Identification of the 1,3,2,4-Dithiadiazolyl RCNSNS(*) Radical Dimers in Solution, Their Dimeric Concerted Photochemically Symmetry-Allowed Rearrangement to 1,2,3,5-Dithiadiazolyl RCNSSN(*) by the Net Exchange of Adjacent Cyclic Sulfur and Nitrogen Atoms, and the Photolysis of RCNSNS(*)

The 1,3,2,4-dithiadiazolyl RCNSNS(*) radicals undergo an unprecedented concerted rearrangement to the thermodynamically more stable 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl RCNSSN(*) radicals by the net exchange of adjacent cyclic sulfur and nitrogen atoms. The UV-visible spectra of RCNSNS(*) (R = Ph, p-O(2)NC(6)H(4), 3,5-(O(2)N)(2)C(6)H(3), CF(3)) in solution show bands at 250 nm (strong) and 680 nm (very weak) attributable to monomer and two dimer bands at 376 and 480 nm, the positions of which are independent of the substituents, providing direct identification of the radical dimers in solution. The dimerization equilibrium constant (K(298) approximately 0.7 for R = Ph) at room temperature was derived from the enthalpy and entropy changes for the dimerization of PhCNSNS(*) (DeltaH(d) degrees = -19.0 kJ/mol, DeltaS degrees = -66.5 J/mol) estimated by a variable-temperature ESR spectroscopic study. In addition, RCNSNS(*) (R = Bu(t), Ph) undergo an apparent unimolecular photolysis to RCN and possibly SNS(*) (analogue of ONO(*)). The photochemical rearrangement and dissociation (for R = Ph and 3,5-(O(2)N)(2)C(6)H(3)) were shown to proceed by irradiation of the radical dimer (376 and 480 nm) and monomer (250 nm), respectively. Thus, the radical rearrangement reasonably occurs via a concerted dimeric pathway shown by molecular orbital calculations (CNDO) to be photochemically symmetry-allowed. In addition, we propose that the radical dissociation proceeds via a concerted unimolecular photochemically symmetry-allowed process.     

On Theoretical Treatments of Electronic Excitation Energy Transfer

In this paper, we review the generalized Forster-Dexter theory to treat photoinduced electronic energy transfer for a system in dense media and for an isolated system (i.e., a system in the collision-free condition). Instead of expressing the rate of energy transfer in terms of spectral overlap, the expression of the energy-transfer rate constant is obtained by evaluating a Fourier integral involved in the energy transfer rate constant using the saddle-point method. In this way, the energy-gap dependence, and the effect of temperature and the isotope effect on the energy transfer can be easily studied. The effect of bridge groups connecting between donor and acceptor chromophores on the intramolecular energy transfer is also studied.     

N－乙基吩噻嗪及其自由基正离子的结构和电子光谱的理论研究

用ＩＮＤＯ系列方法对Ｎ－乙基吩噻嗪及其自由基正离子进行了几何构型优化，得到中性分子为蝶状折叠形，自由基正离子为平面构型。以优化构型为基础计算其电荷密度、自旋密度、键序和电子光谱。对光谱进行理论指认并讨论了从中性分子到离子谱带红移的原因。理论计算结果均与实验结果一致。     

Cyclobutene-1,2-diones. A Theoretical and Spectroscopic Study

The properties of substituted cyclobutene-1,2-diones 1 are examined by the use of (17)O NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations and compared to those of cyclopropenones 2 and other models. Cyclobutene-1,2-diones have less negative charge per oxygen compared to cyclopropenones, and electron donation by substituents enhances the negative charge on oxygen. Calculated (17)O chemical shifts reproduce the measured trends. The dianions of squaric and deltic acids are highly stabilized by negative charge delocalization to the oxygens.     

1,3-二氮杂薁类衍生物电子结构和光谱性质的理论研究

对1,3-二氮杂薁类衍生物采用密度泛函理论(DFT)在B3LYP/6-31G(d)的水平上进行了几何构型的全优化, 在此基础上探讨了分子结构和前线分子轨道能量等性质的变化规律, 采用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)计算了分子的电子跃迁性质, 采用二维平面图和三维立体图来直观表示激发态的性质, 研究分子内电子转移特性. 跃迁密度矩阵的二维等高线图反映了电子-空穴相干性, 三维跃迁密度图反映了跃迁偶极矩的方向和强度, 三维电荷差异密度图说明了激发过程中分子内电子转移性质.     

