吲哚菁绿对大鼠脑皮层血管近红外光学特性及光学相干层析成像的影响

研究观察了吲哚菁绿(ICG)对大鼠脑皮层血管近红外光谱学特性及光学相干层析成像(OCT)的影响。实验中,将SD大鼠颞部开颅,暴露并标记大脑中动脉,给予动物尾静脉注射ICG溶液,应用可见-近红外反射光谱仪和OCT系统检测脑皮层血管反射光谱的动态变化和衰减系数的特征性变化。结果显示,ICG注射后,大脑中动脉的反射光谱在ICG的吸收峰(800nm)左右出现一个特异性的低反射峰并随时间而逐渐变化;在注射ICG 3min时,本特异性低反射峰值达到最强,反射光谱的特征性变化可以为实现最佳OCT图像效果提供时间点。此外,ICG注射后的脑动脉OCT信号衰减系数为24.692±1.471,明显高于未注射ICG时15.088±1.602(p<0.01)。实验结果说明ICG可以增加血管对近红外光的吸收,为增强血管的检测能力提供理论参考,也为无损监测血管病变、肿瘤血管新生及血液动力学变化提供一种可行性检测手段。     

Multiwavelength optoacoustic system for noninvasive monitoring of cerebral venous oxygenation: a pilot clinical test in the internal jugular vein

A noninvasive, high-resolution optoacoustic technique is a promising alternative to currently used invasive methods of brain oxygenation monitoring. We present the results of our pilot clinical test of this technique in healthy volunteers. Multiwavelength optoacoustic measurements (with nanosecond optical parametric oscillator as a source of radiation) were performed on the area of the neck overlying the internal jugular vein, a deeply located large vein that drains blood from the brain and from extracranial tissues. Optoacoustic signals induced in venous blood were measured with high resolution and signal-to-noise ratio despite the presence of a thick layer of overlying tissue (up to 10 mm). The characteristic parameters of the signal at different wavelengths correlated well with the spectrum of the effective attenuation coefficient of blood.     

重金属铜胁迫下玉米的光谱特征及监测研究

农作物重金属污染监测是当今高光谱遥感研究的重要内容之一,旨在设计一种新的窄带植被指数,以实现不同培育期的两种玉米品种的重金属铜胁迫监测。研究设计了不同浓度的铜污染实验,采用SVCHR-1024I型高性能地物光谱仪测量不同浓度铜离子（Cu2+）胁迫下玉米叶片的光谱反射率,并同步获取了玉米叶片中Cu2+含量数据。首先,对玉米叶片原始光谱数据进行一阶差分处理,并计算一阶差分反射率与叶片中Cu2+含量的相关系数（r）,筛选对铜胁迫敏感的波段。计算结果显示,489~497,632和677 nm波长附近的一阶差分反射率与叶片中Cu2+含量显著相关,可将其视为敏感波段。其次,根据以上3个敏感波段,建立基于一阶差分反射率的铜胁迫植被指数（dVI）。对所有可能的dVIs和Cu2+含量进行一元回归分析,并采用决定系数（R2）和均方根误差（RMSE）对回归结果进行评估,以筛选最佳指数。最后,采用不同生长年份的玉米实验数据对敏感波段的稳定性及dVI的适用性进行了验证评估;同时,通过与归一化植被指数（NDVI）、红边叶绿素指数（CI_red-edge）、红边位置（REP）、光化学反射指数(PRI)等常规重金属胁迫植被指数进行应用比较,证明dVI更具有优越性。结果表明：一阶差分处理后,在450~500,630~680和677 nm波长处的叶片反射率与Cu2+含量的相关系数明显增大。基于一阶差分反射率的特征波段具有稳定性,对于不同生长年份的玉米叶片数据,特征波段的波长位置不变。一元回归分析结果表明,结合497,632和677 nm波长的一阶差分反射率的指数与Cu2+含量具有显著的相关性,对于不同生长年份的2种玉米品种数据集,R2都高达0.75以上。另外,与常规植被指数比较结果表明,该研究所提出的dVI具有更好的鲁棒性及有效性,可为冠层尺度的重金属胁迫监测提供理论基础。     

