施用三乙膦酸铝后铝在黄瓜及叶片上的残留分析与评价

建立了湿法消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定黄瓜及其叶片上铝的背景含量及其施用三乙膦酸铝后铝的最终残留量. 方法线性范围为10～400 μg/L, r=0.991 6, 检出限为62.4 pg. 黄瓜中铝的添加回收率为92.1%～98.7%, RSD为4.8%～5.1%; 黄瓜叶片中铝的添加回收率为89.0%～100.1%, RSD为14%～18%, 方法的准确度和精密度均符合痕量分析要求. 结果表明, 施用三乙膦酸铝后黄瓜上铝的残留量低于参照的限量标准(＜100 mg/kg); 黄瓜叶片上的铝积累较明显, 与施药剂量和施药次数有一定的相关性.     

铱-氮膦配体催化剂在非官能化烯烃不对称氢化中的研究

非官能化烯烃的不对称氢化反应一直是烯烃加氢领域的难点。研究表明,铱-氮膦配体催化剂对此类反应具有很好的催化活性和选择性,因而受到国内外众多学者的关注。本文对近年来利用铱-氮膦配体催化剂对非官能化烯烃进行不对称氢化的研究进展进行了综述,介绍了不对称氢化的历程及背景,着重讨论了铱-氮膦配体催化剂的催化机理（Ir^Ⅲ-Ir^Ⅴ催化循环机理、Ir^Ⅰ-Ir^Ⅲ催化循环机理）、铱催化剂的组成以及催化性能的比较,并对铱催化剂在不对称氢化中的发展前景作了展望。     

1,3,5-三乙酰基六氢均三嗪的小分子法合成反应机理研究

1,3,5-三乙酰基六氢均三嗪(1,3,5-triacetyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane,TRAT)是高性能单质炸药黑索金的关键硝化前体.本研究以小分子三聚甲醛和乙腈为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂,合成了TRAT,产率为89%.合成并表征了N,N'-亚甲基二乙酰胺和未见报道的三乙酰基二亚甲基三胺.根据已得到的几个中间体,推测了TRAT合成反应的可能机理.     

三烷基膦－铂－氢配合物的合成及NMR研究

合成了配合物ｔｒａｎｓ－ＰｔＨＸＬ２（Ｌ＝ＰＢｕ３、ＰＰｒ３、Ｐｅｔ３；Ｘ＝Ｃｌ－、Ｂｒ－、Ｉ－、ＳＣＮ－、ＣＮ－），并进行了１ＨＮＭＲ研究。测得Ｐｔ－Ｈ键的１Ｈ在高场的化学位移δＨ＝－８～－２４ｐｐｍ；１Ｊ（Ｐｔ－Ｈ）＝８００～１５００Ｈｚ和２Ｊ（Ｐ－Ｈ）＝１３．０～１７．０Ｈｚ。鉴定了配合物的顺反异构和键合异构。研究了阴离子配体（Ｘ）及中性配体（Ｌ）对Ｐｔ－Ｈ键的δＨ、１Ｊ（Ｐｔ－Ｈ）及２Ｊ（Ｐ－Ｈ）的影响，Ｐｔ－Ｈ键长与Ｐｔ－ＨδＨ的关系。Ｐｔ－Ｈ化学位移与Ｐｔ－Ｈ的伸展振动频率呈线性关系。     

非水凝胶原位聚合法制备三异丙氧基钕/PMMA杂化材料的研究

通过三异丙氧基钕直接掺入MMA单体 ,迅速形成凝胶后进行原位聚合的方法制得三异丙氧基钕 /PMMA杂化材料 ,采用IR、TG、WAXD、DMTA、SEM等手段对其进行表征 .结果表明 ,三异丙氧基钕与MMA中的羰基因配位并导致交联形成了交联网状结构的杂化材料 .与PMMA相比 ,这种杂化材料具有优良的耐热性、耐溶剂性 ,高贮能模量 ,同时 ,该制备方法克服了稀土离子易缔合的缺点 ,获得了高稀土含量且均匀分布的三异丙氧基钕 /PMMA杂化材料     

