新型椭圆形互补隐身斗篷设计

基于变换光学理论和互补媒质理论,提出了新型椭圆形互补隐身斗篷的设计方法,并得到了本构参数张量表达式,利用基于有限元算法的电磁仿真软件对该模型进行了全波仿真验证,结果证实了所得到的表达式的正确性,这种隐身斗篷不仅能够实现对位于其内部的物体隐身,而且电磁波能透进隐身斗篷内部进而可以与外界进行通信。     

Carpet anti-cloak based on transformation optics

We propose a scheme for carpet anti-cloak based on the transformation optics. An anti-cloak layer is designed, which can make the external electromagnetic waves break the carpet cloak shielding. The external electromagnetic waves can be detected under the carpet cloak, while not affecting the role of carpet cloak of stealth. The Jacobian transformation tensor is calculated by numerically solving the Laplace equations with proper boundary condition. Thus, it is possible to design tile anti-cloak layer of irregular shape. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibilities and flexibilities of the structure. Design details and full-wave simulation results are provided.     

任意横截面柱形热斗篷研究与设计

基于变换热力学,导出了具有非共形任意横截面的柱形热斗篷热导率表达式,并在此基础上设计了具有非共形横截面的柱形热斗篷.全波仿真结果表明,热斗篷迫使外部热流绕过斗篷,导致隐身区域热通量为零,从而具有热保护功能;同时,热流绕过斗篷后将恢复原来的温度场分布,使其具有完美热隐身功能.此外,基于所导出的变换媒质热导率表达式,设计并求解了具有规则共形和非规则共形横截面的柱形热斗篷,发现它们同样具有热保护和完美热隐身功能.这表明通过选择适当的边界函数,所得变换媒质热导率表达式可用于设计任意横截面柱形热斗篷,具有普遍的适用性,这种技术在计算机芯片、卫星和航天器等的热保护中有潜在应用.     

基于主动声学超材料的圆柱声隐身斗篷设计研究

基于多层复合材料结构的二维声隐身斗篷设计思想, 利用主动隔膜声学空腔有效密度可以任意控制这一特性, 设计了主动声学超材料下的无限长圆柱声隐身斗篷. 给出了主动隔膜声学空腔单元的声电元件类比模拟电路图和具体的有效密度控制方法. 进行了主动声学超材料声隐身斗篷的结构建模, 并对平面入射波入射下此圆柱隐身斗篷周围声压分布场进行仿真计算. 结果表明, 平面波在一定频率范围内可以毫无阻碍地透过圆柱斗篷, 似乎不存在这种障碍物, 达到声隐身效果. 同时, 计算了主动声材料斗篷下总散射截面随频率变化曲线, 研究了此斗篷隐身效果随频率的变化特性. 本文从主动控制角度探讨实验实现隐身斗篷的技术问题, 有望给声隐身斗篷实验设计提供一条新的技术途径.     

Electromagnetic wave interactions with a metamaterial cloak

We establish analytically the interactions of electromagnetic wave with a general class of spherical cloaks based on a full wave Mie scattering model. We show that for an ideal cloak the total scattering cross section is absolutely zero, but for a cloak with a specific type of loss, only the backscattering is exactly zero, which indicates the cloak can still be rendered invisible with a monostatic (transmitter and receiver in the same location) detection. Furthermore, we show that for a cloak with imperfect parameters the bistatic (transmitter and receiver in different locations) scattering performance is more sensitive to eta(t)=square root micro(t)/epsilon(t) than n(t)=square root micro(t)epsilon(t).     

Quasi-invisible thermal cloak based on homogenous materials

Invisible thermal cloak, which cancels distortions of temperature distribution caused by objects, has many potential applications in thermal engineering. In this letter, we theoretically proposed and simulatively verified a new design method for quasi-invisible thermal cloak. Different from conventional transformation thermodynamics that focus on complete invisibility, our method only decreases the effective scale of objects to small enough and realizes a quasi-invisible cloaking effect in thermal conduction regime. However, this quasi-invisible cloak has the same effect as that of invisible thermal cloak in practical engineering. More important, our cloak is easy to construct by natural materials due to its homogenous thermal properties and can cloak objects with different shapes and properties. These characters make the clock more comfortable for engineering applications.     

基于拉普拉斯方程的任意形状热斗篷研究与设计

如何灵活地控制和操纵热流是目前研究的热点.本文基于拉普拉斯方程提出了一种设计任意形状热斗篷的方法.对于形状规则的热斗篷,在特定边界条件下求解拉普拉斯方程得到了斗篷区域材料的热导率分布解析表达式;对于不规则形状的热斗篷,通过数值求解拉普拉斯方程得到了斗篷区域材料的热导率参数分布.全波仿真结果表明,所设计的二维和三维任意形状热斗篷内部隐身区域的热通量为零,从而具有热保护功能;同时,热流绕过斗篷后温度场恢复原来的分布,实现了完美隐身功能.这项研究为解决热斗篷内外边界非共形问题提供了一种可行的方法,对热保护器件的设计和制备有指导意义.     

