Applicability of waste materials--bottom ash and deoiled soya--as adsorbents for the removal and recovery of a hazardous dye, brilliant green

Deoiled soya, an agricultural waste material, and bottom ash, a waste of power plants, have been successfully used for the removal and recovery of the hazardous water-soluble dye brilliant green from water. To remove the dye from water, batch adsorption studies have been carried out by observing the effects of pH, concentration, amounts of adsorbents, size of adsorbent particles, etc. Attempts have also been made to monitor the adsorption process through Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and D-R adsorption isotherm models. Relevant thermodynamic parameters have also been calculated from these models. The adsorption process has been found endothermic and feasible at all the temperatures. The kinetics of the adsorption was also recorded and indicates pseudo-second-order kinetics in both cases. Kinetic operations also reveal the involvement of a film diffusion mechanism for the deoiled soya adsorption at all the temperatures, while bottom ash undergoes through a particle diffusion mechanism at only 30 °C and at higher temperatures a film diffusion mechanism operates. Bulk removal of the dye has been carried out through column studies for both adsorbents. Attempts have also been made to recover the dye from exhausted columns by eluting sulfuric acid of pH 3.     

Adsorption of Acid Blue 193 from aqueous solutions onto Na-bentonite and DTMA-bentonite

Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified bentonite (DTMA-bentonite) was prepared and tested as an adsorbent for an acid dye (Acid Blue 193, AB193) removal from aqueous solution in comparison with Na-bentonite. The effect of various experimental parameters was investigated using a batch adsorption technique. In this manner, the adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and temperature and pH effects upon Acid Blue 193 adsorption on Na-bentonite and DTMA-bentonite were thoroughly examined. Results show that a pH value of 1.5 is favorable for the adsorption of Acid Blue 193. The isothermal data could be well described by the Freundlich equation. The dynamical data fit well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption capacity of DTMA-bentonite (740.5 mg g(-1)) was found to be around 11 times higher than that of Na-bentonite (67.1 mg g(-1)) at 20 degrees C. Thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy (E(a)) and change in the free energy (DeltaG(0)), the enthalpy (DeltaH(0)), and the entropy (DeltaS(0)) were also evaluated. The overall adsorption process was exothermic but it is only spontaneous at 20 degrees C. The results indicate that Na-bentonite and DTMA-bentonite could be employed as low-cost alternatives to activated carbon in wastewater treatment for the removal of color which comes from textile dyes.     

Eggshell Particles (ESP) as Potential Adsorbent for Styryl Pyridinium Dyes—A Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study

Eggshell particles (ESP) of a definite mesh size have been prepared and characterized through infrared and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption of some styryl pyridinium dyes (SP-1 and SP-2) has been studied on ESP surface from water-ESP interface and the effects of adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, salts, and the contact time have been examined. A first time study of the effect of water-structure making salt (kosmotroph) such as NaCl and structure breaking salt (chaotroph) such as KCl and NH₄SCN on the adsorption process on ESP has been reported. Both types of salts have opposing effects on the adsorption of SP-1 dye; however, in case of SP-2 dye both of them show similar effects. The adsorption process is found to follow a second order kinetics. Thermodynamic studies show the occurrence of a physical adsorption with exothermic energetic. The adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm model and the area of coverage has been calculated to show the impact of hydrogen bonding on the adsorption phenomenon.     

Adsorption treatment and recovery of the hazardous dye, Brilliant Blue FCF, over bottom ash and de-oiled soya

Two waste materials-bottom ash, a power plant waste, and de-oiled soya, an agricultural waste-are meticulously and successfully used as adsorbent for the removal and recovery of a hazardous triphenylmethane dye, Brilliant Blue FCF. Both the materials were characterized by chemical analysis, IR, DTA, SEM and XRD studies. Their physical characteristics like surface area, porosity, density and loss on ignition were also determined. The adsorption of the dye over both materials was achieved under different pH, adsorbate concentration, sieve size, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature, etc. conditions. For both the systems Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were applied and, based on these models, useful thermodynamic parameters were calculated. For both the adsorbents, the kinetic measurements indicate that the adsorption process follows first order kinetics and film diffusion and particle diffusion mechanisms are operative at lower and higher concentrations, respectively, in each case. By percolating the dye solution through fixed-bed columns the bulk removal of the Brilliant Blue FCF was carried out and necessary parameters were determined to find out the percentage saturation of both the columns. Recovery of Brilliant Blue FCF was made by eluting dilute NaOH of pH 11 through each column.     