刚竹毒蛾危害下的毛竹叶片光谱特征波长研究

旨在获取刚竹毒蛾危害下的毛竹叶片光谱特征波长,以助于该虫害的有效、准确识别。将于福建省顺昌县实测的105条高光谱数据随机划分为实验组(71条)和验证组(34条)。基于实验组数据,利用单因素方差分析获取健康、轻度危害、中度危害、重度危害等虫害等级间具有极显著差异的波长;结合常用遥感卫星的波段设置对上述波长进行筛选,采用欧式距离、相关系数及光谱角匹配等3种方法判定其虫害判别能力,获取特征波长,并引入验证组样本对其予以验证。结果表明：(1)受害叶片的光谱反射率明显低于健康叶片,虫害等级越高,其反射率越低;(2)受害叶片的光谱特征变化较大,随着虫害等级的上升,其光谱曲线中的“绿峰”及“红谷”趋于消失,“红边”斜率逐渐减小;(3)确定原始光谱703.43~898.56 nm及一阶微分光谱497.68~540.72,554.53~585.25和596.24~618.23 nm为刚竹毒蛾危害下的毛竹叶片光谱特征波长,其对该虫害具有较强的判别能力。该研究从叶片尺度剖析了寄主对刚竹毒蛾的响应机理,是“地-天”耦合的理论基础,可为虫害遥感监测技术体系的建立提供重要依据。     

Hyperspectral estimation of soil organic matter based on different spectral preprocessing techniques

In this study, the potentiality of visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to estimate soil organic matter was assessed. Six preprocessing methods were implemented to process the original spectra. The partial least-squares regression approach was also applied to construct predictive models and evaluate the optimal spectral preprocessing method. The significant wavelengths of soil organic matter were determined by using the correlation analysis and the partial least-squares regression analysis. The results were: (i) visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy was proved to be an ideal approach in the soil organic matter estimation; (ii) different preprocessed spectra could improve their correlation with soil organic matter; the combination of first-order derivative and Savitzky–Golay smoothing method outperformed other preprocessing methods; (iii) the soil organic matter predictive models based on spectra processed by derivatives and Savitzky–Golay smoothing together presented a satisfactory accuracy, yielding the determination coefficient and root mean square error values of 0.986 and 0.077, respectively, for first-order derivative; and 0.973 and 0.105, respectively, for second-order derivative. The combination of first-order derivative and Savitzky–Golay smoothing was ultimately recommended the preferable preprocessing method; and (iv) the wavelengths of 417, 1853, 1000, and 2412?nm were determined as the significant wavelengths associated with soil organic matter. The study will provide a reference for the site specific management of agricultural inputs by using the visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology.     

基于温度不敏感源-探测器距离的测量方法的模拟研究

温度变化是影响近红外无创血糖测量精度的主要因素之一。为降低温度变化对近红外漫反射光谱的影响,提出了一种基于温度不敏感源-探测器距离的测量方法,即在漫反射光强对人体组织温度变化不敏感的源-探测器距离处进行光谱测量。利用Monte Carlo方法模拟了温度为30～40 ℃、葡萄糖浓度为0～300 mmol·L-1的皮肤组织在多个源-探测器距离处的漫反射光强。根据模拟结果,分析了人体皮肤组织模型中温度不敏感源-探测器距离的存在性及其受葡萄糖浓度变化的影响;比较了1 000 nm处温度恒定和温度变动时,不同源-探测器距离处漫反射光强与葡萄糖浓度的相关性;进一步地,利用六个波长(1 000,1 050,1 100,1 150,1 350和1 410 nm)下的温度不敏感源-探测器距离及其他距离处的漫反射光强,建立了葡萄糖的偏最小二乘(PLS)模型,并比较了这些模型在温度恒定和温度变动时的预测精度。结果表明,在1 000～1 440 nm范围内,人体存在温度不敏感源-探测器距离,且葡萄糖浓度变化对该距离的影响可以忽略不计;当组织温度变化时,温度不敏感源-探测器距离处的漫反射光强与葡萄糖浓度的相关性及建模效果均明显优于其他源-探测器距离,基本接近样品温度恒定时的情况。研究表明,基于温度不敏感源-探测器距离的测量方法能有效降低温度变化对漫反射光强的影响,有望提高近红外漫反射无创血糖测量的精度。     

