Excited Π states of divinyl chalcogenides and chalcophenes

Electron transitions in divinyl chalcogenides (CH₂=CHXCH=CH₂, where X is S, Se, or Te) have been analyzed using UV absorption spectra of dialkyl and alkyl vinyl chalcogenides. The following relations for the orbital energies are found: ^* < ^* < ^* < ^* for Te and ^* < ^* < ^* < ^* for S and Se. For chalcophenes, a correlation between the energy of the excited state (E ^*) of specific symmetry, the ionization potential (I) and the electron affinity (EA) is obtained:E ^*=const+(I+EA)/2. The electron affinity of divinyl chalcogenides is estimated. The correlation between the excited ^* states of divinyl chalcogenides and chalcophenes is discussed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 831–835, May, 1994.     

Study of the effects of conjugation in alkenyl derivatives of silicon and germanium by infrared spectroscopy

Conclusions The effects of d-p and, conjugation in the vinyl and allyl derivatives of silicon and germanium depend on the nature of the other three substituents.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2074–2076, September, 1971.     

Investigation of the electronic effect of the diphenylphosphino group

We have synthesized meta-substituted derivatives of benzoic acid, determined their ionization constants in water-alcohol solutions of concentration 11 and 14 by volume, and calculated the Hammett constant _m of the diphenylphosphino (0.12), diphenylamino (–0.04), diphenylphosphinyl (0.40) and diphenylthiophosphinyl (0.32) groups. Unlike the diphenylamine group, the diphenylphosphino group is metaorienting, which is probably to be explained by the absence or the weak nature of p- conjugation of incomplete electron pairs on the phosphorus and the presence of an electron-acceptor effect (d-p conjugation).     

Ring currents and nuclear magnetic resonance in porphyrins

The McWeeny method [1] for calculating the -electron currents in aromatic molecules is modified for porphyrins. The distribution of the ring currents of the -electrons and their contributions to the chemical shifts of NH, -H, the meso protons, and the protons of the methyl groups of porphyrins with carbethoxy and methyl substituents in the form of dications and free bases are calculated. We show that the -electron current in the internal conjugation chain passing through the nitrogen atom decreases during the formation of the dication, while the total ring current increases by almost 10%. Introduction of an electron-accepting substituent in the -position intensifies the -electron current through the C—N bond of the corresponding pyrrole ring, and there is a simultaneous decrease in the total -electron current.     

The inclusion of non-nearest neighbor ß terms in pariser-parr-pople type S.C.M.O. calculations

The calculation of -electron properties by an S.C.M.O. method including all _core terms has been extended to nitrogen and oxygen containing systems. The singlet ^* electronic transitions and -ionization potentials (where available) are in reasonable agreement with experiment. A comparison is made with the non-empirical all electron calculations of Clementi for pyrrole, pyridine and pyrazine.

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Zusammenfassung Die Berechnung von -Elektronen-Eigenschaften mittels einer SCMO-Methode, die alle _core-Terme einschließt, wurde auf Systeme mit Stickstoff- und Sauerstoffatomen ausgedehnt. Die Singulett- ^*-Übergänge und -Ionisierungsenergien sind in vernünftiger Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment. Es wird einen Vergleich mit den nichtempirischen Rechnungen mit allen Elektronen von Clementi an Pyrrol, Pyridin und Pyrazin angestellt.

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Résumé Le calcul des propriétés des électrons par une méthode S.C.M.O. tenant compte de tous les termes _coeur a été étendu aux systèmes contenant de l'azote et de l'oxygène. Les transitions électroniques singulet ^* et les potentiels d'ionisation (lorsqu'ils sont connus) sont en accord raisonnable avec l'expérience. Les résultats sont comparés aux calculs non-empiriques de tous les électrons effectués par Clémenti pour le pyrrole, la pyridine et la pyrazine.

     

Investigation of electronic structure of allenyl ethers by means of photoelectron and UV spectroscopy

A study of the photoelectron spectra of alkyl allenyl ethers has demonstrated their similarity to spectra of alkyl vinyl ethers, with the exception of a band in the 10.0–10.3 eV interval due to ionization of the -orbital of the allenyl fragment C=C. According to data obtained by photoelectron spectroscopy and MNDO quantum-chemical calculations, alkyl allenyl ethers with straightchain substituents exist primarily in the s-cis conformation. The stable conformation of allenyl tert-butyl ether is the s-trans form. The long-wave absorption bands in the UV spectra of alkyl allenyl ethers at 255–275 and 208–213 nm are assigned to electronic transitions of the ^* and ^{* *} types; these are quite insensitive to s-cis/s-trans isomerism.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 81–88, January, 1990.The authors are extremely grateful to V. K. Turchaninov for assistance in interpreting the spectra.     

