Iodine Hydrolysis Equilibrium

The equilibrium constant for the hydrolytic disproportionation of I₂

Hydrolysis of cis- and trans-Diammineplatinum(II) Complexes: Hydration, Equilibrium, and Kinetics Properties

We have used a combination of ultrasound and density techniques to measure the hydration parameters, apparent molar volume, and apparent molar adiabatic compressibility, of the antitumor drug cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), cis-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂], and its inactive isomer trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂], in 10 mM NaNO₃, pH 5.6 at 37°C. The data have been interpreted in terms of the overall hydration of each isomer, the actual hydration contribution to the adiabatic compressibility, K _h, ranges from –56.4 × 10^–4 to –20.3 × 10^–4 cm³-mol^–1-bar^–1, and the volume contribution, V _h, ranges from –16.3 to –6.4 cm³-mol^–1. The negative signs of these hydration contributions indicate that the volume and compressibility of the water immobilized by the platinum complexes is smaller than the volume and compressibility of bulk water. The V _h and K _h parameters for all platinum complexes investigated are linearly dependent on the relative amount of hydrolyzed chlorides. The values of each parameter become more negative with increasing hydrolysis, and show that the degree of hydration increases. The similar dependence of the amount of hydrolyzed chloride ligands reveals similar hydration properties for these two complexes. Thus, the symmetry of the complexes, which is of crucial importance for anticancer activity, has no influence on their hydration properties. Under our experimental conditions, the equilibrium constants for the hydrolysis of cis-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] are K ₁ = 2.52 mM and K ₂ = 0.04 mM. The equilibrium constant for the first step of hydrolysis of trans-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂] is 0.03 mM, while the second chloride ligand cannot be substituted by water, even in the irreversible reaction with AgNO₃. Furthermore, continuous measurements of the ultrasonic velocity during hydrolysis permits the accurate evaluation of the pseudo-first-order rate constant k ₁ for the hydrolysis of the first chloride ligand of cis-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂], which is 16±1×10^–5 s^–1.     

Kinetics of Acid Hydrolysis of Acetylglucosamine

The kinetics of acid hydrolysis of N-acetylglucosamine at different temperatures and reagent concentrations was studied. A mathematical model of the hydrolysis was proposed. The rate constant and activation energy of deacetylation were calculated.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 5, 2005, pp. 807–809.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Gizatulina, Chebotok, Novikov, Konovalova.     

硅氧烷的水解-缩聚反应动力学

综述了硅氧烷的水解动力学的主要影响因素(硅氧烷上的基团和水解反应催化剂等)、单组分以及多组分硅氧烷缩聚反应动力学、硅氧烷共缩聚产物结构控制策略。     

临界溶剂化作用对水解反应动力学的影响

用过渡态及Kirkwood介电模型考察近临界水中醋酸甲酯(MeAc)水解动力学.实验结果表明,临界溶剂化作用使本体系在623K附近出现反应活化体积(ΔV^≠)极负值现象,同时反应表观活化能降低至(23.5±8.29)kJ/mol.利用lnkc与反应场的线性关系可修正压力因素对水解动力学的影响,并证实了近临界水介质中MeAc水解S_N2反应机理的可靠性.     

Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Inosine in Aqueous Solutions

The kinetics of hydrolysis of inosine was studied in aqueous solution at 353 K over a pH range of 0.45 - 12.13. The decomposition was followed by HPLC. The pH - profile was accounted for by assuming spontaneous water-catalyzed decomposition of the inosine molecules at various degrees of dissociation.     

Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Some Bifunctional Schiff Bases

Kinetics of hydrolysis of some bifunctional Schiff bases, bis(x-benzylidenes)-o-phenylenediamine, have been investigated in aqueous media containing 0.1 mole fraction of ethanol under base and acid conditions. Under base conditions the rate determining step is the hydroxide ion attack on the protonated substrate while under weak acid conditions the attack of water rather than hydroxide ion on the protonated substrate becomes the predominant reaction pathway. The bifunctional Schiff base molecular structure-base or acid hydrolysis reactivity relationship has been examined and discussed. Effect of medium (water content and nature of organic solvents) has been investigated and it is deduced that specific solute-solvent interactions, namely the proton-solvent, play a vital role on such hydrolysis reaction.     