Mechanisms and kinetics of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1,1'-azonaphthalene-3,4',6-trisulfonate adsorption onto chitosan

Chitosan, a naturally abundant biopolymer, has widely been studied for metal adsorption from various solutions, but the extension of chitosan as an adsorbent to remove organic substances from water and wastewater has seldom been explored. In this study, the adsorption of an azo dye, trisodium 2-hydroxy-1,1'-azonaphthalene-3,4',6-trisulfonate (1), from aqueous solution onto the various degrees of deacetylated chitosan has been investigated. Equilibrium studies have been carried out to determine the capacity of chitosan for dye. The experimental data were analyzed using two isotherm correlations, namely, Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The linear correlation coefficients were determined for each isotherm and the Langmuir provided the best fit. The experimental adsorption isotherms were perfectly reproduced in the simulated data obtained from numerical analysis on the basis of the Langmuir model and the isotherm constants. Adsorption of (1) onto the chitosan flakes was found to be strongly depending on degrees of deacetylation in chitosan and temperatures. Significant amounts of (1) were adsorbed by chitosan 8B (higher degree of deacetylated chitosan), but the adsorption capacity was reduced remarkably with increasing solution temperatures. Thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy (DeltaG), enthalpy (DeltaH), and entropy (DeltaS) were also determined. In addition, kinetic study indicated that the adsorption process mechanisms were both transport- and attachment-limited.     

Synthesis and characterization of cadmium selenide nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon and its efficient application for removal of muroxide from aqueous solution

In the first, Cadmium selenide Nanoparticle loaded on activated carbon (CdSe-NP-AC) has been synthesized and characterized by different techniques including XRD and SEM. Then, this new adsorbent successfully has been applied for the removal of muroxide (MO) from aqueous solution in batch studies, while the effect of various experimental parameters like initial pH (pH(0)), contact time, amount of (CdSe-NP-AC) and initial MO concentration (C(0)) on its removal percentage was examined by one at a time optimization method. It was found following optimization of variable, the adsorption of MO onto (CdSe-NP-AC) followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and show Tempkin and Langmuir models for interpretation of experimental data. It was observed that by increasing the temperature the removal percentage was improved and the positive change in entropy (ΔS°) and heat of adsorption (ΔH°) show the endothermic nature of process, while the high negative value in Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) indicates the feasible nature of adsorption process.     

Removal of the Malachite Green (MG) Dye From Textile Industrial Wastewater Using the Polyurethane Foam Functionalized with Salicylate

Polyurethane foam was chemically functionalized with salicylate through the –N?N– group generating a stable chelating sorbent PUFSalicylate (PUFS) for being used as a low cost, available, and renewable adsorbent for the removal of Malachite Green (MG) textile dye from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were carried out for sorption kinetics and isotherms. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microcopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction. The present study is related to the removal of colorants. Adsorption of MG dye on PUFS was studied as a function of different experimental parameters such as temperature, contact time, amount of adsorbent, and pH. A spectrophotometer technique was used for measuring the extent of adsorption. The data were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations and their corresponding constants were calculated from the slopes and intercepts of their respective lines. From the measured adsorption isotherms at different temperatures 298, 308, and 318 K, it was found that adsorption increases as the temperature increases within this range. The measured adsorption amount of MG dye increases with increased pH.     

Kinetic of Patent Blue VF Adsorption from Aqueous Solution on Activated Bone Charcoal

The effect of temperature of activation on bone charcoal, used as adsorbent for the removal of Patent Blue VF from water solutions was studied. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDS. The kinetic of adsorption of dye was carried out at 10 °C and 45 °C. Carbonization temperature (600–1000 °C) of the adsorbent has significant effect on the removal of dye from water solutions. The first order kinetic, Elovich, Bangham, parabolic diffusion and power function equations were found to fit the kinetic data. Activation energies of adsorption (Δ≠) have higher values for the charcoal activated at high temperatures and the other thermodynamic parameters like ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔG≠ were also found.     