Nature of the pentamethyldisilanyl group in organosilicon compounds

Summary The positige inductive effect of the pentamethyldisilanyl group (CH₃)₃SiSi(CH₃)₂ and the election-acceptor effect of its p-d bond with an aromatic ring are appreciably greater than the analogous effects of the trimethylsilyl group (CH_{3 3}Si, which gives ground for the postulation of the presence of a p-d-d¹ bond in the fragment C_sp ²-Si-Si.     

Quantum-chemical study of allylstannanes

It has been shown by the MNDO method that in allyl compounds of tin, the atomic orbitals of the heteroatom interact with the -orbital through the bridge group, but interact with the ^*-orbital mainly through space. The position and intensity of the long-wave electronic transitions for methylvinylstannane should not depend on the conformation, with the ,- and , pseudo--conjugation effects being approximately identical, whereas for allylstannane, the ,-conjugation is considerably stronger. In molecules containing several allyl fragments bonded to heavy atoms, ,-conjugation is far weaker than ,-conjugation in polyenes.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2071–2076, September, 1991.     

Charge control in the formation of complexes of phenol with unsaturated compounds containing organometallic substituents from group IV

The resonance donor effect of the , conjugation of R₃M and R₃MCH₂ (M = Si, Ge, Sn; R is an alklyl group) substituents with the triple bond in compounds R₃MC=CX and R₃MCH₂CCX (X = H, R) changes on passing from isolated molecules to their H-complexes. A partial ⁺ charge on the triple bond enhances , conjugation; a partial ^– charge on the triple bond has practically no effect on the resonance properties of R₃M substituents, whereas the , conjugation of R₃MCH₂ substituents diminishes owing to the effect of negative direct resonance interaction. The effect of , conjugation on the effective negative charges of the carbon atoms in the -CC- fragments was estimated quantitatively.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1041–1046, June, 1994.This work was supported by the Russian Fundation for Basic Research (Grant 93-03-18372).     

Synthesis and chiral-optical properties of (+)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-1-thione

(+)-3-Methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-1-thione was obtained by sulfuration of (+)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolone with phosphorus pentasulfide or by cyclization of (+)--benzylethyl isothiocyante under the influence of polyphosphoric acid. Measurements of the rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism showed the presence of two positive Cotton effects due to n^* and ^* transitions in the thioamide chromophore, as well as Cotton effects apparently due to ^* transitions in the aromatic chromophore.Communication XXXV from the series Stereochemical Investigations. See [11] for communication XXXIV.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 94–97, January, 1976.     

Ab initio SCF and CI study of the electronic spectrum of pyridine N-oxide

Configuration interaction (CI) studies of ground, n *, * * electronically excited states are reported for pyridine N-oxide. The transition energy to the lowest * excited ¹ B ₂ state is calculated at 4.35 eV, compared to the experimental spectrum range of 3.67–4.0 eV. This state lies below the lowest n * excited ¹ A ₂ state calculated at 4.81 eV above the ground state. The only experimentally reported triplet state at 2.92 eV above the ground state is predicted to be the ³ A ₁ (*) state. The calculated energy lies at 3.27 eV. Numerous other high-lying singlet states as well as the triplet states have also been calculated. The intramolecular charge transfer character of the ground and the excited states have been studied in terms of the calculated dipole moment and other physical properties.     

Electronic structure and aromaticity of planar singlet π-electron monocyclic π2 carbenes

Induced -electron ring currents and relative diamagnetic susceptibilities of planar singlet -electron monocyclic ² carbenes are calculated in the coupled variant of perturbation theory in the CNO method. It is shown that the parity theorem holds for charged planar ² and ² carbenes formally generated by the detachment of a proton or a hydride ion from alternant hydrocarbons. This leads, in such carbenes, to the same energies of singlet-singlet and singlet-triplet transitions, electric polarizabilities, conjugation energies, -electron ring currents, diamagnetic susceptibilities and current contributions to chemical shifts, whereas the charge contributions to the latter are of opposite signs.Donbas State Academy of Building and Architecture, 1 Derzhavina St., 339023 Makeevka, Donetsk Region, Ukraine. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 157–162, May–June, 1996. Original article submitted December 5, 1994.     

