烟尘簇团粒子光学截面和散射矩阵的数值计算

用离散偶极子近似方法，计算了单个烟尘簇团粒子的光学特性，得到了簇团粒子的散射截面、吸收截面及不对称因子随入射角的变化关系，为研究波在烟尘粒子中的传输特性提供了有效的计算方法；给出了不同入射角情况下烟尘簇团粒子散射矩阵元素的角分布，为研究散射体的散射特性、极化特性以及散射体结构特性提供了一种理论方法. 关键词： 烟尘簇团粒子 散射矩阵 光学截面 DDA     

利用T-matrix计算非球形粒子散射特性的研究

本文用T-matrix方法计算了非球形气溶胶粒子的光学特性,得到了气溶胶粒子的消光截面、散射截面、吸收截面与气溶胶粒子形状的关系,不同形状气溶胶粒子的有着相同的散射相函数和不同的偏振度,非球形气溶胶粒子的散射相函数对其复折射指数的实部和虚部都不太敏感,而偏振相函数对其实部和虚部都比较敏感.此结论为研究大气辐射传输提供了较好的方法,尤其是偏振度与偏振相函数的提出为用偏振的方法进一步的反演气溶胶的光学参数提供了理论基础.     

Scattering phase functions of horizontally oriented hexagonal ice crystals

Finite-difference time domain (FDTD) solutions are first compared with the corresponding T-matrix results for light scattering by circular cylinders with specific orientations. The FDTD method is then utilized to study the scattering properties of horizontally oriented hexagonal ice plates at two wavelengths, 0.55 and 12 μm. The phase functions of horizontally oriented ice plates deviate substantially from their counterparts obtained for randomly oriented particles. Furthermore, we compute the phase functions of horizontally oriented ice crystal columns by using the FDTD method along with two schemes for averaging over the particle orientations. It is shown that the phase functions of hexagonal ice columns with horizontal orientations are not sensitive to the rotation about the principal axes of the particles. Moreover, hexagonal ice crystals and circular cylindrical ice particles have similar optical properties, particularly, at a strongly absorbing wavelength, if the two particle geometries have the same length and aspect ratio defined as the ratio of the radius or semi-width of the cross section of a particle to its length. The phase functions for the two particle geometries are slightly different in the case of weakly absorbing plates with large aspect ratios. However, the solutions for circular cylinders agree well with their counterparts for hexagonal columns.     

Numerical investigation of the effect of soot aggregation on the radiative properties in the infrared region and radiative heat transfer

The effect of aggregation on soot radiative properties in the infrared region of the spectrum is numerically investigated using Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for fractal aggregates (RDG-FA). In order to use the RDG-FA theory for a wide range of aggregate sizes and wavelengths, the predicted phase functions, scattering and absorption coefficients are compared with a more accurate theory, the integral equation formulation for scattering—IEFS. The importance of scattering when compared with absorption is investigated, as well as the effect of aggregation on the phase function shape and on the scattering cross section. It is concluded that in the case of small aggregates formed with small primary particles the scattering coefficient is negligible compared with the absorption coefficient, and scattering and aggregation of primary particles can be ignored. Thus, the Rayleigh approximation can be used leading to isotropic scattering. In the case of large aggregates constituted by large primary particles, aggregation becomes important and the scattering cross section is of the same order of magnitude of the absorption cross section. Moreover, the phase function becomes highly peaked in the forward direction. Therefore, the Rayleigh and the equivalent volume Mie sphere approximations are not valid, and the RDG-FA method emerges as a good compromise between accuracy and simplicity of application. However, radiative transfer calculations between two infinite, parallel, black walls show that scattering may always be neglected in the calculation of total radiative heat source and heat fluxes to the walls. The minor influence of scattering on the accuracy of the predictions is explained by the shift between the spectral region where scattering is important and the region where the spectral radiative heat source is large.     

Analytical techniques for addressing forward and inverse problems of light scattering by irregularly shaped particles

Understanding light scattering by nonspherical particles is crucial in modeling the transport of light in realistic structures such as biological tissues. We report the application of novel analytical approaches based on modified Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin and equiphase-sphere methods that facilitate accurate characterization of light scattering by a wide range of irregularly shaped dielectric particles. We also demonstrate that these approaches have the potential to address the inverse-scattering problem by means of a spectral analysis of the total scattering cross section of arbitrarily shaped particles.     

Bistatic scattering by arbitrarily shaped objects with rough surface at optical and infrared frequencies

The scattering cross sections for arbitrarily shaped dielectric objects with rough surface are determined for optical and infrared frequencies using the Kirchhoff approximation. The formula of the coherent scattering cross section is derived, and numerical method of incoherent scattering cross section is given. As a specific example, the infrared laser scattering cross sections of rough spheres are calculated at 1.06 m.     

