Extension of the discrete-ordinate algorithm and efficient radiative transfer calculation

As an accurate and efficient algorithm, the discrete-ordinate method (DOM) has been used to solve the radiative transfer problem of plane-parallel scattering atmosphere illuminated by a parallel beam, an idealized case of the sun, from above the atmosphere. In this paper, we extend this algorithm so that radiative problems of more general sources, such as parallel surface sources that illuminate with a parallel beam in any direction from any vertical position, and general surface sources that illuminate continuously in a hemisphere, can be solved. For a problem where intensity distributions are sought for a number of different sources within the same atmosphere-surface system, the intrinsic properties of DOM are used so that the time required for the solution for extra sources is reduced to a substantially small amount. In the case of parallel surface sources, numerical testing has shown that the amount can be reduced to as little as 15% of a full solution. Examples of applications are presented.     

被动差分光学吸收光谱法监测污染源排放总量研究

研究了一种测量污染源污染气体(如SO2、NO2)排放总量的光学遥测方法,即采用被动差分光学吸收光谱(DOAS)系统在移动平台(如汽车)上对污染源排放烟羽进行扫描测量,利用被动差分光学吸收光谱处理方法对系统采集的天顶太阳散射光谱进行处理获取柱密度,在结合测量时段的气象(风场)信息后获得污染气体的排放通量,最终得到排放总量。着重描述了获得烟羽垂直柱密度的差分光学吸收光谱方法以及污染气体排放通量的计算方法,并利用车载被动差分光学吸收光谱系统对某一热电厂SO2排放进行了外场测量,实验结果与在线设备的对比表明:这种基于被动差分光学吸收光谱光学遥测方法能够用于污染源排放总量的快速测量。     

图像光谱技术实现精确测温

建立了一种以灰体辐射为基础测量温度的新方法,它不仅可以测定辐射体的实时温度,而且可以实现无接触和高精度测量。首先,利用多通道CCD图像光谱仪精确测量辐射体在较宽波段内的辐射光谱,作为该辐射体的指纹光谱,将其定义为一个等效的灰体;其次,通过对所测光谱的拟合确定该辐射体的灰体辐射模型的系数,从而确定待测辐射体的灰体辐射模型;最后,通过光谱技术与灰体辐射模型的结合确定给定辐射体的任意温度。通过对无火焰和有火焰这两类热辐射体的实验检验,表明该测温方法具有实时、准确和无接触等优点。     

被动差分吸收光谱法测量烟羽速度的方法研究

差分吸收光谱技术(differential optical absorption spectroscopy, DOAS)是利用气体分子在紫外-可见光谱范围的特征吸收来测量其浓度含量。被动DOAS以天顶太阳散射光为光源通过对污染源排放烟羽进行扫描测量能获取污染气体(如SO₂,NO₂)柱浓度的连续分部,再结合风场信息后可以估算出污染源污染气体的排放总量。在实际测量中由于无法准确获取烟羽速度这一重要参数使得排放总量的计算变得比较困难,并且这也成为估算总量中的主要误差来源。文章研究了被动DOAS测量污染源排放烟羽速度的原理和方法,两套系统以固定夹角在烟羽下方获取烟羽通过一定距离的时间差从而得到烟羽运动速度。通过两套被动DOAS系统对某电厂排放烟羽进行测量得到了两个时刻的烟羽速度3.6和5.4 m·s-1,并与单经纬仪测风法获取当时烟羽高度上的风速结果进行对比表明,这种基于被动DOAS光学遥测方法能够满足烟羽速度的测量。     

Modal expansion for spherical homogeneous sources

The modal expansion of a class of stochastic spherical scalar sources is studied. At the surface of these sources the cross-spectral density is assumed to be homogeneous, in the sense that the power spectrum is position-independent and the spectral degree of coherence depends on the angular distance between points only. It is shown that for any such source the modes are given by the spherical harmonics and the associated eigenvalues can be evaluated by solving simple integrals. Three examples of the spectral degree of coherence for this type of sources are given for which the eigenvalues can be found in closed form.     

Thermal emission properties of one-dimensional grating with different parameters

Thermal emission is often presented as a typical incoherent process. Incorporating periodic structures on the tungsten surface offers the possibility to obtain coherent thermal emission sources. Here we illustrate grating as an example to examine the influence of the geometric parameters on the thermal emission properties. It is found that for very shallow gratings, only surface plasmon polariton(SPP) modes can be excited and the emission efficiency is closely related with the filling factor. When the ratio of the depth to period of the grating is in the range from 1/20 to 1/2, the field between the adjacent corners can be coupled to each other across the air gap for the filling factor larger than 0.5 and produce a similar resonance as in an air rod. Further increase of the grating depth can cause the groove of the grating forming metal–insulator–metal(MIM) structures and induce surface plasmon standing wave modes. Our investigations will not only be helpful for manipulating thermal emission properties according to applications, but also help us understand the coupling mechanism between the incident electromagnetism waves and gratings with different parameters in various research fields.     