Kinetics and Equilibrium Swelling Properties of Hydrophilic Polymethacrylate Networks

Summary: Hydrogels were synthesized by polymerization of 2-Hydroxy ethylmethacrylate (HEMA) in the presence of ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinking agent. Structural information and thermophysical properties of the hydrogels were analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetrical analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The swelling behaviour of the obtained chemically crosslinked P(HEMA-EGDMA) networks in aqueous solution was investigated as a function of the pH value and concentration of crosslinking agent. Plateau values were found at equilibrium swelling for a low pH value after one day swelling, whereas increasing water uptake was obtained for pH = 6.32 even at swelling times of more than five days. For short swelling times, a linear relationship between swelling ratio and time was found. Experimental data were rationalized using Fick's second law of diffusion. For early and moderate times of diffusion, threshold values were found in all cases considered here, indicating a Fickian behaviour below and a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism above the threshold.     

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Autocatalytic Oxidation of Mn(II) by Bromine

The oxidation of Mn(II) by bromine is an autocatalytic reaction, which seems to be important for a detailed elucidation of chemical oscillators, based on manganese chemistry. With regard to the mechanism proposed previously, an alternative reaction mechanism is proposed, based on a micro-heterogeneous oxidation of Mn(II) ion, adsorbed on a surface of the MnO₂ colloid. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Densitometric Determination of Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Flavonoid Glycosides

JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - In this paper we report the possibilities and advantages of HPTLC for investigation of the acid hydrolysis of six flavonoid...     

盐酸介质中TiCl4水解行为的研究

在盐酸介质中,TiCl₄水解行为的研究对盐酸法制取钛白^[1]的工艺过程是极其重要的,而这方面的一些基础理论研究,至今尚不多见。为此,我们对在盐酸介质中,在二价铁盐存在下的TiCl₄水解动力学行为进行了研究,取得了一些结果。     

基于相平衡与化学动力学的综合实验教学*

介绍了一个综合性物理化学实验:赖氨酸钠溶液吸收CO2的气液相平衡与化学动力学。针对物理化学中相平衡和化学动力学2章内容,开展实验教学。本实验以易得的赖氨酸、氢氧化钠和CO2为原材料,通过试剂配制、气液吸收和数据采集等实验操作,分析得到赖氨酸钠-CO2体系的相平衡数据(温度、压力、溶解度)和吸收过程的化学动力学特性(表观速率常数)。结合基本参数测量(质量、温度、压力与时间等)和热力学与动力学函数计算,既提高学生的综合实验能力,又加强其对多章节知识点的融会贯通,激发其科研兴趣和探索精神。     

The Kinetics and Mechanism of the Hydrolysis of Creatinine in Urine

Abstract

Creatinine in urine concentrations are routinely measured at Aldermaston by an autoanalyser, using the Jaffe reaction, as an index of urinary excretion rates. These values are used in calculations to estimate the body content of radionuclides from their urinary excretion rates.

Unfortunately, creatinine in urine concentrations gradually decrease with sample age due to pseudo first order hydrolysis of creatinine to give creatine in the presence of ammonia. This reaction may be arrested or reversed by mineral acid.

After storage at ambient temperatures for several weeks the creatinine in urine concentration falls by around 20%, so it is good practice to analyse samples soon after provision.

The activation energy for the hydrolysis of creatinine in urine is around 60 KJ/mol over the range 20–70 °C. Hence, raising the temperature by 10 [ddot]C approximately doubles the reaction rate.     

水解制备球形TiO2及其水解过程动力学

以硫酸钛(Ti(SO4)2)为前驱物水解得到超细球形TiO2. 研究了水解过程中前驱物浓度和体系温度对水解速率的影响, 并对实验值进行了拟合, 得到水解TiO2的质量分数与水解时间呈良好的指数关系, 根据Avrami方程进一步验证了拟合的可靠性. 分析了水解介质的影响作用, 确定介电常数和zeta电位也是影响水解速率的重要因素, 因此可通过改变溶剂成分来调节介电常数和zeta电位, 从而达到控制Ti(SO4)2水解速率的目的. 实验结果表明, Ti(SO4)2水解制备TiO2的过程中, 较低的前驱物浓度, 较高的水解温度和合适的溶剂体系有利于得到粒径分布窄、分散性好的TiO2.     