Dependent scattering effects in latex-sphere suspensions and scattering powders

The dependent scattering effects in ideal latex-sphere suspensions and beds of irregularly shaped powder grains are theoretically described by means of a coherent addition formalism together with the statistical Percus-Yevic hard sphere model for the particle separation.

Measurements are performed with a light scattering apparatus and a linear photo diode array. The latter allows scattered and directly transmitted radiation to be separated and thus the scattering cross section of the spheres in dependence of their volume fraction to be derived. For high volume fractions, a decrease of scattering efficiency occurs in the calculated as well as the measured cross sections.

For TiO₂ powders a similar behaviour of the effective scattering and absorption cross section is derived for the near- and mid-infrared region. The relevant quantities are obtained from directional-hemispherical transmission and reflection measurements using a three-flux model. Due to the irregular shape of the powder grains Mie scattering theory has to be modified for each powder to fit the experimental data.     

随机取向烟尘团簇粒子的光学截面的数值计算

采用蒙特卡罗方法根据团簇—团簇凝聚（CCA）模型对由球形原始微粒凝聚而成的烟尘团簇粒子进行了模拟,利用离散偶极子近似（DDA）方法数值计算了不同原始微粒粒径和数目组成的随机取向的烟尘团簇粒子的总消光截面、吸收截面及散射截面等光学特性参数,研究了原始微粒粒径及数目对随机取向烟尘团簇粒子光学特性的影响。结果表明：当入射波长一定时,随机取向烟尘団簇粒子的光学特性主要取决于原始微粒的粒径和数目;烟尘团簇粒子对不同波段激光的吸收和散射存在差别,这种差别随原始微粒粒径及数目变化而变化。这一工作为研究电磁波在烟尘中的传输特性提供重要参考数据。     

Scattering and absorption of light by ice particles: Solution by a new physical-geometric optics hybrid method

A new physical-geometric optics hybrid (PGOH) method is developed to compute the scattering and absorption properties of ice particles. This method is suitable for studying the optical properties of ice particles with arbitrary orientations, complex refractive indices (i.e., particles with significant absorption), and size parameters (proportional to the ratio of particle size to incident wavelength) larger than ∼20, and includes consideration of the edge effects necessary for accurate determination of the extinction and absorption efficiencies. Light beams with polygon-shaped cross sections propagate within a particle and are traced by using a beam-splitting technique. The electric field associated with a beam is calculated using a beam-tracing process in which the amplitude and phase variations over the wavefront of the localized wave associated with the beam are considered analytically. The geometric-optics near field for each ray is obtained, and the single-scattering properties of particles are calculated from electromagnetic integral equations. The present method does not assume additional physical simplifications and approximations, except for geometric optics principles, and may be regarded as a “benchmark” within the framework of the geometric optics approach. The computational time is on the order of seconds for a single-orientation simulation and is essentially independent of the size parameter. The single-scattering properties of oriented hexagonal ice particles (ice plates and hexagons) are presented. The numerical results are compared with those computed from the discrete-dipole-approximation (DDA) method.     

Electromagnetic wave scattering from two interacting small spherical particles. Influence of their optical constants, ε and μ

In this research, the influence of the optical constants ε and μ on the scattering patterns of a system consisting of two interacting Rayleigh particles is analyzed. We study specific scattering configurations in which the particles are separated by a fixed distance and where the connecting axis has fixed orientations with respect to the incident electromagnetic field. Multiple scattering effects and how they are affected by the optical properties of the particles are considered.     

Using the T‐Matrix Method for Light Scattering Computations by Non‐axisymmetric Particles: Superellipsoids and Realistically Shaped Particles

Light scattering by non‐axisymmetric particles is commonly needed in particle characterization and other fields. After much work devoted to volume discretization methods to compute scattering by such particles, there is renewed interest in the T‐matrix method. We extended the null‐field method with discrete sources for T‐matrix computation and implemented the superellipsoid shape using an implicit equation. Additionally, a triangular surface patch model of a realistically shaped particle can be used for scattering computations. In this paper some exemplary results of scattering by non‐axisymmetric particles are presented.     

Scattering of Gaussian beam by arbitrarily shaped inhomogeneous particles

A hybrid finite element-boundary integral method is applied to characterize the scattering of an arbitrarily incident-focused Gaussian beam by arbitrarily shaped inhomogeneous particles. Specifically, the Davis–Barton fifth-order approximation in combination with rotation Euler angles is used to represent the arbitrarily incident Gaussian beams. The finite element method is employed to formulate the fields in the interior region of the inhomogeneous particle, while the boundary integral equation is applied to represent the fields in the exterior region. The interior and exterior fields are coupled by means of the field continuity conditions. To reduce the computational burden, the frontal method and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm are adopted to solve the resultant matrix equation. Numerical results for differential scattering cross sections of several selected inhomogeneous particles are presented and can be served as further study on this subject.     