NFCl自由基的理论研究

采用分子轨道从头计算方法,研究了ＮＦＣｌ自由基的基态（Ｘ＾２Ａ）和激发态（１＾２Ａ,２＾２Ａ’）,得到了它们的平衡构型和谐振频率,计算确认了第一激发态（１＾２Ａ）,研究表明第一激发态的平衡构型是弯曲构型,而非前人建议的线性构型,实验观察到的位于３００－４００ｎｍ的吸收谱带归属于１＾２Ａ←Ｘ＾２Ａ”跃迁。     

1,3-Thiazepines. 6. UV Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study of the Electronic Structures of 2-Aminotetrahydro- and 2-Iminotetrahydro-1,3-thiazepines

On the basis of studies of the electronic absorption spectra and quantum-chemical calculations of the energies and bond orders of a series of N-acetyl-N-aryl substituted 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-thiazepines and N-aryl substituted 2-iminohexahydro-1,3-thiazepines it has been concluded that the reason for the weak basicity of the ring nitrogen atom of the former is the acceptor properties of the amide carbonyl which obstructs the interaction of the unshared pair (USP) of this atom with the phenyl ring; in the case of the derivatives of hexahydroazepine the strengthening of the basic properties of the exocyclic nitrogen atom is associated with the conjugation of its USP with the -electrons of the benzene ring, which is strengthening by delocalisation of the USP of the sp³-hybridized ring nitrogen atom into the azomethine bond.     

乙烯基A2A″电子态的振转分析

通过193 nm光解丁烯酮分子产生乙烯基自由基(•C2H3). 经射流冷却后, 以另一束可调谐激光光解•C2H3, 生成的氢原子碎片经共振增强多光子电离(REMPI)过程, 记录氢离子信号随光解波长变化, 得到21180~21320 cm-1范围内乙烯基 A2A″(µ′5,6,8=1)←X2A′(µ″=0)跃迁的振转光谱. 结合量化计算和光谱拟合, 对该段光谱进行了细致的振转分析, 确定了各振动谱带位置, 识别了其中主要的转动跃迁. 由光谱拟合得到各振动能级的预解离寿命, 讨论了其与振动模式及激发转动量子数的依赖关系, 证实了理论预测的乙烯基A2A″电子态的面内解离机制.     

Quantum-Chemical Analysis of Electronic Excitation and Reactivity of Olefins and Dienes

Results obtained in studying the structure of olefin and diene molecules, and complexes of these, in the ground and lower excited states by RHF, ROHF, GVB/DN, and 6-31G^* quantum-chemical methods are presented. Attention is paid to the identity of the main structural and electronic parameters of triplet T ₁ and singlet S ₁ states forming a reactive fourfold spin-degenerate diradical equilibrium excited state (S·T)₁ having the lowest energy. A new mechanism of cyclodimerization of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene and anionic polymerization of dienes, involving the (S·T)₁ states, is suggested.     

On the Origin of the Methyl Radical Loss from Deprotonated Ferulic and Isoferulic Acids: Electronic Excitation of a Transient Structure

Formation of radical fragments from even-electron ions is an exception to the “even-electron rule”. In this work, ferulic acid (FA) and isoferulic acid (IFA) were used as the model compounds to probe the fragmentation mechanisms and the isomeric effects on homolytic cleavage. Elimination of methyl radical and CO₂ are the two competing reactions observed in the CID-MS of [FA – H]^? and [IFA – H]^?, of which losing methyl radical violates the “even-electron rule”. The relative intensity of their product ions is significantly different, and thereby the two isomeric compounds can be differentiated by tandem MS. Theoretical calculations indicate that both the singlet-triplet gap and the excitation energy decrease in the transient structures, as the breaking C–O bond is lengthened. The methyl radical elimination has been rationalized as the intramolecular electronic excitation of a transient structure with an elongating C–O bond. The potential energy diagrams, completed by the addition of the energy barrier of the radical elimination, have provided a reasonable explanation of the different CID-MS behaviors of [FA – H]^? and [IFA – H]^?.

