Palladium site ordering and the occurrence of superconductivity in Bi2Pd3Se2−xSx

The crystallographic and electronic structures of compounds related to parkerite (Bi₂Ni₃S₂) are investigated with respect to the recently reported occurrence (Bi₂Pd₃Se₂) and absence (Bi₂Pd₃S₂) of superconductivity. Similarities and differences of the crystal structures are discussed within the series of solid solutions Bi₂Pd₃S_2−xSe_x from powder and single crystal diffraction data. From crystal structure refinements, the question of different structures and settings of parkerite is discussed. Similar and different 2D and 3D partial Pd-Ch (Ch=S, Se) structures are related to half antiperovskite ordering schemes. To investigate the relation of low dimensional structures and the occurrence of superconductivity, electronic structures are analyzed by scalar-relativistic DFT calculations, including site projected DOS, ECOV and Fermi surfaces.     

Hm and Vm thermodynamic surfaces for binary mixtures in the near critical region

Even for such simple mixtures as (argon+methane), the excess enthalpy H^E_m and the excess volume V^E_m in the near critical region are about two orders of magnitude higher than for the liquid mixture at low temperatures and pressures near ambient conditions. Mixtures for which the critical temperatures are close together, and for which the critical pressures are far apart, have similar H^E_m (x,p,T) and V^E_m (x,p,T) surfaces, and near critical isotherms show double maxima in the supercritical fluid region. Mixtures for which the critical pressures are close together, and the critical temperatures are far apart, also have similar H^E_m (x,p,T) and V^E_m (x,p,T) surfaces, but isobars on the surfaces are ‘S’ shaped. The shapes of these near-critical excess-function surfaces can be understood from an inspection of the enthalpy, or residual enthalpy curves of the mixture and of the pure components. Examples of both are given. Attention is drawn to the large value that these excess functions can have close to a pure component critical point.     

Characterization of polymers by multi-step thermal desorption/programmed pyrolysis gas chromatography using a high temperature PTV injector

Thermal treatment hyphenated with gas chromatography is a versatile and powerful tool in the study of polymer characterization. An inexpensive system where thermal treatment at different temperatures occurs inside a Programmable Temperature Vaporization injector (PTV) is described. The samples investigated, commercial plastics, are complex mixtures that contain several polymers and additives. These plastics as well as their pure constituents are subjected to multi-step thermal treatment. The individual chromatograms of the various constituents of the polymeric sample are correlated with those of the final material in order to identify additives (thermal desorption) and degradation products (pyrolysis). Results obtained with the new method indicate the interesting potentials of the technique for the characterization of polymer compositions. Reproducibility of absolute and relative peak areas has been considered and found to be acceptable. The absence of a heated transfer line and switching valves, which are always present in conventional set-ups, eliminates the risk of losses of high molecular weight components. Further advantages of the technique proposed are simplicity, versatility, and its inexpensive nature.     

Simulated distillation of wax samples using supercritical fluid and high temperature gas chromatography

Simulated distillation boiling range distributions have been compared for high boiling petroleum wax samples using high temperature gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. Midpoint (50 % off) temperature differences were small, and average differences between the two types of analyses were less than 6° Details of optimization of the HTGC and SFC systems and injection techniques used are reported.     

细胞内不同形态Gd基MRI造影剂的T1/T2弛豫性能及造影效果

将具有良好生物膜穿透性的异烟肼(INH)和Gd-DO3A偶联,合成了小分子MRI造影剂Gd-DO3A-INH;利用脉冲电转染技术标记间充质干细胞,有效提高了进入细胞的Gd-DO3A-INH浓度,并诱导部分游离态Gd-DO3A-INH在细胞质中自组装成纳米粒子。细胞样品的TEM观察到细胞内形成了Gd-DO3A-INH纳米粒子;细胞传代实验和体外MRI揭示了2种不同状态的Gd-DO3A-INH对细胞水质子弛豫速率的影响机制,以及细胞传代过程中细胞内2种不同状态Gd-DO3A-INH的浓度涨落引起的MRI造影效果的变化机制。     