Time-dependent scalar Beltrami-Hertz potentials in free space

We have solved the Beltrami-Maxwell equations for free space in terms of time-dependent scalar functions, the so-called scalar Beltrami-Hertz potentials. The two Beltrami fields have been represented in terms of scalar Beltrami-Hertz potentials. While the method is formulated for general sources, it is at its most powerful when the impressed source current densities are unidirectional: each Beltrami field, a complex-valued vector, can then be derived from a single scalar Beltrami-Hertz potential. We have calculated the corresponding scalar Green function explicity and given closed-form solutions for dipolar sources. Finally, the connection between the Beltrami-Maxwell formalism and conventional electromagnetic theory has been re-affirmed.     

Enhanced backward scattering by surface plasmons on silver film

Surface plasmon and its potential application in nanotechnology have attracted a remarkable amount of attention recently due to their novel properties. In this work we present an angularly resolved surface plasmon scattering study on a primitive metal surface. Using a reversed attenuated total reflection (RATR) setup in the experiment, we obtained a double-crescent shaped and enhanced scattering pattern at far field. The scattering pattern as a function on the variation of angle and polarization of incident beam are studied. Both theoretical and experimental results reveal an enhanced backward scattering by surface plasmon excitation. Consequently, it is shown that this angularly resolved surface plasmon scattering measurement can be employed for resolving a richness of nanoscale surface textures. PACS 42.79.-e; 42.30.Wb; 78.20.Ci     

不同类型蒸发源对平面夹具薄膜均匀性的影响

 分析了几种可能的实际蒸发源与薄膜均匀性的关系,其中包括扩展的平面蒸发源和曲面蒸发源。通过实验论证了薄膜均匀性对蒸发源尺寸和蒸发特性的依赖关系。得到的分析结果表明：当蒸发源半径和夹具高度的比值小于1/17时,蒸发源可以被视为一个点面源;大于 1/10时,应当把蒸发源视为面面源进行考虑。当挖坑深度和蒸发源半径的比值介于0和0.5之间时,挖坑对薄膜均匀性造成的影响基本可以忽略;大于0.6时,挖坑效应明显影响薄膜的均匀性。     

A Gauss type law for gravity with a cosmological constant

It is shown that Komar's conserved quantities can be generalized to space-times with a cosmological constant in which matter, electric charge, and massless scalar field are sources. In the special case of the Kerr-Newman-de Sitter solution, treated as a solution external to matter sources, these quantities are equal to the global mass and angular momentum of its source. They are determined regardless of any local distribution of the mass and angular momentum of sources in addition to the electric charge given by the classical Gauss' law.     

Parameterization of land surface albedo

Remote measurements of Earth’s surface from ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments show that its albedo is highly variable and is sensitive to solar zenith angle（SZA） and atmospheric opacity. Using a validated radiative transfer calculating toolbox, DISORT and a bidirectional reflectance distribution function library, AMBRALS, a land surface albedo（LSA） lookup table（LUT） is produced with respect to SZA and aerosol optical depth. With the LUT, spectral and broadband LSA can be obtained at any given illumination geometries and atmospheric conditions. It provides a fast and accurate way to simulate surface reflectance over large temporal and spatial scales for climate study.     

Planar heterogeneous structures for coherent emission of radiation

The coupling of excited surface polaritons with thermal radiation through diffraction by gratings results in coherent thermal emission in a certain frequency range toward well-defined directions for p polarization. A planar coherent source is proposed that uses multilayers of negative permittivity (epsilon) and negative permeability (mu) materials. Owing to the excitation of surface polaritons at the interface between the negative-epsilon and negative-mu layers, coherent emission can be achieved for both s and p polarization. Moreover, one can control the emission frequency and direction by adjusting the layer thicknesses.     

A fast linearized pseudo-spherical two orders of scattering model to account for polarization in vertically inhomogeneous scattering-absorbing media

We calculate the reflection matrix for the first two orders of scattering in a vertically inhomogeneous, scattering-absorbing medium. We take full account of polarization and perform a complete linearization (analytic differentiation) of the reflection matrix with respect to both the inherent optical properties of the medium and the surface reflection condition. Further, we compute a scalar-vector correction to the total intensity due to the effect of polarization; this correction is also fully linearized. The solar beam attenuation has been computed for a pseudo-spherical atmosphere.Results from the two orders of scattering (2OS) model have been tested against scalar intensities for an inhomogeneous atmosphere, and against Stokes vector results for a homogeneous atmosphere. We have also performed backscatter simulations of reflected sunlight in the O₂A band for a variety of geometries, and compared our results with those from a full vector multiple scattering code. Our results are exact in the center of strong lines and most inaccurate in the continuum, where polarization is least significant. The s- and p-polarized radiances are always computed very accurately. The effect of gas absorption optical depth, solar zenith angle, viewing geometry, surface albedo and wind speed (in the case of ocean glint) on the intensity, polarization and corresponding weighting functions have been investigated. It is shown that the 2OS model provides fast and reliably accurate polarization corrections to the scalar-model radiance and weighting function fields. The model can be implemented in operational retrieval algorithms as an adjunct radiative transfer code to deal with polarization effects.     