基于定量遥感反演的内陆水体藻类监测

叶绿素作为衡量湖泊富营养化的重要指标,利用遥感技术对其进行实时动态监测具有重要意义。以太湖为例,通过对水体实测光谱和水质采样数据的分析,建立了光谱反射率比值与叶绿素a浓度的回归模型。结果显示,700 nm附近波段与625 nm附近波段所构建的比值模型R2最高,710 nm以后波段与其他可见光波段所构建的比值模型的R2会随可见光波长的增大而逐渐下降。在高光谱遥感估算模型的基础上,应用同步MODIS卫星遥感数据进行了太湖叶绿素a浓度的空间分布反演,并基于MODIS绿度指数建立了太湖藻华水体信息提取模型,从叶绿素a浓度估算和藻华信息提取两个方面实现了太湖藻类空间分布特征的定量反演,为太湖等大型内陆水体藻类的实时定量遥感监测提供了新的研究思路。     

温室番茄冠层和叶片光谱特征分析及营养诊断

通过温室基质栽培,利用ASD光谱仪和傅里叶光谱分析仪测量了四种营养水平下温室番茄冠层和叶片的光谱反射曲线,并检测了对应叶片的水分含量、叶绿素含量和氮含量,分析了不同营养水平下番茄冠层和叶片的反射光谱变化,并对番茄叶片含水量的敏感波长以及冠层反射光谱的红边波长进行了研究。结果表明:温室番茄冠层反射光谱曲线在可见光550nm左右均有叶绿素的强反射峰,近红外区反射率高于可见光区。在同一生长期,随基质营养水平的提高,番茄冠层反射率在可见光波段不断减小,在近红外波段不断增大,且红边波长位置出现"红移"现象。利用530和760nm特征波长得到的归一化颜色指标NDCI与叶片氮含量有较好相关性,R2为0.7511。     

Impact of NIR wavelength lighting in image acquisition on finger vein biometric system effectiveness

Finger vein biometric systems become increasingly more popular because they offer higher security comparing to other authentication solutions with respect to positive persons experience. Those systems operate on near infrared light (NIR) in wavelength range from around 700 to 1000 nm, however dedicated research to determine impact of NIR lighting on biometric system effectiveness has not been conducted and presented in the literature ever before. In this paper the study of correlation between wavelengths in NIR spectra and effectiveness of person identification in a biometric system is presented. To achieve that goal, a new model of image acquisition system allowing change of light wavelengths has been created and NIR finger vein dataset containing 11 556 images was established. Furthermore, this model was used to perform experimental work and proof that some NIR wavelengths better suit for vein patterns acquisition, allowing to increase the recognition effectiveness of finger vein biometric systems.     

Vessel length on SNAP MRA and TOF MRA is a potential imaging biomarker for brain blood flow