Multi-window invisible cloaks

This paper reports that a general method of designing invisible cloaks is using variant constitutive material parameters to realize the space transformation. A hollow region can be hidden after this transformation. It was recently shown (Ma H, Qu S B, Xu Z and Wang J F 2009 \wx{Appl. Phys. Lett.}{94} 103501) that when the original point moves to the boundary of a cloak, the cloak can be designed to be open. Based on this theory, we propose multi-window invisible cloaks which can conceal a group of objects. Full wave simulations for invisible cloaks with regular and irregular shapes verified this method.     

Nonsingularity in two-dimensional cylindrical invisible cloaks

The method of designing electromagnetic invisible cloaks is usually based on the form-invariance of Maxwell's equations in coordinate transformation. The exterior boundary of a cylindrical invisible cloak is unchanged and the interior boundary is extended from that of a point to that of a cylindrical region in coordination transformation. This transformation process makes perfect cloaks, but it causes singularity in the constitutive material parameters of cloaks. This singularity makes the cloaks impossible to realize in practice. In order to remove this singularity, this paper sets a small cylindrical region replacing a point in the space transformation. The cylindrical region is so small that it does not affect the invisibility effects, but it can remove the singularity for material parameters. Full wave simulations based on the finite element method were used to verify the designed cloaks.     

基于变换热力学的三维任意形状热斗篷设计

在变换热力学的基础上,通过坐标变换的方法,推导出三维任意形状热斗篷导热系数的通解表达式,并进行了全波仿真验证.结果表明:热流均能绕过保护区域流出,保护区域的温度保持不变,而且热斗篷外的温度场并没有破坏,具有很好的热保护和热隐身的效果.这一方法把变换热力学从二维拓展到三维,具有普遍的适用性.同时,这种技术为热流流动路径和目标温度场的控制奠定了理论基础,在微芯片、电动机的保护以及目标热隐身上有潜在应用.     

Scattering characteristics of nonmagnetic invisibility cloak with minimized scattering

A kind of transformation functions is proposed to realize the nonmagnetic invisibility cloak with minimized scattering on the basis of generalized transformation. By matching the impedance at the outer surface of the cloak, the transformations with two parameters are determined. The good performance of the cloak is indicated by the full wave simulation based on the finite element method. Furthermore, based on the calculation of total scattering cross section, it is shown that the scattering cross section is very sensitive to the different parameters even though the impedance at the exterior boundary matches perfectly with the free space. In addition, from the effective media theory, an alternating layered system composed of two isotropic materials is proposed to realize experimentally the cloak.     

Phase signatures in laser-assisted electron-atom collisions

We study electron-atom scattering in the presence of a laser field with elliptic polarization. We discuss the dependence of the differential cross sections for the cases of circular and linear polarizations as a function of scattering angle. Interesting typical signatures of the phase between the two components of the circular polarization of the laser field appear in the differential cross section.     

Bandwidth enhancement of transformation optics-based cloak with reduced parameters

In this paper, dispersive cloak design with broad bandwidth and minimal scattering cross section is proposed by appropriately selecting a radial permeability for each shell in a discretized reduced cloak. The dispersive medium is constructed by artificially varying the inner radius of the cloak with frequency, and this variation results into unique material properties at every frequency. The variation of inner radius of the cloak with frequency is artificial since the actual physical dimension of inner radius remains invariant. The relation between bandwidth and geometrical parameters of cloak is obtained by ensuring that transformation media must satisfy the condition that group velocity must remain less than the speed of light along every direction for a finite frequency range. The proposed cloak provides \(8.9\,\%\) bandwidth with respect to the center frequency for \(50\,\%\) reduction in total scattering cross section, and at the design frequency, the minimum scattering cross section obtained is \(0.266\). The proposed dispersive cloak design is verified by numerical full-wave simulations results which also confirm good cloaking performance.     

Finite elements modelling of scattering problems for flexural waves in thin plates: Application to elliptic invisibility cloaks,rotators and the mirage effect

We propose a finite elements algorithm to solve a fourth order partial differential equation governing the propagation of time-harmonic bending waves in thin elastic plates. Specially designed perfectly matched layers are implemented to deal with the infinite extent of the plates. These are deduced from a geometric transform in the biharmonic equation. To numerically illustrate the power of elastodynamic transformations, we analyze the elastic response of an elliptic invisibility cloak surrounding a clamped obstacle in the presence of a cylindrical excitation i.e. a concentrated point force. Elliptic cloaking for flexural waves involves a density and an orthotropic Young’s modulus which depend on the radial and azimuthal positions, as deduced from a coordinates transformation for circular cloaks in the spirit of Pendry et al. [Science 312, 1780 (2006)], but with a further stretch of a coordinate axis. We find that a wave radiated by a concentrated point force located a couple of wavelengths away from the cloak is almost unperturbed in magnitude and in phase. However, when the point force lies within the coating, it seems to radiate from a shifted location. Finally, we emphasize the versatility of transformation elastodynamics with the design of an elliptic cloak which rotates the wavevector of a flexural wave within its core.     

