A Note on Reflexivity

We prove some new results on Hadwin's general version of reflexivity that reduce the study of E-reflexivity (or E-hyperreflexivity) of a linear subspace to a smaller linear subspace. By applying our abstract results, we present a simple proof of D. Hadwin's theorem, which states that every C^∗-algebra is approximately hyperreflexive. We also prove that the image of any C^∗-algebra under any bounded unital homomorphism into the operators on a Banach space is approximately reflexive. We introduce a new version of reflexivity, called approximate algebraic reflexivity, and study its properties.     

The formation of trapped surfaces in spherically-symmetric Einstein–Euler spacetimes with bounded variation

We study the evolution of a self-gravitating compressible fluid in spherical symmetry and we prove the existence of weak solutions with bounded variation for the Einstein–Euler equations of general relativity. We formulate the initial value problem in Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates and prescribe spherically symmetric data on a characteristic initial hypersurface. We introduce here a broad class of initial data which contain no trapped surfaces, and we then prove that their Cauchy development contains trapped surfaces. We therefore establish the formation of trapped surfaces in weak solutions to the Einstein equations. This result generalizes a theorem by Christodoulou for regular vacuum spacetimes (but without symmetry restriction). Our method of proof relies on a generalization of the “random choice” method for nonlinear hyperbolic systems and on a detailed analysis of the nonlinear coupling between the Einstein equations and the relativistic Euler equations in spherical symmetry.     

Harmonic functions on [IN] and central hypergroups

In this paper we introduce the notions of [I N] and [S I N]-hypergroups and prove a Choquet-Deny type theorem for [I N] and central hypergroups. More precisely, we prove a Liouville theorem for bounded harmonic functions on a class of [I N]-hypergroups. Further, we show that positive harmonic functions on [I N]-hypergroups are integrals of exponential functions. Similar results are proved for [S I N] and central hypergroups.     

The β-space property in monotonically normal spaces and GO-spaces

In this paper we examine the role of the β-space property (equivalently of the MCM-property) in generalized ordered (GO-)spaces and, more generally, in monotonically normal spaces. We show that a GO-space is metrizable iff it is a β-space with a Gδ-diagonal and iff it is a quasi-developable β-space. That last assertion is a corollary of a general theorem that any β-space with a σ-point-finite base must be developable. We use a theorem of Balogh and Rudin to show that any monotonically normal space that is hereditarily monotonically countably metacompact (equivalently, hereditarily a β-space) must be hereditarily paracompact, and that any generalized ordered space that is perfect and hereditarily a β-space must be metrizable. We include an appendix on non-Archimedean spaces in which we prove various results announced without proof by Nyikos.     

Differentiability of mappings in the geometry of Carnot manifolds

We study the differentiability of mappings in the geometry of Carnot-Carathéodory spaces under the condition of minimal smoothness of vector fields. We introduce a new concept of hc-differentiability and prove the hc-differentiability of Lipschitz mappings of Carnot-Carathéodory spaces (a generalization of Rademacher’s theorem) and a generalization of Stepanov’s theorem. As a consequence, we obtain the hc-differentiability almost everywhere of the quasiconformal mappings of Carnot-Carathéodory spaces. We establish the hc-differentiability of rectifiable curves by way of proof. Moreover, the paper contains a new proof of the functorial property of the correspondence “a local basis ? the nilpotent tangent cone.”     

An intrinsic characterization of developable surfaces

We consider the classical theorem saying that if f: M → R³ is a Riemannian surface in R³ without planar points and with vanishing Gaussian curvature, then there is an open dense subset M′ of M such that around each point of M′ the surface f is a cylinder or a cone or a tangential developable. As we shall show below, the theorem, in fact, belongs to affine geometry. We give an affine proof of this theorem. The proof works in Riemannian geometry as well. We use the proof for solving the realization problem for a certain class of affine connections on 2-dimensional manifolds. In contrast with Riemannian geometry, in affine geometry, cylinders, cones as well as tangential developables can be characterized intrinsically, i.e. by means of properties of any nowhere flat induced connection. According to the characterization we distinguish three classes of affine connections on 2-dimensional manifolds, i.e. cylindric, conic and TD-connections.     

