氧化铁系催化剂上乙苯脱氢反应机理研究(Ⅰ)——乙苯吸附态的“原位”红外光谱及脱氢反应的动力学同位素效应

本文用“原位”FT-IR光谱研究乙苯在氧化铁系催化剂上的吸附物种,结合动力学同位素效应对反应速率控制步骤的考察,讨论了该反应的微观机理。     

铈对氧化铁吸附性能的影响

利用脉冲气相色谱保留体积法测定了不同铈含量的氧化铁对水蒸汽吸附的影响。实验结果表明，随着铈含量的增加，样品对水蒸汽的可逆吸附过程的吸附热降低，铈含量超过一定值后吸附热又略有升高。而铈含量对吸附中心数的多少影响不大。不同铈含量的氧化铁样品催化变换反应的活性测定结果表明，吸附热最小的样品的催化活性最高，说明铈在无铬铁系中温变换催化剂中起助催化剂的作用。     

乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯无铬210催化剂——制备、物性和工业应用

前言乙苯脱氢是当前世界上获取苯乙烯的主要途径,所采用的催化剂多数是非负载型铁系催化剂。各种铁系催化剂虽然组份不等,但共同特点是都含有铁、钾和铬的化合物。一般认为,大量氧化铁是主要活性组份,钾化合物是重要的助催化剂,铬化合物是结构助剂。据报道,铬化合物是有毒的致癌物质,能引起多种疾病。     

负载纳米金对氧化铁载体结构和水煤气变换催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法在多种条件下分别制备氧化铁及其负载金催化剂,测定其水煤气变换反应活性.通过BET-PS,XRD,H2-TPR和CO-TPD等表征手段,研究负载纳米金对氧化铁载体结构、结晶行为、还原性能以及CO吸脱附性质的影响,探讨氧化铁负载金催化剂的活性相.结果表明:(1)负载纳米金能抑制氧化铁载体在焙烧时的结晶过程,提高其还原性能以及增加表面CO吸附中心.但这种抑制作用与催化剂的制备条件(如沉淀剂种类、沉淀方式和焙烧温度等)密切相关.(2)氧化铁负载金催化剂的低温高活性(<300℃)可能是纳米金粒子与Fe3O4相协同作用的结果,在高温区(>300℃)仍是Fe3O4相起主要催化作用.     

铁对烃类制氢催化剂还原性能的影响

用程序升温还原(TPR)和X-射线衍射(XRD)法研究了铁对两类典型的烃类制氢催化剂还原性能的影响。观察到单组分氧化铁的还原经过两个步骤,而氧化镍则一步还原成镍,且前者比后者难还原。若把氧化铁加进两类催化剂中,发现在一定条件下氧化铁可促进两类催化剂的还原。其作用的机制是氧化铁先与载体发生固溶,使Ni~(2+)在高温下向载体扩散的过程受到抑制,从而减弱了氧化镍和载体之间的相互作用。     

乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯氧化铁系催化剂的研究——晶格氧的作用

本文探讨了乙苯催化脱氢制苯乙烯工业氧化铁系催化剂晶格氧与水蒸汽氧的交换以及晶格氧参与反应的微观机理.实验结果表明:催化剂晶格氧参与反应,与水蒸汽氧有交换,反应途径以直接脱氢为主,并发生氧转移脱氢.讨论了两种脱氢反应途径中,晶格氧参与反应的微观过程.强调指出,晶格电子传递和邻近活性位氧化还原周期协同进行是氧转移脱氢机理的必要条件.     

氧化铬对γ-氧化铁还原行为的影响

氧化铬对γ氧化铁还原行为的影响陈林深吕光烈杨芸黄寅身（杭州大学中心实验室材料结构研究所，杭州３１００２８）关键词还原热重法，铁铬变换催化剂，Ｘ射线衍射分析，氧化铁，氧化铬分类号Ｏ６４３／ＴＱ４４掺铬Ｆｅ２Ｏ３是合成氨工业中重要的变换催化剂．...     