Probing the Electronic Structure of Bacteriochlorophyll Radical Ions—A Theoretical Study of the Effect of Substituents on Hyperfine Parameters

In reaction centers (RCs) of photosynthesis, a light‐induced charge separation takes place creating radical cations and anions of the participating cofactors. In photosynthetic bacteria, different bacteriochlorophylls (BChl) are involved in this process. Information about the electronic structure of the BChl radical cations and anions can be obtained by measuring the electron spin density distribution via the electron–nuclear hyperfine interaction using EPR and ENDOR techniques. In this communication, we report isotropic hyperfine coupling constants (hfcs) of the BChl b and g radical cations and anions, calculated by density functional theory, and compare them with the more common radical ions of BChl a and with available experimental data. The observed differences in the computed hyperfine data are discussed in view of a possible distinction between these species by EPR/ENDOR methods. In addition, ¹⁴N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (nqcs) computed for BChl a, b, g, and also for Chl a in their charge neutral, radical cation and radical anion states are presented. These nqcs are compared with experimental values obtained by ESEEM spectroscopy on several different radical ions.     

推/拉电子取代基对PCBM结构及光谱性质影响的理论研究

应用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法计算[6,6]-苯基-C₆₁-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)及其苯环对位取代得到的4种衍生物的几何和电子结构. 采用第一激发能校正了分子的最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)能级, 探讨了推/拉电子基团对分子前线轨道的影响. 在全优化几何构型的基础上, 采用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)方法研究了电子吸收光谱特征和电荷转移态性质, 并讨论了推/拉电子基团对体系电子吸收光谱性质的影响. 通过对重组能和电子亲和势的计算, 预测了PCBM与4种衍生物的电子能力及电子迁移率大小的关系. 结果表明, 在PCBM中, 在苯环的对位引入推电子基团可以提高分子的前线轨道能级, 改变前线轨道电子云分布, 明显增强可见光范围内的吸收强度, 增加可见光范围内的电荷转移吸收, 且激发态的电荷转移随着引入基团推电子能力的增加而增强. 化合物5的激发态分子内电荷转移性质最强, 且具有较独特的光伏性质. 而在同样位置引入拉电子基团, 则降低了分子前线轨道能级对电子吸收光谱的影响.     

Thermal Electronic Excitation of Perfluoroolefins

The electronic structure of the known intermediates of perfluoroolefins was analyzed from the standpoint of thermal electronic excitations. The calculated (ab initioDZ) energies of the perpendicular triplet state T₁ of the perfluorolefins are compared with the experimental enthalpies of formation of the intermediates. A new mechanism of cyclodimerization of tetrafluoroethylene is proposed, including its thermal excitation into the lowest triplet state as the limiting stage.     

氧负离子与乙烯自由基反应的理论研究

在G3MP2B3理论水平下研究了氧负离子与乙烯自由基的反应机理. 反应入口势能面的刚性扫描显示: 对于不同的初始反应取向, 体系存在3种不同的反应机理, 分别对应直接脱水、插入反应和直接键合成中间体通道. 其中, 通过插入反应形成的富能中间体[CH2＝C—OH]－及键合中间体[CH2＝CHO]－都可以进一步经异构化和解离生成其它各种可能产物, 如C2H－＋H2O, OH－＋CH2C和 ＋CO产物通道. 基于计算得到的反应势垒的相对高度, 直接脱水反应显然是该反应体系最主要的产物通道, 同时我们还结合Mulliken电荷布居分析研究了其中涉及的电子交换过程. 由此, 计算结果证实了以往OH－与C2H2反应的实验研究结果. 此外, 还对比了该反应体系、氧原子与乙烯自由基、氧负离子与乙烯分子三个反应的不同机理.     