Dye Pollutants removal from Waste water using Metal Oxide Nanoparticle embedded Activated Carbon: An Immobilization study

This study evaluated the feasibility of Rhodamine-B dye (Rh B) removal from aqueous solution, using Lead-Iron Oxide nanoparticles Loaded Activated Carbon (FePbO@AC). The parameters like pH, contact time, adsorbent/adsorbate dosage and temperature on adsorption was studied. Optimized conditions are pH of 7.0, 25?min contact time, 50?ppm of dye concentration and 200?mg of adsorbent concentration. The kinetics of adsorption was calculated using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models. The calculations revealed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation best-fit the adsorption data. The Langmuir isotherm model best fit the equilibrium data. The maximum sorption capacity (Q_max) for dye is 1000?mg Rh B/g FePbO@AC. Change in entropy (ΔS), Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG), and enthalpy (ΔH) were calculated for the adsorption of Rh B dye.     

Vibrational and electronic investigations, thermodynamic parameters, HOMO and LUMO analysis on crotonaldehyde by ab initio and DFT methods

The energy, geometrical parameters and vibrational wavenumbers of crotonaldehyde were calculated by using ab initio and B3LYP with 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra for liquid state crotonaldehyde have been recorded in the region 3400-400 cm(-1) and 3400-100 cm(-1), respectively and compared with the theoretical spectrographs constructed from the scaled harmonic vibrational frequencies calculated at HF and DFT levels. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. Detailed interpretations on vibrational modes have been made on the observed and theoretical spectra and PED for each mode was also reported more precisely. HOMO and LUMO energy levels are constructed and the corresponding theoretical frontier energy gaps are calculated to realise the charge transfer occurring in the molecule. The thermodynamic properties of the title compound have been calculated at different temperatures and the results reveals the standard heat capacities (C(0)(p)), standard entropies (S(0)) and standard enthalpy changes (ΔH(0)) increases with rise in temperature.     

Hydroxyethyl Starch-g-Poly-(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid): An efficient dye removing agent

Hydroxyethyl Starch-g-Poly-(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) was synthesized by solution polymerization technique using potassium peroxydisulfate (K₂S₂O₈) as the initiator at 90 °C. The synthesized graft copolymer was characterized by FTIR, NMR (both ¹H and ¹³C) Spectroscopy, molecular weight determination by GPC, TGA/DTG and SEM analysis. Biodegradation study was carried out by enzymatic hydrolysis. The number of carboxylic acid groups incorporated into the polymer was calculated by measuring neutralization equivalent (N.E) of the graft copolymer titrimetrically. The synthesized graft copolymer was used as the adsorbent for the removal of Malachite green, a cationic dye from its aqueous solution. The operating variables studied were the amount of adsorbent, solution pH, contact time, temperature and the initial dye concentration. The adsorption data were used to fit in the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order rate equation in order to investigate the sorption mechanism. Equilibrium isotherm was analyzed using the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms. In the present investigation it was found that the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo second order kinetics for the studied dye concentration range. The negative value of free energy change indicates the spontaneous nature of the adsorption and also suggesting a chemisorption process.     

Exploration of biomass waste as low cost adsorbents for removal of methylene blue dye: A review

Biomass waste, which is abundantly available has been studied as low cost biosorbent for dye sequestration from waste water. The present review reports on recent development for remediation of methylene blue dye by agricultural waste and fruit peel waste material. The aim of this study was to revise latest literature in the field of dye adsorption and discuss the dye adsorption capacity of different types of adsorbents. The activated carbon prepared from several types of biomass waste material enhances the adsorption efficiency after modification. The variety of activating agents, method of activation, characterization of biosorbent material like SEM, EDAX, BET surface area and FTIR analysis has been explored in the present review. The dye adsorption factors such as effect of pH, agitation time, temperature, adsorbate and adsorbent dose were discussed. The detailed investigation on applicability of isotherm model, kinetic model and thermodynamic parameters has also been presented. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm model focus on selectivity of adsorbent. Adsorption mechanism, Influence of surface area, influence of pH_pzc and comparative study of biomass waste adsorbent with other adsorbents have been carried out. The use of biomass waste adsorbents is economically feasible, environmental healthy and found to have outstanding removal capacity of dyes.     