一种求解任意入射波束的波束因子的方法

提出了一种将任意入射波束因子用矢量波函数展开的方法，根据波束在球坐标系中的展开形式，以及球谐矢量函数与非球坐标系的波矢量函数之间的关系，推导出任意入射波束在相应坐标系中的波束因子的理论表述形式.以椭球坐标系为例，介绍了将离轴的入射波束，用椭球矢量波函数展开的波束因子求解方法，此方法还可应用于柱坐标、椭柱坐标系中波束因子的求解，为研究粒子对任意入射波束的散射打下了基础. 关键词： 波束因子 广义米理论 光散射     

Radiation force caused by scattering, absorption, and emission of light by nonspherical particles

General formulas for computing the radiation force exerted on arbitrarily oriented and arbitrarily shaped nonspherical particles due to scattering, absorption, and emission of electromagnetic radiation are derived. For randomly oriented particles with a plane of symmetry, the formula for the average radiation force caused by the particle response to external illumination reduces to the standard Debye formula derived from the Lorenz–Mie theory, whereas the average radiation force caused by emission vanishes.     

Light scattering by homogeneous and multilayer ellipsoids in the quasi-static approximation

The quasi-static approximation for homogeneous and multilayer ellipsoidal particles is considered in detail. Expressions for the elements of the amplitude scattering matrix, as well as for the absorption and scattering cross sections, are presented for an arbitrary orientation of the particles relative to the incident radiation. The accuracy and the domain of applicability of the approximation are investigated for the elements of the scattering matrix of absorbing particles. Comparison of some approximate and exact methods showed that the quasi-static approximation gives good results (it is substantially more preferable than the Rayleigh and Rayleigh-Gans approximations), if the ratio of the largest size of a particle (or the boundaries of the main layer) to the smallest one does not exceed ～3. A new rule of the effective medium theory for multilayer ellipsoidal particles is proposed, which adequately takes into account their structure.     

Resonant radiation pressure on neutral particles in a waveguide

A theoretical analysis of electromagnetic forces on neutral particles in a hollow waveguide is presented. We show that the effective scattering cross section of a very small (Rayleigh) particle can be strongly modified inside a waveguide. The coupling of the scattered dipolar field with the waveguide modes induces a resonant enhanced backscattering state of the scatterer-guide system close to the onset of new modes. The particle effective cross section can then be as large as the wavelength even far from any transition resonance. As we will show, a small particle can be strongly accelerated along the guide axis while being highly confined in a narrow zone of the cross section of the guide.     

Optical properties of detonation nanodiamond hydrosols

Studies of the optical properties of hydrosols of 4-nm detonation nanodiamond particles performed in the 0.2–1.1 μm range have revealed a novel effect, a strong increase of absorption at the edges of the spectral range, and provided its explanation in terms of absorption of radiation by the dimer chains (the so-called Pandey chains) fixed on the surface of a nanodiamond particle. The effect of particle size distribution in a hydrosol on the relative intensity of Rayleigh scattering and light absorption by nanodiamond particles in this range has been analyzed.     

Rayleigh scattering from a trapped bose condensate and the corresponding recoil atom velocity distribution

An approach has been developed that allows the Rayleigh scattering cross section to be calculated with allowance for the quantum character of motion of the center of mass of the trapped scattering particles. The shape of the line of light scattering from a Bose condensate in a parabolic trap has been studied. A shift of the scattering line center is equal to the recoil shift, while the line width depends on the chemical potential of the Bose gas and on the relaxation time of the velocity of the above-condensate recoil particles. A velocity distribution function in the beam of recoil atoms formed in the course of induced Rayleigh scattering is determined. It is shown that, under the typical experimental conditions, the characteristic width Δv/v of the recoil velocity distribution in this beam is on the order of 10^?3 at a velocity v on the order of several centimeters per second.     

Study of electrophysical characteristics of blood formed elements using intracavity laser spectroscopy. I. Simulation of light-scattering by an ensemble of biological cells with complicated structures

Optical characteristics of an ensemble of arbitrarily oriented particles are studied in an optical cavity. The study is based on the self-consistent conjugation with respect to nonuniform optical cavities with the results of scattering by an ensemble of arbitrarily oriented spherical particles with different shapes and structures. A new electrodynamic model for the interaction of laser radiation with blood cells is constructed with allowance for the structure of cells for the prediction of optical properties in vivo.