无溶剂及微乳液体系中脂肪酶催化红花油水解的动力学

 在无溶剂及二(2-乙基己基)丁二酸酯磺酸钠(AOT)/异辛烷/磷酸盐缓冲液微乳液体系中,研究了黑曲霉脂肪酶催化红花油水解反应的动力学. 结果表明,无溶剂及微乳液体系中反应的活化能分别为32.205和7.391 kJ/mol. 酶在无溶剂体系中的热稳定性高于微乳液中. 无溶剂及微乳液体系中的表观米氏常数分别为0.135和0.101 mol/L. 在两种体系中,乙醇对水解反应的抑制作用均为竞争性可逆抑制,且均在底物浓度大于0.819 mol/L时出现底物抑制现象. 结合胶团催化理论和酯键水解机理对两种体系中酶水解性能的差异进行了解释.     

Equilibrium and Redox Kinetics of Copper(II)-Thiourea Complexes

Stopped-flow spectrophotometric measurements identify and determine equilibrium data for thiourea (tu) complexes of copper(II) formed in aqueous solution. In excess Cu(II), the complex ion [Cu(tu)](2+) has a stability constant beta(1) = 2.3 +/- 0.1 M(-)(1) and molar absorptivity at 340 nm of epsilon(1) = (4.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(3) M(-)(1) cm(-)(1) at 25.0 degrees C, 2.48 mM HClO(4), and &mgr; = 464 mM (NaClO(4)). The fast reduction of Cu(II) by excess tu obeys the rate law -d[Cu(II)]/dt = k'[Cu(II)](2)[tu](7) with a value for the ninth-order rate constant k' = (1.60 +/- 0.18) x 10(14) M(-)(8) s(-)(1), which derives from a rate-determining step involving the bimolecular decomposition of two complexed Cu(II) species. Copper(II) catalyzes the reduction of hexachloroiridate(IV) by tu according to the rate law -d[IrCl(6)(2)(-)]/dt = (k(2,unc)[tu](2) + k(1,cat) [tu](5)[Cu(II)])[IrCl(6)(2)(-)]. Least-squares analysis yields values of k(2,unc) and k(1,cat) equaling 385 +/- 4 M(-)(2) s(-)(1) and (3.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(13) M(-)(6) s(-)(1), respectively, at &mgr; = 115 mM (NaClO(4)). The corresponding mechanism has a rate-determining step that involves the oxidation of [Cu(II)(tu)(5)](2+) by [IrCl(6)](2)(-) rather than the bimolecular reaction of two cupric-tu complexes.     

Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Bisoprolol Hemifumarate in Aqueous Acidic Solutions

The kinetics of hydrolysis of bisoprolol hemifumarate in acidic conditions was studied using high‐performance liquid chromatography. For this purpose, different hydrohalic acids and one weak carboxylic acid were used. The rate constants, the order of the reaction, and the activation parameters: enthalpy, entropy, and energy of activation were calculated. A proposition for the mechanism of degradation was provided.     

Kinetics of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Olive Oil in Batch and Fed-batch Systems

This work reports experimental data, kinetic modeling, and simulations of enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil. This reaction was performed in batch system and an ordered-sequential Bi Bi model was used to model the kinetic mechanism. A fed-batch system was proposed and experimental data were obtained and compared to the simulated values. The kinetic model used was able to correlate the experimental data, in which a satisfactory agreement between the experimental data and modeling results was obtained under different enzyme concentration and initial free water content. Therefore, the modeling allowed a better understanding of the reaction kinetics and affords a fed-batch simulation for this system. From the results obtained, it was observed that the fed-batch approach showed to be more advantageous when compared to the conventional batch system.     

低温条件下羰基硫催化水解反应本征动力学研究

 采用自行设计和安装的微反－色谱联用装置，在50～70℃，n（H2O）／n（COS）＝60～550的条件下，以TGH为催化剂，对羰基硫催化水解反应本征动力学进行了研究．利用不同的目标函数，采用非线性Marquart法对实验数据进行回归，所建立的本征动力学方程式为r（COS）＝－dXd（W／f（COS））＝1．82·1014p（COS）p－0．5（H2O）exp－758008．374T．并对其反应机理进行了探讨．