Removal of trace Cr(VI) from water using chitosan-iron nanowires in porous anodic alumina

Chitosan-iron nanowires in porous anodic alumina (PAA) have been successfully prepared under ambient conditions as an adsorbent. The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and N₂-BET surface area. The results showed that PAA can disperse and protect Fe⁰ nanorods from oxidation. The adsorption characteristics of trace Cr(VI) onto adsorbent have been examined at different initial Cr(VI) concentrations with pH 5. Batch adsorption studies show that the removal percentage of adsorbent for the removal of trace Cr(VI) is strongly dependent on the initial Cr(VI) concentrations. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to analyze the experiment data. The adsorption of trace Cr(VI) by adsorbent is well modeled by the Langmuir isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) is calculated as 123.95 mg/g which is very closed to the experiment results. Intraparticle diffusion study shows that the intraparticle diffusion of adsorbent is not the sole rate-controlling step. The negative value of Gibbs free energy change, ΔG^o, indicated that the process of Cr(VI) onto adsorbent was spontaneous. This work has demonstrated that chitosan-iron nanowires in porous anodic alumina as an adsorbent has promising potential for heavy metal removal at trace level.     

Adsorption characteristics of Titan yellow and Congo red on CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles

This paper assesses the adsorption characteristics of Titan yellow and Congo red on CoFe₂O₄ magnetic nanoparticles. The adsorption behavior of Titan yellow and Congo red from aqueous solution onto CoFe₂O₄ magnetic nanoparticles has been determined by investigating the effects of pH, concentration of the dye, amount of adsorbent, contact time, ionic strength and temperature. Experimental results indicated that CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles can remove more than 98 % of each dye under optimum operational conditions of a dosage of 15.0 mg CoFe₂O₄, pH 3.0, initial dye concentration of 22–140 mg L^?1, and contact times of 2.0 and 15.0 min for Congo red and Titan yellow, respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models have been used to evaluate the ongoing adsorption kinetic equations. Regeneration of the saturated adsorbent was possible by NaCl/acetone solution as eluent. The maximum adsorption capacities were 200.0 and 212.8 mg dye per gram adsorbent for Congo red and Titan yellow, respectively. With the help of adsorption isotherm, thermodynamic parameters such as free energy, enthalpy and entropy have been calculated. On the basis of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations, different kinetic parameters have been obtained.     

Acid dye adsorption onto cationized polyamide fibres. Modeling and consequent interpretations of model parameter behaviours

Experimental adsorption isotherms of four acid dyes named Acid Blue 25, Acid Yellow 99, Reactive Yellow 23, and Acid Blue 74 from aqueous solution onto cationized nylon-6,6 have been analyzed using a double layer adsorption model. The parameters involved in the analytical expression of this model such as the number or fraction of adsorbed dye molecule per site, n, the number of receptor sites per gram of adsorbent, N(M), and the concentration at half-saturation, c1/2, are determined from adsorption isotherms at four temperatures between 293 and 353 K. The evolution of these parameters with temperature is discussed in relation with adsorption process and the behaviours of the different dyes taking into account their particular structure. The results are compared with those already published dealing with the adsorption of these same dyes onto cationized cotton. The configurational entropy at various temperatures has been studied. This parameter allowed to deduce some results related to the evolution of the disorder during the adsorption process.     

Modeling the adsorption of free and heavy metal complex-bound EDTA onto red mud by a nonelectrostatic surface complexation model

The adsorption of free and divalent heavy metal (copper, cadmium, and lead) complex-bound EDTA from metal-EDTA mixture solutions on a composite adsorbent having a heterogeneous surface, i.e., bauxite waste red mud, has been investigated and modeled with the aid of a nonelectrostatic surface complexation approach in respect to adsorbate concentration and pH dependency of EDTA adsorption. EDTA was selected as the modeling ligand in view of its wide usage as an anthropogenic chelating agent and its abundance in natural waters. The adsorption experiments were conducted for pure EDTA or metal-EDTA complexes alone, or in mixtures containing (EDTA+metal-EDTA). For all studied cases, the solid adsorbent phase concentrations of the adsorbed species were found by using the derived model equations with acceptable compatibility of experimental and theoretically generated adsorption isotherms. The model basically assumed two modes of metal bonding to the surface hydroxyls: ionic (outer-sphere) binding of the EDTA anion (H(2)Y(2-)) or anionic metal-EDTA complex (MY(2-)) to the cationic surface site ( approximately SOH(+)(2)), and outer-sphere binding of H(2)Y(2-) or MY(2-) to the neutral approximately SOH site, possibly via hydrogen-bonding. The model was useful for EDTA and metal-EDTA mixture solutions either at their natural pH of equilibration with the sorbent, or after pH elevation with NaOH titration up to pH相似文献   

Thermodynamic aspects of the adsorption of hexametaphosphate on kaolinite

The adsorption of hexametaphosphate ion, an important deflocculant used in the ceramic industry, from aqueous solutions onto kaolinite has been studied at different temperatures. The adsorption isotherm follows the Langmuir model: the thermodynamic parameters DeltaG(ads)(0), DeltaH(ads)(0), and DeltaS(ads)(0) were calculated and found to be consistent with an interaction model involving the formation of an inner-sphere complex between HMP and aluminol groups. Also, the dependence of the adsorption behavior on the kaolinite volume fraction has been studied and discussed in term of association processes between the clay particles.     