钾助催化剂与Fe3O4相互作用行为的XRD表征

XRD研究表明,作为乙苯脱氢催化剂中的氧化铁活性组分,具有反式尖晶石结构的Fe     

Co/HZSM-5催化剂中Co相态和价态的表征

苯乙烯是一种重要的化工原料 ,是合成聚苯乙烯等高分子材料的单体 .目前 ,工业上苯乙烯的生产采用两步法工艺 ,即苯和乙烯在 Al Cl3或 HZSM- 5催化剂上烷基化合成乙苯 ,然后乙苯再在含有助催化剂的氧化铁系催化剂上脱氢得到苯乙烯 .在另一部分工作中 ,我们采用金属负载 HZSM- 5分子筛催化剂研究了苯和乙烯一步合成苯乙烯反应 ,结果表明 ,Co/HZSM- 5是较好的催化剂[1] ,并提出了反应是经过中间物乙苯脱氢生成苯乙烯的机理 [2 ] .实验还发现 ,催化剂的焙烧和还原温度对苯乙烯的收率有很大影响 .本工作结合 XRD,TPR和 DRS等方法对 Co…     

水合状态的无定形氧化铁用作高效水氧化催化剂

由于传统化石燃料的不可再生性和使用过程中对环境的污染,近年通过太阳光驱动催化水分解制备氢气或CO_2还原制备甲醇等高能化学燃料是人工光合作用制备太阳能燃料领域的研究重点.水的氧化反应是制备太阳能燃料的重要半反应,为质子或CO_2的还原提供必需的质子和电子,开发基于非贵金属氧化物的高效水氧化催化剂是人工光合作用制备太阳能燃料的重要挑战之一.最近我们课题组的研究发现,无定形氧化钴作为水氧化催化剂时,其本征活性比结晶态的高出一个数量级.与氧化钴催化剂相比,铁基氧化物作为水氧化催化剂具有许多优点,比如成本低、环境友好、对动植物不产生生理毒性.基于此,本文探索了开发制备具有高催化活性的铁基氧化物作为水氧化催化剂.结果发现,氧化铁水氧化催化剂活性不但受其结晶度影响,还与其水合状态密切相关.水合氧化铁在进行室温真空干燥脱水处理后,在Ru(bpy)3~(2+)-Na_2S_2O_8光催化水氧化体系中,其催化水氧化活性降低了一个数量级.热重分析、XRD和拉曼测试等结果表明,室温下进行脱水处理后,氧化铁基本不含有水分子的信号,其体相结构没有发生显著的变化. XRD和拉曼结果表明,催化水氧化测试后回收的氧化铁催化剂结构没有发生改变,表明该水合状态的氧化铁是水氧化过程中真实的催化剂成分,并不是充当前驱体的角色.基于此,我们进一步制备了尺寸较小且为水合状态的无定形氧化铁纳米粒子,后者在Ru(bpy)_3~(2+)-Na_2S_2O_8光催化水氧化体系中显示出极高的催化活性, TOF值高达9.3 s~(-1),基于产生的氧气分子计算的光催化量子效率达到67%.该尺寸较小的水合状态氧化铁纳米粒子还可以有效地负载在SiO_2表面进行催化水氧化反应,循环测试结果表明,负载的水合状态氧化铁纳米粒子连续进行三个催化水氧化循环测试,其活性未明显衰减,显示了较高的稳定性.该结果表明,未来设计铁基氧化物作为高活性的水氧化催化剂时,需要特别考虑其水合状态.     

Pulse reactions of methane, ethane and ethylene over Li-, La- and Sm-promoted MgO catalysts in the presence and absence of free oxygen

Pulse reaction of methane in the presence and absence of free (or gaseous) oxygen and that of ethane and ethylene in the absence of free oxygen over Li−MgO, La−MgO and Sm−MgO (Li or La or Sm/Mg ratio=0.1) have been investigated for elucidating the role of lattice and free oxygen in oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) over these catalysts. No significant role is played by the lattice oxygen from these catalysts in the OCM process. The presence of free oxygen is essential for all these catalysts to be active and selective in OCM process. However, lattice oxygen plays some role in ethane conversion but a very significant role in ethylene conversion over these catalysts.     

