斯光束产生具有椭圆高斯振幅调制的平面波,用轴棱锥聚焦该平面波后得到近似无衍射Mathieu光束,实验结果与理论模拟和计算相符.