Calculation of activation energies using the sinusoidally modulated temperature

Activation energy is calculated from a single curve of a derivative of mass loss perturbed by a sinusoidal modulation of a temperature-time relationship. The method is based on a prediction of a hypothetical derivative of mass loss that corresponds to the absence of this modulation (perturbation). Simple considerations show that the unperturbed derivative coincides with the modulated derivative at inflection points of the modulated temperature-time relationship. The ratio of the perturbed and unperturbed derivatives at the points of time corresponding to maxima and minima of the sinusoidal component of the modulated temperature immediately leads to activation energy. Accuracy of the method grows with decreasing in the amplitude of the modulation. All illustrations are prepared numerically. It makes possible to objectively test the method and to investigate its errors. Two-stage decomposition kinetics with two independent (parallel) reactions is considered as an example. The kinetic parameters are chosen so that the derivative of mass loss would represent two overlapping peaks. The errors are introduced into the modulated derivative by the random-number generator with the normal distribution. Standard deviation for the random allocation of errors is selected with respect to maximum of the derivative. If the maximum of the derivative is observed within the region from 200 to 600°C and the amplitude of the temperature modulation is equal to 5°C, the error in the derivative 0.5% leads to the error in activation energy being equal to 2-6 kJ mol^-1. As the derivative vanishes, the error grows and tends to infinity in the regions of the start and end of decomposition. With the absolute error 0.5% evaluations of activation energy are impossible beyond the region from 5 to 95% of mass loss. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Zr改性Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂用于浆态相合成气的低温甲烷化

采用浆态床反应器,在低温(300~330 ℃)下进行合成气的甲烷化反应.实验中通过共浸渍法(包括含浸-旋蒸法)制备了锆(Zr)修饰的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并考察其与单一NiO、未掺杂Zr 的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的催化性能差异.研究表明,载体γ-Al₂O₃的引入能够明显地提高CO的转化率和甲烷的选择性,而Zr的掺杂会进一步提升催化剂的催化活性.在325 ℃,空速为4 200 mL·g^-1·h^-1时,CO的转化率可以达到86.41%,甲烷选择性为90.53%.催化剂的表征结果表明,Zr的添加促进了Ni在催化剂表面的分散、减弱了活性Ni与载体的相互作用,抑制了低甲烷化活性的NiAl₂O₄的生成,使得催化剂的反应性能得到较大提高.     

Degradation of semi-crystalline PPS bag-filter materials by NO and O2 at high temperature

In incineration plants, nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen (O₂) are the two major gaseous components, which degrade the mechanical properties of bag-filter media. Based on the experimental results of mass, dimension, morphology, crystallinity, fiber diameter, fiber orientation and fabric strength, changes in mechanical properties of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) needled fabrics are related to two phenomena, i.e. the crystallization and the degradation of amorphous regions and some parts of crystalline regions. Both processes affect the fabric strength, competing with each other. The relation between strength and crystallinity is divided into two phases: (1) strength is dominated by crystallinity, and (2) strength is dependent on the defects in amorphous regions and some parts of crystalline regions. An increase in NO concentration has a potential to increase the deterioration rates of amorphous and crystalline phases but the crystallization process is unaffected. An increase in O₂ concentration leads to enhancement of both crystallization and deterioration.     

钛酸锌脱硫剂硫化过程的动力学分析

利用固定床反应器对钛酸锌高温煤气脱硫剂硫化过程的动力学进行了研究,考察了硫化反应温度、H2S体积分数对脱硫反应过程的影响。结果表明,脱硫剂具有良好的脱硫反应活性,在400 ℃～600 ℃,脱硫剂的硫化反应速率随着硫化反应温度的升高、反应器入口H2S 体积分数的增大而增大。在实验数据的基础上,利用等效粒子模型对其反应动力学进行了分析,发现该脱硫剂的硫化反应主要受固体内扩散控制,固体内扩散活化能为 61.4 kJ/mol,相应的频率因子为 4.4×105 m2/min。硫化反应后脱硫剂比表面积、孔体积显著减小,脱硫剂表面有颗粒聚集物存在,进一步验证了该脱硫剂的硫化反应主要是通过产物层的体相扩散控制的。     

Calculation of the critical point for mixtures using mixture models based on Helmholtz energy equations of state

This paper mainly focuses on refrigerant mixtures with relatively simple critical behavior, and presents a practical and useful method for the critical point calculation for the mixtures using mixture models based on Helmholtz energy equations of state. The expression for critical point criterion suitable for this objective is derived first. Numerical manipulations to obtain a physically correct solution are described in detail. For four binary refrigerant mixtures of difluoromethane (R-32) + pentafluoroethane (R-125), R-125 + 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), R-125 + 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a), and R-32 + propane (R-290), the critical temperatures and critical molar volumes are calculated applying the presented method. The calculation results are compared with experimental values, and the capabilities of the mixture models for the mixtures in the critical region are discussed.     