CH bond activation in the presence or absence of oxygen or nitrous oxide

The reaction of C₂H₆with lattice oxygen, O^2- (in the absence of gaseous oxygen), or “adsorbedℍ oxygen (in the presence of gaseous oxygen) over NiMoO₄ catalysts has been performed and compared to C₃H₈ activation. The results obtained indicate that adsorbed oxygen exhibits a higher reactivity to C₂H₆, while lattice oxygen is more reactive relative to C₃H₈. Kinetic studies of these two reactions in presence of molecular oxygen have indeed shown that the ethane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) is dependent on the oxygen partial pressure, whilst on the contrary propane ODH is not. In order to confirm the presence of “adsorbed” oxygen for ethane activation, ODH tests have been performed with N₂O. On increasing temperature, the O^- adsorbed species enhances the mild oxidation of ethane. The activation energy of ethane consumption E_C2H6, relative to propane (E_C3H8 = 133 kJ/mol) is 145 kJ/mol. A possible mechanism is proposed for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of the3He/16O and1H/18O prompt nuclear reactions for lattice location measurements of oxygen in niobium

Experimental data are presented for comparison of the determination of oxygen by the¹⁶O(³He, p)¹⁸F,¹⁶O(³He, α)¹⁵O and¹⁸O(p, α)¹⁵N prompt nuclear reactions, and of their use in the lattice location, by the ion-channelling technique, of oxygen atoms in single crystal targets of elements such as niobium, where oxygen contents of ≈0.1 atomic % or more can be obtained. Both reaction cross-sections and lattice-defect production rates are considered in the comparison. Details are given of an arrangement for automatic crystallographic angular scanning of nuclear reaction and backscattering yields in channelling/lattice location measurements.     

Mixed-conducting perovskite-type SrxBi1-xFeO3-δ oxygen-permeating membranes

Sr_xBi_1-xFeO_3-δ (SBF) series mixed conductors were synthesized using standard ceramic method. The properties of such materials were characterized by XRD, O₂-TPD techniques. Abnormal crystal phenomena were found and explained and correlated with the oxygen permeation results. By analysis of the critical radius (r_c), the degree of openness of the lattice (F_v) and the average metal-oxygen bonding energy of the perovskite lattice (ABE), it was proposed that the oxygen permeation flux is determined mainly by the oxygen diffusion rate in bulk when 1-x⩽0.5, and by the concentration of oxygen vacancy when 1-x ⩾ 0.5. The stability of Sr_0.5Bi_0.5FeO_3-δ was also investigated, and the high stability of it was attributed to the stable BO₆ octahedra.     

Reactivity of La1 ? xSrxFeO3 ? y (x = 0–1) Perovskites in Oxidation Reactions

Oxygen species and their reactivity in La_{1 − x} Sr _x FeO_{3 − y} perovskites prepared using mechanochemical activation were studied by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) with hydrogen and methane. The experimental data were compared with data on the catalytic activity in oxidation reactions. It was found that the rates of CO and methane oxidation on the perovskites in the presence of gas-phase oxygen correlated (k = 0.8) with the amount of reactive surface oxygen species that were removed by TPR with hydrogen up to 250°C. Maximum amounts of this oxygen species were released from two-phase samples (x = 0.3, 0.4, and 0.8), which exhibited an enhanced activity in the reaction of CO oxidation. In the absence of oxygen in the gas phase, methane is oxidized by lattice oxygen. In this case, the process activity and selectivity depend on the mobility of lattice oxygen, which is determined by the temperature, the degree of substitution, the degree of reduction, and the microstructure of the oxide. Thus, the high mobility of oxygen, which is reached at high concentrations of point defects or interphase/domain boundaries, is of importance for the process of deep oxidation. However, the process of partial oxidation occurs in single-phase samples at low degrees of substitution (x = 0.1–0.2). __________ Translated from Kinetika i Kataliz, Vol. 46, No. 5, 2005, pp. 773–779. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2005 by Isupova, Yakovleva, Alikina, Rogov, Sadykov.     