PurposeTo explore feasibility of using the vessel length on time-of-flight (TOF) or simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque hemorrhage (SNAP) MRA as an imaging biomarker for brain blood flow, by using arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging and 3D phase contrast (PC) quantitative flow imaging as references.MethodsIn a population of thirty subjects with carotid atherosclerotic disease, the visible intracranial arteries on TOF and SNAP were semi-automatically traced and the total length of the distal segments was calculated with a dedicated software named iCafe. ASL blood flow was calculated automatically using the recommended hemodynamic model. PC blood flow was obtained by generating cross-sectional arterial images and semi-automatically drawing the lumen contours. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the associations between the different whole-brain or hemispheric blood flow measurements.ResultsUnder the imaging protocol used in this study, TOF vessel length was larger than SNAP vessel length (P < 0.001). Both whole-brain TOF and SNAP vessel length showed a correlation with whole brain ASL and 3D PC blood flow measurements, and the correlation coefficients were higher for SNAP vessel length (TOF vs ASL: R = 0.554, P = 0.002; SNAP vs ASL: R = 0.711, P < 0.001; TOF vs 3D PC: R = 0.358, P = 0.052; SNAP vs 3D PC: R = 0.425, P = 0.019). Similar correlation results were observed for the hemispheric measurements. Hemispheric asymmetry index of SNAP vessel length also showed a significant correlation with hemispheric asymmetry index of ASL cerebral blood flow (R = 0.770, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe results suggest that length of the visible intracranial arteries on TOF or SNAP MRA can serve as a potential imaging marker for brain blood flow.     

On the angular dependence of gaps in 1-D Si/SiO2 periodic structures

A multilayer of silicon and silicon dioxide was used to study the angular dependence of reflectance maxima originating from interference and bulk optical properties. Silicon dioxide has a lattice resonance in the infrared causing an interval of high reflectance for wavelengths around 9 μm. The multilayer was designed such that the interference maxima do not overlap/interact with the material related reflectance maximum. In this way the different angular behavior for the two types of reflectance maxima can be studied simultaneously. Experimental and calculated reflectance spectra for s- and p-polarized light for angles of incidence between 0° and 90° collected for every 5° are presented. The reflectance features caused by interference generally move to shorter wavelengths with increasing angle of incidence, and the materials related peak is widened for (s-polarized light) and excitation of the longitudinal modes was observed for p-polarized light.     

光谱技术检测鲜红斑痣病变程度的MC模拟

在分析鲜红斑痣病理的基础上,根据病变程度改变真皮上层血液层的厚度,并建立相应的光学模型,确定其组织光学参数.通过Monte Carlo模拟,得出：鲜红斑痣皮肤反射光谱与荧光光谱均可反映鲜红斑痣皮肤病变程度,特别是血管直径的变化;当血管直径增大时,鲜红斑痣皮肤反射光谱反射率与荧光光谱强度均明显下降.研究表明反射光谱和荧光光谱可能应用于判断或分析鲜红斑痣皮肤的病变程度,从而为鲜红斑痣的临床治疗方案及治疗效果提供参考.     

玉米生长期叶片叶绿素含量检测研究

分析了在正常、偏低、偏高等不同施氮水平下,玉米生长期冠层反射光谱与叶绿素含量的相关关系,结果表明玉米叶绿素含量检测的敏感期为拔节期和喇叭口期.正常施氮水平下玉米冠层光谱反射率与叶绿素含量相关关系高于其他施氮水平,即r正常>r偏高>r偏低.整个生长期由苗期开始二者相关系数绝对值满足先上升后下降,于开花吐丝期达最低后回升的趋势,其中玉米拔节期和灌浆期冠层反射光谱与叶绿素含量呈正相关.选取558,667,714和912 nm,分别对玉米拔节期和喇叭口期建立了MLR和PLSR检测模型,经比较,虽然PLSR模型复相关系数较MLR模型有所降低,但模型鲁棒性得到增强.分析拔节期和喇叭口期各种植被指数与叶绿素含量的相关关系,表明DVI优于其他指数,且拔节期DVI与叶绿素含量呈二项式相关,喇叭口期二者呈指数相关.     

Study of cerebrovascular reserve capacity by magnetic resonance perfusion weighted imaging and photoacoustic imaging