离子液体（BuPyCl/SnCl2×2H2O）促进的三组分Barbier烯丙基化-Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应：在合成4-（取代苯基）苯并二氢吡喃中的应用

芳香醛、烯丙基溴和酚类化合物的Barbier烯丙基化-Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应可结合成一个在离子液体中进行的“一锅煮”反应体系。该三组分反应能从简单的原料出发直接合成4-芳基-4-（2-羟基苯基）丁烯-1。通过分子内的环化反应可继续合成4-（取代苯基）二氢苯并吡喃化合物。     

在溴化十六烷基三甲铵存在下二苯偶氮羰酰肼与钒(Ⅴ)的显色反应研究及应用

研究了在溴化十六烷基三甲铵（ＣＴＭＡＢ）存在下，钒（Ⅴ）与二苯偶氮羧酰肼（ＤＰＣＯ）显色反应的分析特性，利用此反应建立了测定微量钒的新方法。在ｐＨ４～６的乙酸－乙酸钠缓冲介质中，钒（Ⅴ）与二苯偶氮羰酰肼和溴化十六烷基三甲铵反应生成一红色配合物，配合物的最大吸收波长位于５４０ｎｍ。表观摩尔吸光系数为５．６×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，钒量在０～２５μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围内符合比尔定律。用摩尔比法和等摩尔连续变化法测得配合物组成比为Ｖ（Ⅴ）∶ＤＰＣＯ∶ＣＴＭＡＢ＝１∶２∶２。该方法操作简便，有较高的灵敏度和较好的选择性，已用于钢铁和岩矿试样中微量钒的测定，结果满意。     

镁基储氢合金的表面处理和表面催化

表面处理作为储氢合金性能改善的有效手段，近年来得到了很好的发展和应用，本文简要介绍了镁基储氢合金表面处理的主要方法及其对合金性能的影响。     

Electrostatic effects in enzyme catalysis: a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics study of the nucleophilic substitution reaction in haloalkane dehalogenase

Combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to study the cleavage of the carbon–chlorine bond in 1,2-dichloroethane catalysed by haloalkane dehalogenase from Xanthobacter Autotrophicus GJ10. The process has been compared with an adequate counterpart in aqueous solution, the nucleophilic attack of acetate anion on 1,2-dichloroethane. Within the limitations of the model, mainly due to the use of a semiempirical Hamiltonian, our results reproduce the magnitude and characteristics of the catalytic effect. Comparisons of the enzymatic and in solution potentials of mean force reveal that, irrespective of the reference state, the enzyme shows a larger affinity for the transition state. The origin of this increased affinity is found in the differences in the electrostatic pattern created by the environment in aqueous solution and in the enzyme.Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Quantum Chemistry satellite meeting in honor of Jean-Louis Rivail     

Metal-free,noncovalent catalysis of diels-alder reactions by neutral hydrogen bond donors in organic solvents and in water

We examined the catalytic activity of substituted thioureas in a series of Diels-Alder reactions and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. The kinetic data reveal that the observed accelerations in the relative rates are more dependent on the thiourea substituents than on the reactants or solvent. Although the catalytic effectiveness is the strongest in noncoordinating, nonpolar solvents, such as cyclohexane, it is also present in highly coordinating polar solvents, such as water. In 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, the thiourea catalysts demonstrate only very moderate selectivity for reactions with inverse electron demand. Our experiments emphasize that both hydrophobic and polar interactions can co-exist, making these catalysts active, even in highly coordinating solvents. This class of catalysts increases the reaction rates and endo-selectivities of Diels-Alder reactions, in a similar manner to weak Lewis acids, without concomitant product inhibition.     

