青霉素(盘尼西林)的合成

1957年3月 J.C.Sheehan 和 R.K.Henry-Logan发表了一篇题目为“青霉素 V 的全合成”的报导,于是这族经过近廿年来许多有机化学家所研究过而结构颇为简单的抗生素终于有一种达成了有工业化可能性的人工合成。从合成的途径和使用的方法来看,其他天然青霉素的人工合成亦应不成问题。因此,这时来回顾一下有关青霉素的合成工作是值得的。天然青霉素青霉素这族抗生素包括着若千种结构密切相联系的物质,它们共同的结构(Ⅰ)经证明如右式:(?)它们的差别只在于 R-基的不同。今天我们所知道的由霉菌合成的青霉素而结构式已经肯定者共有六种(见下表)。在这些青霉素中,青霉素Ⅰ和Ⅱ是最早发现的。多年以来,只有苯甲基青霉素是唯一广泛使用的青霉素,因此关于这个青霉素的化学也是研究得最广     

高效液相色谱法测定土壤中青霉素G钠残留

近年来青霉素常被大量用于畜牧业,但是它们并不能被动物完全吸收,而是有相当部分以原形或代谢物的形式随粪便和尿液排入土壤中.由于青霉素有过敏反应,所以青霉素残留可能会使过敏体质的人产生过敏反应,危害人体健康~([1]),最终可能对人类的生存造成不利的影响.许多国家和国际组织对牛奶中的青霉素残留做了限量的规定~([2]),但是青霉素在土壤中的残留目前还没研究.本研究建立简便快速测定土壤中青霉素G钠的方法,并对7个牧场、2个农户和1个草原的土壤样品进行了测定.     

今年青霉素化学中的一件大事——席恩等人合成了青霉素V

青霉素是五大抗生素之一;它在医疗上的广泛用途,是人所共知的。由于青霉素对于人民保健事业的重大作用,在我国的第一个五年计划中,亦列为主要生产品之一,并以巨大的规模进行生产。虽然青霉素极其重要,但是目前,青霉素的生产在任何国家还仍旧是通过生物合成的途径来实现的。青霉素的人工合成方法,曾经引起了许多人的兴趣,出现了庞大数量的有关论文。在青霉素合成化学的领域中,可以找到资本主义国家中,许多卓越化学家的足迹,如鲁宾孙(R.Robinson),狄·芬里奥(V.du Vignea-ud)等人。但是所有这些企图,都没有满意的结果。例如,以狄·芬里奥为首所提供的青霉素G的合成,产     

HPLC及LC-MS法测定全血中青霉素

青霉素(penicilinG)属于青霉素类杀菌剂药物,极易溶于水,在甲醇、乙醇中溶解,在脂溶性溶剂中不溶解。易吸潮,遇酸、碱或氧化剂等迅速失效,水溶液也易分解。人体肌注后15～30min血浓度达到高峰值,有60％-90％原形物从肾脏中排出。青霉素毒性很小,人类即使使用大剂量也难以中毒,但是青霉素肌内注射、输液常引起过敏,并导致死亡。据1952～1966年的不完全统计,国内文献中关于发生青霉素过敏性休克的报告,至少400余例,其中50余例死亡。近2、3年间国内文献中仍有青霉素引起过敏反应的大量报告,尤其游医郎中的不合理用药,致死案例时有发生。这就要求我们对死者体内是否有青霉素进行分析测定。     

用网格搜索寻优法选择分离6种青霉素类药物的薄层色谱溶剂系统

用网格搜索寻优法确定了分离６种青霉素类药物的薄层色谱溶剂系统。采用均匀设计法安排初始实验，借助计算机进行网格搜索寻优计算，在硅胶ＧＦ（２５４）板上成功地分离了青霉素钠、苯唑青霉素钠、磺苄青霉素钠、氨苄青霉素钠、氧哌嗪青霉素钠和羧苄青霉素钠，方法简便、有效。     

氨苄青霉素及其抗原性聚合体的高效液相色谱分析法

氨苄青霉素钠盐的水溶液在室温放置数天后能形成氨苄青霉素多聚体。这种具有抗原性的多聚体在临床上易引起过敏反应。因此,聚合体的多少就成为评价氨苄青霉素质量优劣的重要指标。我们对Larsen等的方法加以改进,建立了定量分析氨苄青霉素     

用网格搜索寻优法选择分离6种青霉素类药物的薄层色谱溶剂系统

 用网格搜索寻优法确定了分离６种青霉素类药物的薄层色谱溶剂系统。采用均匀设计法安排初始实验，借助计算机进行网格搜索寻优计算，在硅胶ＧＦ（２５４）板上成功地分离了青霉素钠、苯唑青霉素钠、磺苄青霉素钠、氨苄青霉素钠、氧哌嗪青霉素钠和羧苄青霉素钠，方法简便、有效。     

6-APA合成反应中固定化青霉素酰化酶载体及固定化研究进展

青霉素酰化酶 ( penicillin amidase E.C.3.5 .1 .1 1 ,简称 PA)能催化水解青霉素产生 6-氨基青霉烷酸 ( 6- aminopenicillanic acid,简称 6- APA)、水解扩环酸产生 7-氨基 - 3-脱乙酰氧基头孢烷酸 ( 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid,简称 7- AD-CA) .该酶还能以 6- APA或 7- ADCA为母核 ,催化合成各种不同的半合成青霉素 (如氨基苄青霉素、羟氨苄青霉素等 )或头孢菌素 .由于半合成青霉素在效力与临床价值上优于青霉素 ,而青霉素又很容易通过发酵而大量生产 ,因此近几十年来 ,有关青霉素 G水解生产 6- APA的研究一直是一个…     

离子交换法提取青霉素G的探索

研究了5种性能不同的树脂对青霉素G提取的影响,确定了非极性大孔吸附树脂为适合青霉素G吸附的树脂。同时采用正交实验设计研究了上柱青霉素G浓度,吸附流量,洗脱剂种类等因素的影响作用,从而确定了提取青霉素G的最佳条件:柱尺寸20×1cm,上柱青霉素G浓度90mg/ml5ml/min,洗脱剂1mol/L KCl。     

青霉素酰化酶在介孔分子筛MCM-41上的固定化研究

通过改变酶固定化时的pH值、温度、时间以及酶用量,研究了固定化条件对MCM-41载体上固定化青霉素酰化酶的酶活及其稳定性的影响,明确了酶活及其稳定性随固定化条件的变化规律,初步分析了青霉素酰化酶在介孔分子筛MCM-41上的固定化过程。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.