The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and MR imaging for evaluating the cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVRC) in animal models. Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) were used for MRI. BALB/c mice were used for PAI. MR perfusion weighted imaging (PWI) was performed on a 1.5-T whole-body MR system before and after oral administration of acetazolamide (ACZ). The region of interest (ROI) was chosen in the bilateral frontal lobe for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and mean transit time (MTT). The vessel diameters of the superficial layer of the cortex were measured by PAI in the resting and ACZ-activated mice. The results showed that there was a statistical difference between the resting and ACZ-activated animals in vessel diameter, rCBV and rCBF values. The increments in rCBV and rCBF of WKY rats between resting and ACZ test states were significantly higher than that of SHR. The pathological findings of small arterial walls and lumen of the brain were also different between WKY and SHR rats. The diameters of blood vessels in the superficial layer of the brain measured by PAI were enlarged after the ACZ tolerance test. This result was also observed in the MRI CBV map, where the signal of the vessel in the superficial layer of the cortex became redder after the ACZ stimulation, suggesting the increase of blood flow. It can be concluded that MR PWI and PAI combined with the ACZ test might be useful in evaluating the CVRC and revealing the pathologic changes in cerebral vessels.     

铀污染下的商陆叶片反射光谱特征与铀含量关系研究

通过室内盆栽试验,利用微分技术处理叶片反射光谱数据,研究铀污染下商陆叶片中的铀含量在不同光谱波段与原始光谱反射率、一阶导数光谱的相关关系,找到商陆铀污染诊断的敏感波段范围和最优光谱特征参数,并以相关性较好的敏感波段及光谱特征参数为自变量,与商陆叶片铀含量建立对应的估测拟合模型。如果以该模型为基础创建铀含量的冠层光谱模型,则有可能实现通过遥感影像监测叶片中的铀含量。实验结果表明：当商陆叶片中的铀含量为5.94～71.74 mg·kg-1时,叶片中铀含量与一阶导数光谱数据的相关性较原始光谱数据好,在749～766 nm区间内存在较好的相关性和光谱响应;根据上述相关性分析,选择14个光谱特征参数,计算他们与商陆叶片铀含量的相关系数,其中蓝边面积、红边位置、红边面积与蓝边面积的比值及红边面积与蓝边面积的归一化值与叶片铀含量的相关系数达到了0.05显著检验水平;选取一阶导数光谱中相关系数最高的波段757,758,760和761 nm处的值和上述相关性最高的4个光谱特征参数,与叶片铀含量建立多种形式的估测拟合模型,通过对拟合模型的精度检验,发现以红边面积与蓝边面积的比值、757和760 nm处反射率的一阶导数为自变量的拟合模型的预测效果较好,其中拟合效果最优的模型是以757 nm波段处反射率的一阶导数为自变量的三次函数模型,模型预测精度达到了89.8%。     

偏振-高光谱多维光信息的番茄叶片营养诊断

以Venlo型温室中无土栽培模式下自行培育的25%,50%,75%,100%,150%五个梯度水平的氮、磷、钾营养胁迫样本为研究对象,利用高光谱成像系统以及课题组自行研发的偏振反射光谱测量分析系统分别采集不同氮磷钾营养水平番茄叶片的偏振光谱和高光谱数据。通过扫描电镜分析阐明营养胁迫叶片非光滑表面的凹凸和质地发生的一系列变化与偏振反射辐射之间具有一定的联系。由斯托克斯公式将偏振光谱换算成偏振度后,提取偏振度与氮磷钾实测值之间的各4个偏振度特征;同时将高光谱数据经过主成分分析降维并确定氮磷钾各4个特征波长,再通过相关分析法提取这4个特征波长下的各8个高光谱图像纹理特征。偏振度特征与高光谱纹理特征相加累计氮磷钾各12个特征作为支持向量回归(SVR)的输入变量。对这12个特征变量进行最大—最小值归一化后,采用SVR建立番茄氮磷钾营养水平的定量诊断模型,求得氮的相关系数r=0.961 8,均方根误差RMSE=0.451;磷的相关系数r=0.916 3,均方根误差RMSE=0.620;钾的相关系数r=0.940 6,均方根误差RMSE=0.494。研究结果表明采用偏振反射光谱结合高光谱的多维光信息融合技术能够建立精度较高的番茄营养水平预测模型,具有较好的诊断作用,对于提高模型的精度和专用仪器的开发具有一定的指导意义,为番茄养分含量的快速检测提供了新的思路。     