纳米金刚石非金属催化性能研究进展

纳米结构碳材料的非金属催化性能研究正在成为国际催化与纳米材料研究的热点之一．纳米金刚石具有分散性能好、表面曲率高、催化性能优异、可批量生产等优点,可高效催化甲烷裂解、丁烷脱氢、乙苯脱氢、亚硝酸根氧化等反应过程．近年来,人们在纳米金刚石微观结构与表面化学活性研究上取得了一定的进展．本文对纳米金刚石上杂原子官能团表征、sp2壳层形成、催化反应机理方面的最新成果作了综述,并对纳米金刚石催化工艺存在的挑战及其规模化应用前景进行了展望．     

Calculation of wave‐functions with frozen orbitals in mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. II. Application of the local basis equation

The application of the local basis equation (Ferenczy and Adams, J. Chem. Phys. 2009 , 130, 134108) in mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and quantum mechanics/quantum mechanics (QM/QM) methods is investigated. This equation is suitable to derive local basis nonorthogonal orbitals that minimize the energy of the system and it exhibits good convergence properties in a self‐consistent field solution. These features make the equation appropriate to be used in mixed QM/MM and QM/QM methods to optimize orbitals in the field of frozen localized orbitals connecting the subsystems. Calculations performed for several properties in divers systems show that the method is robust with various choices of the frozen orbitals and frontier atom properties. With appropriate basis set assignment, it gives results equivalent with those of a related approach [G. G. Ferenczy previous paper in this issue] using the Huzinaga equation. Thus, the local basis equation can be used in mixed QM/MM methods with small size quantum subsystems to calculate properties in good agreement with reference Hartree–Fock–Roothaan results. It is shown that bond charges are not necessary when the local basis equation is applied, although they are required for the self‐consistent field solution of the Huzinaga equation based method. Conversely, the deformation of the wave‐function near to the boundary is observed without bond charges and this has a significant effect on deprotonation energies but a less pronounced effect when the total charge of the system is conserved. The local basis equation can also be used to define a two layer quantum system with nonorthogonal localized orbitals surrounding the central delocalized quantum subsystem. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

HS和HOO抽氢反应机理的研究

在B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)水平上对HS和HOO反应中的所有物种进行了几何构型优化和频率计算,采用QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p)方法获得了各物种的单点能,构建了HS和HOO反应在单、三重态势能剖面.结果表明,HS与HOO反应体系中存在2种不同的抽氢通道,在单、三重态势能面上生成的产物分别为[1P1(H2O2+1S),1P2(H2S+1 O2)]和[3P1(H2O2+3S),3P2(H2S+3O2)].标题反应主要发生在三重态势能面上,优势通道[R→3 TS2→3P2(H2S+3O2)]的活化能为9.99kJ·mol-1.此结果对认识大气硫迁移转变规律具有实际意义.     

Gold catalysis: deuterated substrates as the key for an experimental insight into the mechanism and selectivity of the phenol synthesis

The second phase of the gold-catalyzed phenol synthesis, the ring opening of the intermediate arene oxide, follows general acid catalysis. The product selectivity is determined by the substrate only and can be explained by the stability of the intermediate arenium ions. Thus, even remote substitutents can be used to control the chemoselectivity of the overall reaction by electronic influences and their influence is stronger than the steric influence of neighboring substituents. This is supported by quantum chemical calculations of the intermediates. The lack of exchange of deuterium labels excludes even equilibria with acetylide or vinylidene intermediates and the observed deuterium distribution in the final products is in accord with the NIH-shift reaction. In addition, these findings now explain previously obtained results.     

Trimeric cluster of lithium amidoborane—the smallest unit for the modeling of hydrogen release mechanism

A detailed first‐principle DFT M06/6‐311++G(d.p) study of dehydrogenation mechanism of trimeric cluster of lithium amidoborane is presented. The first step of the reaction is association of two LiNH₂BH₃ molecules in the cluster. The dominant feature of the subsequent reaction pathway is activation of H atom of BH₃ group by three Li atoms with formation of unique Li₃H moiety. This Li₃H moiety is destroyed prior to dehydrogenation in favor of formation of a triangular Li₂H moiety, which interacts with protic H atom of NH₂ group. As a result of this interaction, Li₂H₂ moiety is produced. It features N^?? H⁺? H^? group suited near the middle plane between two Li⁺ in the transition state that leads to H₂ release. The transition states of association and hydrogen release steps are similar in energy. It is concluded that the trimer, (LiNH₂BH₃)₃, is the smallest cluster that captures the essence of the hydrogen release reaction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.