Removal of zinc metal ion (Zn) from its aqueous solution by kaolin clay mineral: A kinetic and equilibrium study

A laboratory batch study has been performed to study the effect of various physic-chemical factors such as initial metal ion concentration, solution pH, and amount of adsorbent, contact time and temperature on the adsorption characteristics of zinc (Zn²⁺) metal ions onto kaolin. It has been found that the amount of adsorption of zinc metal ion increases with initial metal ion concentration, contact time, solution pH but decreases with the amount of adsorbent and temperature of the system. Kinetic experiments clearly indicate that adsorption of zinc metal ion (Zn²⁺) on kaolin is a two steps process: a very rapid adsorption of zinc metal ion to the external surface is followed by possible slow decreasing intra-particle diffusion in the interior of the adsorbent which has also been confirmed by intra-particle diffusion model. The equilibrium time is found to be in the order of 60 min. Overall the kinetic studies showed that the zinc adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics among pseudo-first-order and intra-particle diffusion model. The different kinetic parameters including rate constant are determined at different initial metal ion concentration, solution pH, amount of adsorbent and temperature respectively. The equilibrium adsorption results are analyzed by both Langmuir and Freundlich models to determine the mechanistic parameters associated with the adsorption process. The value of separation factor, R_L from Langmuir equation also gives an indication of favorable adsorption. Finally thermodynamic parameters are determined at three different temperatures and it has been found that the adsorption process is exothermic due to negative ΔH° accompanied by decrease in entropy change and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°).     

Interfacial composition, thermodynamic properties, and structural parameters of water-in-oil microemulsions stabilized by 1-pentanol and mixed surfactants

The present study is focused on the evaluation of the interfacial composition, thermodynamic properties, and structural parameters of water-in-oil mixed surfactant microemulsions [(cetylpyridinium chloride, CPC+polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether, Brij-58 or polyoxyethylene (20) stearyl ether, Brij-78)/1-pentanol/n-heptane, or n-decane] under various physicochemical environments by the Schulman method of cosurfactant titration of the oil/water interface. The estimation of the number of moles of 1-pentanol at the interface (n(a)(i)) and bulk oil (n(a)(o)) and its distribution between these two domains at the threshold level of stability have been emphasized. The thermodynamics of transfer of 1-pentanol from the continuous oil phase to the interface have been evaluated. n(a)(i),n(a)(i), standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG(t)(0)), standard enthalpy (ΔH(t)(0)), and standard entropy (ΔG(t)(0)) of transfer process have been found to be dependent on the molar ratio of water to surfactant (ω), type of nonionic surfactant and its content (X(Brij-58 or Brij-78)), oil and temperature. A correlation between (ΔH(t)(0)) and (ΔS(t)(0)) is examined at different experimental temperatures. Bulk surfactant composition dependent temperature insensitive microemulsions have been reported. Associated structural parameters, such as droplet dimensions and aggregation number of surfactant and cosurfactant at the droplet interface have been evaluated using a mathematical model after suitable modifications for mixed surfactant systems. In light of these parameters, the prospect of using these microemulsion systems for the synthesis of nanoparticles and the modulation of enzyme activity has been discussed. Correlations of the results in terms of the evaluated physicochemical parameters have been attempted.     

Adsorption of Safranin-T from wastewater using waste materials- activated carbon and activated rice husks

Textile effluents are major industrial polluters because of high color content, about 15% unfixed dyes and salts. The present paper is aimed to investigate and develop cheap adsorption methods for color removal from wastewater using waste materials activated carbon and activated rice husk-as adsorbents. The method was employed for the removal of Safranin-T and the influence of various factors such as adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, particle size, temperature, contact time, and pH was studied. The adsorption of the dye over both the adsorbents was found to follow Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Based on these models, different useful thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated for both the adsorption processes. The adsorption of Safranin-T over activated carbon and activated rice husks follows first-order kinetics and the rate constants for the adsorption processes decrease with increase in temperature.