On the role of harmonics superimposed to the driving field in a harmonic generation process

The spatially integrated emission of harmonics from two along the propagation axis spatially separated sources has been investigated as a function of the relative phase and relative emission power of the two sources. Temporal interference fringes have been observed with frequency distributions including multiples of the driving Ti:sapphire laser frequency. The interference fringes provide evidence of harmonic emission that is sensitive to the relative emission phases and intensities of the two sources. Thus they demonstrate control of the emission at the following source by the harmonics emitted at the preceding one. The observed interference frequencies are discussed qualitatively and some of them are attributed to resonant processes.     

Fluctuational electrodynamics in the presence of finite thermal sources

We present exact calculations of the spatial correlation of the blackbody radiation in the presence of spheres whose dimensions are smaller or comparable to the radiation wavelength. By going beyond the standard scalar coherence theory, we show that the spatial correlation function of a spherical thermal source is not universal but depends on the material properties of the source and exhibits near-field-induced features. Near-field effects are also manifested in the case of a linear chain of dielectric spheres where the correlation function probes the inhomogeneity of the chain. For this latter system we have established the conditions when the near-field effects cancel out and the correlation function takes the typical form of a conventional Lambertian source. For the case of a chain of metallic nanospheres, the increased spatial correlation of the far field leads to a directional thermal emission spectrum.     

高性能强流脉冲电子束源关键技术研究

强流脉冲电子束源是高功率微波系统的核心部件之一,针对未来应用需求,亟需从绝缘、束流输运和热管理等多个方面提升强流束源技术性能。介绍了国防科技大学在高功率微波源用强流真空电子束源方面的研究进展。针对高功率微波管保真空需求,基于陶瓷金属钎焊,设计并研制了一种强场陶瓷真空界面,耐压大于600 kV、平均绝缘场强达到44 kV/cm、耐受脉宽大于80 ns,重复频率运行稳定;研制了一种基于SiC纳米线的强流电子束源冷阴极,在90 kV/cm的场条件下获得了1.17 kA/cm2的束流密度,相比传统天鹅绒阴极,SiC纳米线阴极的宏观电稳定性、发射均匀性及运行寿命均得到显著提高;针对相对论返波管,研制基于螺旋水槽型的强流电子束收集极,克服了高比能和低流速的矛盾,耐受热流密度达到1012 W/m2,能够满足系统长脉冲、高重复频率运行要求。     

One model for magnetic solar neutrino interactions,cosmological neutrino decays,and new particle resonant production by interactions of neutrinos from Cygnus X-3

Standard model extensions which include a charged, weak-singlet scalar particle can induce an electron-neutrino magnetic moment large enough to implement the Voloshin-Vysotski-Okun solution to the solar neutrino problem and observed anticorrelation of sunspots and neutrino flux. The resonant production and decay of such a charged scalar particle by neutrinos from ultra-high energy point sources of cosmic rays such as Cygnus X-3 has been discussed in the literature as a possible source of an anomalous muon signal in deep underground detectors. We argue here that there are versions of the charged scalar model which simultaneously can accommodate the above phenomena and in addition predict a radiative neutrino decay whose lifetime is about 10²⁴ s. This value is consistent with that needed for a dark-matter neutrino of about 30 eV mass to yield a flux of UV photons which could explain several puzzling observations of H_α emission from the galactic disk and from the intergalactic HI cloud in Leo.     

Dislocation loop evolution from a source in a field of randomly distributed uniform obstacles

We have created a computer simulation of dislocation loop emission by a Frank-Read source and its evolution in a uniform field of randomly distributed, weak, point obstacles. We discovered a threshold source length such that dislocation loops from shorter sources expand in a super-obstacle regime; otherwise they enlarge by thermal activation, and there is a relationship to the strength of the obstacle. We determine the range of stresses in which dislocation loops expand above the obstacle, shrink, or grow via thermal activation. In contrast with infinite linear dislocations, we do not observe stable evolution (i.e., velocity and other characteristics) of dislocation loops in all stress regimes. Tomsk State Architectural-Construction Academy. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 61–64, June, 1997.     

Multiple directional enhanced light source through a periodic metal grating structure

Higher emission rates and controllable emission direction are big concerns when it comes to finding a good single photon source. Recently, surface plasmons are introduced to this application, as they can manipulate and enhance the luminescence of single emitters. Here, we experimentally achieve a wide-area multiple directional enhanced light source through periodic metal grating structures. The surface-plasmon-coupled emission can have multiple precisely emission angles by just changing the period of the grating. Our result indicates that metal plasmonic grating can be used as a productive quantum device for unidirectional quantum light sources in quantum optics.