The Electronic Spectrum of the Fulvenallenyl Radical

The fulvenallenyl radical was produced in 6 K neon matrices after mass‐selective deposition of C₇H₅^? and C₇H₅⁺ generated from organic precursors in a hot cathode ion source. Absorption bands commencing at λ=401.3 nm were detected as a result of photodetachment of electrons from the deposited C₇H₅^? and also by neutralization of C₇H₅⁺ in the matrix. The absorption system is assigned to the 1 ²B₁←X ²B₁ transition of the fulvenallenyl radical on the basis of electronic excitation energies calculated with the MS‐CASPT2 method. The vibrational excitation bands detected in the spectrum concur with the structure of the fulvenallenyl radical. Employing DFT calculations, it is found that the fulvenallenyl anion and its radical are the global minima on the potential energy surface among plausible structures of C₇H₅.     

理论研究8-氮杂鸟嘌呤自由基阳离子脱质子反应

由于8-氮杂鸟嘌呤（8-AG）的氧化还原电势比鸟嘌呤（G）更低,所以单电子氧化嵌有8-AG的DNA后,空穴最终会被8-AG捕获形成8-氮杂鸟嘌呤自由基阳离子（8-AG^·+）.因为酸性的急剧增强,8-AG^·+一般会发生脱质子反应.在本工作中,在M06-2X/6-31+G（d）理论水平,使用显性水分子和连续溶剂化模型模拟8-AG^·+的溶剂化效应,对其脱亚氨基质子（N（1）-H）反应进行了研究.发现位于8-AG^·+中N（1）-H、O（6）、N（2）-H附近以及在O（6）水分子附近稍微远离8-AG^·+的4个水分子会对8-AG^·+脱质子反应产生重要影响,质子从8-AG^·+传递到溶液中具有方向性;最后,通过进一步在N（2）-H、N（3）、O（6）、N（7）和N（8）等位点附近添加水分子（9H₂O）得到了更加精确的8-AG^·+脱质子反应能垒（19.5 kJ/mol）.     

甲基自由基与硅甲基自由基结构与电子性质的比较

采用MP2/6-311+G**理论方法考察了甲基自由基和硅甲基自由基的结构和电子性质。结果表明,甲基自由基上的C和H分别带负电荷和正电荷,而硅甲基自由基上的Si和H分别带正电荷和负电荷。无论是甲基自由基还是硅甲基自由基,锥形结构的中心原子成键轨道的p轨道成分多于平面结构的p轨道成分;平面结构比锥形结构的中心原子更倾向于负电性化。甲基自由基的Laplacian电子密度值的符号为负,而硅甲基自由基的Laplacian电子密度值的符号为正。从而证实了Pauling关于电负性差异导致结构不同的论断。     

Theoretical Insights into Intermolecular Hydrogen-Bonding Strengthening in Fluorenone-Methanol Complexes Induced by Electronic Excitation and Bulk Solvent Effect

This work presents a theoretical insight into the variation of the site-specific intermolecular hydrogen-bonding （HB）, formed between C=O group of fluorenone （FN） and O-H groups of methanol （MeOL） molecules, induced by both the electronic excitation and the bulk solvent effect. Through the calculation of molecular ground- and excited-state properties, we not only demonstrate the characters of HB strengthening induced by electronic excitation and the bulk solvent effect but also reveal the underlying physical mechanism which leads to the HB variation. The strengthening of the intermolecular HB in electronically excited states and in liquid solution is characterized by the reduced HB bond-lengths and the red-shift IR spectra accompanied by the increasing intensities of IR absorption corresponding to the characteristic vibrational modes of the O-H and C--O stretching. The HB strengthening in the excited electronic states and in solution mainly arises from the charge redistribution of the FN molecule induced by the electronic excitation and bulk solvent instead of the intermolecular charge transfer. The charge redistribution of the solute molecule increases the partial dipole moment of FN molecule and the FN-MeOL intermolecular interaction, which subsequently leads to the HB strengthening. With the bulk solvent effect getting involved, the theoretical IR spectra of HBed FN-MeOL complexes agree much better with the experiments than those of gas-phase FN-MeOL dimer. All the calculations are carried out based on our developed analytical approaches for the first and second energy derivatives of excited electronic state within the time-dependent density functional theory.