Mo-La2O3模拟阴极的高温XPS/AES研究Ⅰ. 表面氧状态及其性质

对稀土氧化物体系Ｌａ２Ｏ３中Ｏｌｓ的超高温原位ＸＰＳ进行研究,着重讨论了Ｍｏ－Ｌａ２Ｏ３阴级激活过程中温度变化导致表面氧状态改变的过程,并初步分析其对电子发射性能的影响。高温１３００℃以上,存在两类不同氧种的氧,低结合能端的氧是表面晶格氧,高结合能端的氧为吸附氧;     

Evaluating the Effect of Radiation Damage on the Photocatalytic Performance of H2+‐implanted Hematite Electrodes

The content of oxygen vacancy in hematite is known to play an important role in photocurrent enhancement. We found that implanting high energy H₂⁺ to hematite photoelectrodes indeed injected additional oxygen vacancy and thus the conductivity of hematite was increased. However, inevitable radiation damage on the other hand distorted hematite lattice structure. Although post annealing will relax the lattice distortion to a certain degree, most implanted and post annealed hematite photoelectrodes exhibited deteriorated photocatalytic activities than the one without implantation. It seems that structure engineering is more effective in photocurrent enhancement than the injection of additional oxygen vacancy.     

The role of oxygen in catalysis

Catalytic reactions with oxygen are divided into two groups: electrophilic oxidation proceeding through activation of oxygen, and nucleophilic oxidation in which insertion of nucleophilic oxygen species into previously activated organic molecule occurs. The role of different types of lattice oxygen in the nucleophilic oxygen addition as well as catalyst properties determining the electrophilic pathway are discussed.     

Tap study of the impact of the oxidation state of Pt/PrCeZrO and Pt/GdCeZrO catalysts on their reactivity in the partial/deep oxidation of methane

The temporal analysis of products (TAP) technique coupled with the oxygen TPD was used to elucidate the effects of the Pt-supported fluorite-like doped ceria–zirconia oxide chemical composition and the type of pretreatment on their oxygen bonding strength, mobility, and reactivity as related to catalytic properties in the partial oxidation of methane into synthesis gas. A rapid evolution of hydrogen under CH₄ pulse observed for oxidized catalysts agrees with the direct route of the methane selective oxidation into syngas. This route is favored by the Pt-support interaction and a moderate bonding strength of surface oxygen species along with a high lattice oxygen mobility.     

Stabilizing the Oxygen Lattice and Reversible Oxygen Redox Chemistry through Structural Dimensionality in Lithium‐Rich Cathode Oxides

Lattice‐oxygen redox (l‐OR) has become an essential companion to the traditional transition‐metal (TM) redox charge compensation to achieve high capacity in Li‐rich cathode oxides. However, the understanding of l‐OR chemistry remains elusive, and a critical question is the structural effect on the stability of l‐OR reactions. Herein, the coupling between l‐OR and structure dimensionality is studied. We reveal that the evolution of the oxygen‐lattice structure upon l‐OR in Li‐rich TM oxides which have a three‐dimensional (3D)‐disordered cation framework is relatively stable, which is in direct contrast to the clearly distorted oxygen‐lattice framework in Li‐rich oxides which have a two‐dimensional (2D)/3D‐ordered cation structure. Our results highlight the role of structure dimensionality in stabilizing the oxygen lattice in reversible l‐OR, which broadens the horizon for designing high‐energy‐density Li‐rich cathode oxides with stable l‐OR chemistry.