A volume comparison theorem for characteristic numbers

We show that assuming lower bounds on the Ricci curvature and the injectivity radius the absolute value of certain characteristic numbers of a Riemannian manifold, including all Pontryagin and Chern numbers, is bounded proportionally to the volume. The proof relies on Chern–Weil theory applied to a connection constructed from Euclidean connections on charts in which the metric tensor is harmonic and has bounded Hölder norm. We generalize this theorem to a Gromov–Hausdorff closed class of rough Riemannian manifolds defined in terms of Hölder regularity. Assuming an additional upper Ricci curvature bound, we show that also the Euler characteristic is bounded proportionally to the volume. Additionally, we remark on a volume comparison theorem for Betti numbers of manifolds with an additional upper bound on sectional curvature. It is a consequence of a result by Bowen.

     

Remarks on a Theorem of Amitsur

Amitsur proved the following theorem for an uncountable field k: Let A be a k-algebra, then any finite-dimensional nil subspace of A has bounded index, and any finite dimensional algebraic subspace of A has bounded degree. Here we give a new proof of Amitsur's theorem, a proof which is more elementary and direct, than Amitsur's original proof.     

Tactics for Hierarchical Proof

There is something of a discontinuity at the heart of popular tactical theorem provers. Low-level, fully-checked mechanical proofs are large trees consisting of primitive logical inferences. Meanwhile, high-level human inputs are lexically structured formal texts which include tactics describing search procedures. The proof checking process maps from the high-level to low-level, but after that, explicit connections are usually lost. The lack of connection can make it difficult to understand the proof trees produced by successful tactic proofs, and difficult to debug faulty tactic proofs. We propose the use of hierarchical proofs, also known as hiproofs, to help bridge these levels. Hiproofs superimpose a labelled hierarchical nesting on an ordinary proof tree, abstracting from the underlying logic. The labels and nesting are used to describe the organisation of the proof, typically relating to its construction process. In this paper we introduce a foundational tactic language Hitac which constructs hiproofs in a generic setting. Hitac programs can be evaluated using a big-step or a small-step operational semantics. The big-step semantics captures the intended meaning, whereas the small-step semantics is closer to possible implementations and provides a unified notion of proof state. We prove that the semantics are equivalent and construct valid proofs. We also explain how to detect terms which are stuck in the small-step semantics, and how these suggest interaction points with debugging tools. Finally we show some typical examples of tactics, constructed using tactical combinators, in our language.     

Sur la linéarité de la fonction de Artin

We give here a counter-example to an old conjecture in the theory of singularities. This conjecture is that the function that appears in the strong Artin approximation theorem is bounded by an affine function. First we study Diophantine approximation between the field of power series in several variables and its completion for the m-adic topology. We show, with an example, that there is no Liouville theorem in this case. This example gives us our counter-example (cf. théorème 1.2). As an application, we give a new proof of the fact that there is no theory of elimination of quantifiers for the field of fractions of the ring of power series in several variables.     

A complete rewrite system and normal forms for (S) reg

The (·)_reg construction was introduced in order to make an arbitrary semigroup S divide a regular semigroup (S) _reg which shares some important properties with S (e.g., finiteness, subgroups, torsion bounds, J-order structure). We show that (S) _reg can be described by a rather simple complete string rewrite system, as a consequence of which we obtain a new proof of the normal form theorem for (S) _reg. The new proof of the normal form theorem is conceptually simpler than the previous proofs.     

Uniformity seminorms on ℓ<Superscript>∞</Superscript> and applications

A key tool in recent advances in understanding arithmetic progressions and other patterns in subsets of the integers is certain norms or seminorms. One example is the norms on ℤ/Nℤ introduced by Gowers in his proof of Szemerédi’s Theorem, used to detect uniformity of subsets of the integers. Another example is the seminorms on bounded functions in a measure preserving system (associated to the averages in Furstenberg’s proof of Szemerédi’s Theorem) defined by the authors. For each integer k ≥ 1, we define seminorms on ℓ^∞(ℤ) analogous to these norms and seminorms. We study the correlation of these norms with certain algebraically defined sequences, which arise from evaluating a continuous function on the homogeneous space of a nilpotent Lie group on a orbit (the nilsequences). Using these seminorms, we define a dual norm that acts as an upper bound for the correlation of a bounded sequence with a nilsequence. We also prove an inverse theorem for the seminorms, showing how a bounded sequence correlates with a nilsequence. As applications, we derive several ergodic theoretic results, including a nilsequence version of the Wiener-Wintner ergodic theorem, a nil version of a corollary to the spectral theorem, and a weighted multiple ergodic convergence theorem.     