Pharmacokinetic analysis of glioma compartments with dynamic Gd-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used for measuring perfusion and blood volume, especially cerebral blood volume (CBV). In case of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, the conventional techniques only partially determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of contrast medium (CM) exchange between different compartments. Here a modified pharmacokinetic model is applied, which is based on the bidirectional CM exchange between blood and two interstitial compartments in terms of the fractional volumes of the compartments and the vessel permeabilities between them. The evaluation technique using this model allows one to quantify the fractional volumes of the different compartments (blood, cells, slowly and fast enhancing interstitium) as well as the vessel permeabilities and cerebral blood flow (CBF) with a single T1-weighted dynamic MRI measurement. The method has been successfully applied in 25 glioma patients for generating maps of all of these parameters. The fractional volume maps allow for the differentiation of glioma vascularization types. The maps show a good correlation with the histological grading of these tumors. Furthermore, regions with enhanced interstitial volumes are found in high-grade gliomas. Differences in permeability maps of Gd-DTPA apart from BBB disruption do not exist between different tissue types. CBF measured in high-grade glioma is less pronounced than it would be expected from their blood volume. Therefore pharmacokinetic imaging provides an additional tool for glioma characterization.     

Analysis of spectral response of vegetation leaf biochemical components

Based on the leaf spectra data measured with LOPEX'93, the authors analyzed the relationship between leaf spectra and leaf biochemical components including leaf chlorophyll and leaf water content. It was showed that leaf chlorophyll was highly correlated with the second derivation of leaf reflectance at wavelengths 700, 670, 600, 500, 490, 440, and 410 nm; similarly, it was also showed that leaf water content was highly correlated with the continuum removed leaf reflectance at wavelengths 2350, 2180, 2130, 2120, 1870, and 1820 nm, which correspond to the absorption features of water in shortwave infrared bands. In addition, the authors found that ND (Normalized Difference) has a higher response to chlorophyll than other spectral indexes and the correlation coefficient is 0.618; Ratio975 has a very high response to water content and the correlation coefficient is up to 0.996. Based on the above evidences, the authors built a model to retrieve leaf chlorophyll and leaf water content through ground measured leaf spectra data and the simulated leaf chlorophyll and leaf water content are very accurate as compared to the ground measurements.     

不同浓度稀土溶液的反射波谱特征研究

波谱吸收特征一般和物质成分具有密切联系,其中描述波谱吸收特征的参数——波谱吸收深度可以作为一种定量评估样品化学组成的参数。 波谱吸收特征及化学特征之间的相关性研究已经在土壤学、 矿物学及植被科学等领域得到了证实,但是针对稀土元素及其化学特征之间的相关性研究目前还未开展相关工作。 为开展此方面的研究,针对赣南稀土矿区采集的10个不同浓度的稀土溶液样品,运用便携式地物波谱仪和等离子质谱仪分别获取了其波谱特征和稀土总浓度,研究结果表明稀土溶液呈现出水体和稀土氧化物的混合波谱特性,在可见光-近红外波段有6个明显的稀土特征吸收谷。 针对这6个特征吸收谷,运用原始波谱与纯水波谱比值的方法计算得出的波谱吸收深度和稀土总浓度进行线性回归分析,表明两者高度线性相关,由此建立了稀土浓度定量评估模型。 这一研究提供了一种间接评估溶液中稀土浓度的新方法,并且为稀土元素高光谱信息提取研究提供了理论基础。     

Spectral selectivity of nickel and chromium rough surfaces

The reflectance of metal surfaces with sinusoidal roughness of different periods and depths has been investigated experimentally. The results show clearly that the surface structure can be used to modify the optical properties of metal surfaces at different wavelengths. With a proper choice of groove depth to period ratio, nickel or chromium coatings on gratings have low reflectance in the short wavelength region, but achieve high reflectance in the infrared region. A solar absorptance as high as 93% has been obtained from such a surface. The surfaces are thought to be representative for randomly rough surfaces provided proper correlation length and height variation are chosen. Further, as the absorber is made of a single metal surface, it could be highly temperature resistant.