Effect of ruthenium substitution in layered sodium cobaltate NaxCoO2: Synthesis, structural and physical properties

Solid-state synthesis of Na_0.71Co_1−xRu_xO₂ compositions shows that ruthenium can be substituted for cobalt in the hexagonal Na_0.71CoO₂ phase up to x=0.5. The cell expands continuously with increasing ruthenium content. All mixed Co-Ru phases show a Curie-Weiss behaviour with no evidence of magnetic ordering down to 2 K. Unlike the parent phase Na_0.71CoO₂, ruthenium-substituted phases are all semiconducting. They exhibit high thermoelectric power, with a maximum of 165 μV/K at 300 K for x=0.3. The Curie constant C and Seebeck coefficient S show a non-monotonic evolution as a function of ruthenium content, demonstrating a remarkable interplay between magnetic properties and thermoelectricity. The presence of ruthenium has a detrimental effect on water intercalation and superconductivity in this system. Applying to Ru-substituted phases the oxidative intercalation of water known to lead to superconductivity in the Na_xCoO₂ system yields a 2-water layer hydrate only for x=0.1, and this phase is not superconducting down to 2 K.     

Determination of sulfonamides and trimethoprim using high temperature HPLC with simultaneous temperature and solvent gradient

A fast HPLC method for the analysis of eight selected sulfonamides (SA) and trimethoprim has been developed with the use of high temperature HPLC. The separation could be achieved in less than 1.5 min on a 50 mm sub 2 microm column with simultaneous solvent and temperature gradient programming. Due to the lower viscosity of the mobile phase and the increased mass transfer at higher temperatures, the separation could be performed on a conventional HPLC system obtaining peak widths at half height between 0.6 and 1.3 s.     

柴油中正构烷烃的高温气相色谱分析

利用高温气相色谱法对柴油中正构烷烃的碳数分布及含量进行了分析。同时根据所得数据计算出正构烷烃的平均相对分子质量及平均碳原子数。试验表明,气相色谱的最佳测定条件为：柱初温60℃,柱终温330℃,升温速率6℃／min,汽化室温度350℃。分析出吐哈两种柴油中C11～C19的正构烷烃均占分析总量的75％以上,吐哈0^#与-10^#柴油正构烷烃的平均相对分子质量、平均碳原子数分别为214．57、15．18和203．34、14．38。所得数据为设计研究针对吐哈原油有效降凝剂提供了参考数据。     

Room temperature ppb level Cl2 sensing using sulphonated copper phthalocyanine films

We present room temperature chemiresistive gas sensing characteristics of drop casted sulphonated copper phthalocyanine (CuTsPc) films. It has been demonstrated that these films are highly selective to Cl₂ and the sensitivity in the 5-2000 ppb range varies linearly between 65 and 625%. However, for concentrations ≥2000 ppb, the response becomes irreversible, which is found to be due to the chemical bond formation between Cl₂ and SO₃Na group of CuTsPc films. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data confirms the oxidation of SO₃Na group by Cl₂ gas.     

Phase transitions of LiAlO2 at high pressure and high temperature

This work presents a comprehensive study on phase transitions in LiAlO₂ system at high pressures and temperatures (0.5-5.0 GPa and 300-1873 K, respectively), as well as the phase stability for polymeric phases of LiAlO₂ in the studied P-T space by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Besides the previously described polymorphic hexagonal α-phase, orthorhombic β-phase and tetragonal δ-phase, a possible new phase of LiAlO₂ was observed after the tetragonal γ-LiAlO₂ sample was treated at 5.0 GPa and 389 K. The stable regimes of these high-pressure phases were defined through the observation of coexistence points of the polymeric phases. Our results revealed that LiAlO₂ could experience structural phase transitions from γ-LiAlO₂ to its polymorphs at lower pressures and temperatures compared to the reported results. Hexagonal α-LiAlO₂ with highly (003) preferential orientation was prepared at 5.0 GPa and 1873 K.     