Achieving acoustic cloak by using compressible background flow

We propose a scheme of acoustic spherical cloaking by means of background irrotational flow in compressible fluid.The background flow forms a virtual curved spacetime and directs the sound waves to bypass the cloaked objects. To satisfy the laws of real fluid, we show that spatially distributed mass source and momentum source are necessary to supply. The propagation of sound waves in this system is studied via both geometric acoustics approximation and full wave approach.The analytic solution of sound fields is obtained for plane wave incidence. The results reveal the effect of phase retardation(or lead) in comparison with the ordinary transformation-acoustic cloak. In addition, the ability of cloaking is also evaluated for unideal background flows by analyzing the scattering cross section.     

Acoustic elliptical cylindrical cloaks

By making a comparison between the acoustic equations and the 2-dimensional (2D) Maxwell equations, we obtain the material parameter equations (MPE) for acoustic elliptical cylindrical cloaks. Both the theoretical results and the numerical results indicate that an elliptical cylindrical cloak can realize perfect acoustic invisibility when the spatial distributions of mass density and bulk modulus are exactly configured according to the proposed equations. The present work is the meaningful exploration of designing acoustic cloaks that are neither sphere nor circular cylinder in shape, and opens up possibilities for making complex and multiplex acoustic cloaks with simple models such as spheres, circular or elliptic cylinders.     

Corrections to the Thomson cross section caused by relativistic effects and by the presence of the drift velocity of a classical charged particle in the field of a monochromatic plane wave

An approach to the solution of the relativistic problem of the motion of a classical charged particle in the field of a monochromatic plane wave with an arbitrary polarization (linear, circular, or elliptic) is proposed. It is based on the analysis of the 4-vector equation of motion of the charged particle together with the 4-vector and tensor equations for the components of the electromagnetic field tensor of a monochromatic plane wave. This approach provides analytical expressions for the time-averaged square of the 4-acceleration of the charge, as well as for the averaged values of any quantities periodic in the time of the reference frame. Expressions for the integral power of scattered radiation, which is proportional to the time-averaged square of the 4-acceleration of the charge, and for the integral scattering cross section, which is the ratio of the power of scattered radiation to the intensity of incident radiation, are obtained for an arbitrary inertial reference frame. An expression for the scattering cross section, which coincides with the known results at the circular and linear polarizations of the incident waves and describes the case of elliptic polarization of the incident wave, is obtained for the reference frame where the charged particle is on average at rest. An expression for the scattering cross section including relativistic effects and the nonzero drift velocity of a particle in this system is obtained for the laboratory reference frame, where the initial velocity of the charged particle is zero. In the case of the circular polarization of the incident wave, the scattering cross section in the laboratory frame is equal to the Thompson cross section.     

Experimental demonstration of an invisible cloak with irregular shape by using tensor transmission line metamaterials

We present the design and the experimental demonstration of an invisible cloak with irregular shape by using tensor transmission line(TL)metamaterials.The fabricated cloak consists of tensor TL unit cells exhibiting anisotropic effective material parameters,while the background medium consists of isotropic TL unit cells.The simulated and the measured field patterns around the cloak show a fairly good agreement,both demonstrate that the fabricated cloak can shield the cloaked interior area from electromagnetic fields without perturbing the external fields.The scattering of the cloaked perfect electric conductor(PEC)is minimized.Furthermore,the nonresonant property of the TL structure results in a relatively broad bandwidth of the realized cloak,which is clearly observed in our experiment.     

Femtosecond laser ablation of neurons in <Emphasis Type="Italic">C</Emphasis>. <Emphasis Type="Italic">elegans</Emphasis> for behavioral studies

In this paper, the interaction between the inhomogeneous and anisotropic cloak covered infinitely long PEC circular cylinder and the parallel electric-line-source is investigated in detail. First, the permittivity and permeability tensors of the cloak are defined according to Pendry’s model, then the wave equation in the metamaterial cloak is derived; second, the far/near properties of the model are investigated, and using the boundary conditions the electromagnetic fields of the whole region are calculated analytically; finally, based on the analytical expressions, the electric fields of the whole region are demonstrated through numerical results which show the effects of invisibility. Finally, the effects of loss on the performance of the invisible cloak are investigated.     

Electromagnetic analysis of cylindrical cloaks of an arbitrary cross section

We extend the design of radially symmetric invisibility cloaks through transformation optics as proposed by Pendry et al. [Science 312, 1780 (2006)] to coated cylinders of an arbitrary cross section. The validity of our Fourier-based approach is confirmed by both analytical and numerical results for a cloak displaying a non-convex cross section of varying thickness. In the former case, we evaluate the Green's function of a line source in the transformed coordinates. In the latter case, we implement a full-wave finite-element model for a cylindrical antenna radiating a p-polarized electric field in the presence of a F-shaped lossy object surrounded by the cloak.