Elementary submodels in infinite combinatorics

The use of elementary submodels is a simple but powerful method to prove theorems, or to simplify proofs in infinite combinatorics. First we introduce all the necessary concepts of logic, then we prove classical theorems using elementary submodels. We also present a new proof of Nash-Williams’s theorem on cycle decomposition of graphs, and finally we improve a decomposition theorem of Laviolette concerning bond-faithful decompositions of graphs.     

A renormalized index theorem for some complete asymptotically regular metrics: The Gauss-Bonnet theorem

We study the Gauss-Bonnet theorem as a renormalized index theorem for edge metrics. These metrics include the Poincaré-Einstein metrics of the AdS/CFT correspondence and the asymptotically cylindrical metrics of the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index theorem. We use renormalization to make sense of the curvature integral and the dimensions of the L²-cohomology spaces as well as to carry out the heat equation proof of the index theorem. For conformally compact metrics even mod xm, we show that the finite time supertrace of the heat kernel on conformally compact manifolds renormalizes independently of the choice of special boundary defining function.     

Totality in arena games

We tackle the problem of preservation of totality by composition in arena games. We first explain how this problem reduces to a finiteness theorem on what we call pointer structures, similar to the parity pointer functions of Harmer, Hyland & Melliès and the interaction sequences of Coquand. We discuss how this theorem relates to normalization of linear head reduction in simply-typed λ-calculus, leading us to a semantic realizability proof à la Kleene of our theorem. We then present another proof of a more combinatorial nature. Finally, we discuss the exact class of strategies to which our theorems apply.     

Norms on earthquake measures and Zygmund functions

The infinitesimal earthquake theorem gives a one-to-one correspondence between Thurston bounded earthquake measures and normalized Zygmund bounded functions. In this paper, we provide an intrinsic proof of a theorem given in an earlier paper by the author; that is, we show that the cross-ratio norm of a Zygmund bounded function is equivalent to the Thurston norm of the earthquake measure in the correspondence.

     

Cauchy problems for fractional differential equations with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives

In this paper, we are concerned with Cauchy problems of fractional differential equations with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives in infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. We introduce the notion of fractional resolvent, obtain some its properties, and present a generation theorem for exponentially bounded fractional resolvents. Moreover, we prove that a homogeneous α-order Cauchy problem is well posed if and only if its coefficient operator is the generator of an α-order fractional resolvent, and we give sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions and strong solutions of an inhomogeneous α-order Cauchy problem.     

Uniform asymptotic regularity for Mann iterates

In Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 22 (2001) 641-656, we obtained an effective quantitative analysis of a theorem due to Borwein, Reich, and Shafrir on the asymptotic behavior of general Krasnoselski-Mann iterations for nonexpansive self-mappings of convex sets C in arbitrary normed spaces. We used this result to obtain a new strong uniform version of Ishikawa's theorem for bounded C. In this paper we give a qualitative improvement of our result in the unbounded case and prove the uniformity result for the bounded case under the weaker assumption that C contains a point x whose Krasnoselski-Mann iteration (x_k) is bounded. We also consider more general iterations for which asymptotic regularity is known only for uniformly convex spaces (Groetsch). We give uniform effective bounds for (an extension of) Groetsch's theorem which generalize previous results by Kirk, Martinez-Yanez, and the author.     

On the relation between an operator and its self-commutator

We show that a bounded operator A on a Hilbert space belongs to a certain set associated with its self-commutator [A^?,A], provided that A−zI can be approximated by invertible operators for all complex numbers z. The theorem remains valid in a general C^?-algebra of real rank zero under the assumption that A−zI belong to the closure of the connected component of unity in the set of invertible elements. This result implies the Brown-Douglas-Fillmore theorem and Huaxin Lin?s theorem on almost commuting matrices. Moreover, it allows us to refine the former and to extend the latter to operators of infinite rank and other norms (including the Schatten norms on the space of matrices). The proof is based on an abstract theorem, which states that a normal element of a C^?-algebra of real rank zero satisfying the above condition has a resolution of the identity associated with any open cover of its spectrum.     

Letter to the Editor: A Short Complex-Variable Proof of the Titchmarsh Convolution Theorem

The Titchmarsh convolution theorem is a celebrated result about the support of the convolution of two functions. We present a simple proof based on the canonical factorization theorem for bounded holomorphic functions on the unit disk.