Preparation and characterization of sulfated zirconia (SO4/ZrO2)/Nafion composite membranes for PEMFC operation at high temperature/low humidity

Fine particle superacidic sulfated zirconia (SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂, S-ZrO₂) was synthesized by ameliorated method, and composite membranes with different S-ZrO₂ contents were prepared by a recasting procedure from a suspension of S-ZrO₂ powder and Nafion solution. The physico-chemical properties of the membranes were studied by ion exchange capacity (IEC) and liquid water uptake measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry (TG–MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the IEC of composite membrane increased with the content of S-ZrO₂, S-ZrO₂ was compatible with the Nafion matrix, the incorporation of the S-ZrO₂ could increase the crystallinity and also improve the initial degradation temperature of the composite membrane. The performance of single cell was the best when the S-ZrO₂ content was 15 wt.%, and achieved 1.35 W/cm² at 80 °C and 0.99 W/cm² at 120 °C based on H₂/O₂ and at a pressure of 2 atm, the performance of the single cell with optimized S-ZrO₂ was far more than that of the Nafion at the same condition (e.g. 1.28 W/cm² at 80 °C, 0.75 W/cm² at 120 °C). The 15 wt.% S-ZrO₂/Nafion composite membrane showed lower fuel cell internal resistance than Nafion membranes at high temperature and low relative humidity (RH).     

Modeling of the θ(lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions using molecular connectivity indices

In this work, correlations for the estimation of the θ(lower critical solution temperature, LCST) for Polystyrene, Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polybutene-1, Polypentene-1, Poly(4-methylpentene-1), Polydimethylsiloxane and Polyisobutylene solutions were proposed based on the molecular connectivity index. The correlations give satisfactory estimation of the θ(LCST), with the absolute error smaller than 20 K for most systems studied. Since the new correlations require only molecular connectivity indices of the solvent in the calculations, and the molecular connectivity indices can be calculated easily once the molecular structure of the substance concerned is known, they have better predictive capability and are easier to apply comparing with the existing methods and models.     

Co-Ce共掺杂对TiO_2催化剂室温可见光催化脱硝性能的影响

将钛酸丁酯作为Ti源,硝酸铈作为Ce源,硝酸钴作为Co源,采用溶胶-凝胶水热法制备出Ce-TiO_2和Ce-Co-TiO_2催化剂。对所制备的改性TiO_2催化剂进行BET、XRD、SEM、UV-vis、XPS、NH_3-TPD等表征分析测试,并以NO为研究对象对不同改性TiO_2催化剂进行了可见光催化实验,探究改性TiO_2催化剂脱除NO的效率。结果表明,以硝酸铈为Ce源(掺杂物质的量比1%),硝酸钴为Co源(掺杂物质的量比5%),在水热反应温度为160℃的条件下反应24 h后在200℃下煅烧得到的Ce(1%)-Co(5%)-TiO_2催化剂性能最好。其对浓度为762μg/m~3的NO可见光催化效率高达92.69%,在浓度提高至1148μg/m~3时在室温下的可见光催化效率仍可达85.94%,与纯TiO_2相比效率提高了近50%。而且Ce (1%)-Co (5%)-TiO_2催化剂的抗硫性能与连续使用次数都比商用催化剂(掺杂有V_2O_5的商用TiO_2)好。     

锰源对尖晶石LiMn2O4高温性能的影响

为考察不同锰源对所制备尖晶石LiMn₂O₄(LMO)电化学性能的影响(特别是高温性能),采用沉淀法制备前驱体,通过不同煅烧温度制备得到最常用的锰氧化物(MnO₂、Mn₂O₃和Mn₃O₄)为锰源,经相同条件制备得到LMO正极材料,通过考察所得LMO形貌及电化学性能来研究锰源与LMO电化学性能的关系。研究结果表明,相同的前驱体在不同煅烧温度下可以得到不同的锰氧化物,且各自具有不同的形貌结构。由这些锰氧化物都可以得到高纯度的LMO,但产物形貌结构以及材料中的八面体晶体含量和尺寸不同。由Mn₂O₃制备得到的LMO材料中的八面体晶体含量最多,且尺寸最均匀,在3种LMO中容量性能、倍率性能和循环性能最好：0.2C(1C=148 mA·g^-1)下首次放电比容量为131.8 mAh·g^-1;3C下还有100.4 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量。其...