The Exciton Model and the Circular Dichroism of Polypeptides

Summary. Exciton coupling of the 190nm ^* transition is an important factor in the CD spectrum of peptides and proteins. The CD spectrum of the -helix is dominated by the exciton effect. The spectrum is sensitive to the direction of the ^* transition dipole moment, especially for short helices. Exciton theory is much less successful in accounting for the CD spectrum of the poly(proline)II (PPII) conformation, an important conformer in collagen and in unordered peptides. Mixing of the ^* transition with high-energy transitions in the peptide backbone and in side chains must be considered to explain the strong negative CD band near 200nm of PPII.     

Excited states of phenyl carbonyl compounds

In an attempt to clarify the origin of the dual phosphorescence in phenyl alkyl ketones, we have made some calculation (within the C.I.P.S.I. method in an excitonic scheme) to elucidate the conformation of both ground states and excited states of propiophenone. Our calculations have shown the presence of two stable isomers in the ground state, first n ^* state, and first ^* singlet and triplet states. So our work suggests that the origin of the dual phosphorescence of propiophenone could be related to the conformational change of the molecule in the n ^* state, because the most stable conformations in the n ^* state and in the ground state are different.     

The electronic spectrum of acrylonitrile

The vapor absorption spectrum of acrylonitrile CH₂CHCN has been measured in the vacuum ultraviolet region. In addition, an all-valence-electron molecular orbital calculation has been used to calculate the electronic structure and spectrum of the molecule. On the basis of the MO calculation, as well as a vibrational analysis of the observed spectrum, several electronic transitions are assigned. The lowest energy absorption band (2107Å, = 150) is assigned as an n ^* transition. Absorption bands at 2030Å (=1600), 1725Å ( = 2100), and 1570Å ( = 1920) are assigned as 0–0 bands associated with transitions that are, respectively, ^*,^*, and ^* in character.

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Zusammenfassung Das UV-Absorptionsspektrum von dampfförmigen Acrylnitril wurde gemessen und eine CNDO/2-Rechnung für die Elektronenstruktur durchgeführt. Auf dieser Basis konnten unter Zuhilfenahme der Analyse der Schwingungsstruktur im beobachteten Spektrum mehrere Banden zugeordnet werden: die 2107-Å-Bande ( = 150) einem n^*-Übergang, die drei Banden bei 2030Å ( = 1600), 1725Å ( = 2100) und 1570 Å ( = 1920)0-0-Übergängen von ^*-, ^*- bzw. ^*-Banden.

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Résumé Mesure du spectre d'absorption en phase vapeur de l'acrilonitrile CH₂CHCN dans la région de l'ultraviolet. Par ailleurs, la structure électronique et le spectre de la molécule ont été calculés à l'aide d'une méthode des orbitales moléculaires semi-empirique pour tous les électrons de valence. Sur cette base, ainsi que sur une analyse vibrationnelle du spectre expérimental, on procède à l'attribution de plusieurs transitions électroniques. La bande d'absorption de plus basse énergie (2107 Å, = 150) est attribuée à une transition n ^*. Les bandes d'absorption à 2030Å ( = 1600), 1275Å ( = 2100) et 1570Å ( = 1920) sont considérées comme des bandes 0 - 0 associées à des transitions ^*, ^* et ^* respectivement.

     

Molecular orbital calculations on the optical rotatory properties of chiral allene systems

The chiroptical properties associated with the ^* transitions in dissymmetric allene systems are calculated and relationships between the chiroptical observables and the stereochemical and electronic structural features of these systems are examined. The calculations are based on the INDO and CNDO/S semiempirical molecular orbital models for the electronic structure of the molecular systems and excited states are constructed in the virtual orbital-configuration interaction approximation. The dipole strengths, rotatory strengths, and dissymmetry factors for the three lowest energy ^* transitions are computed and reported for eleven chiral allene structures. Relationships between absolute configuration and the signs of the ^* rotatory strengths are examined and discussed.     

Molecules-in-molecules calculations on some conjugated carbonyl compounds

The ^{1 *} and n^1,3 * transitions of some suitable conjugated carbonyl compounds have been investigated by the molecules-in-molecules method. The results are compared with experiment and previously obtained P-method results. The results for the ¹ * transitions agree well with experiment, but several unexplained features arise in the results for the n^1,3 * transitions. In particular, doubts are cast on the assignment of the glyoxal band at approximately 4.5 eV.

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Zusammenfassung Die 0^{1 *}- und ^{1,3 *}-Übergänge einiger substituierter Carbonylverbindungen sind mittels des Verfahren der Moleküle in Molekülen untersucht und mit früheren theoretischen sowie experimentellen Werten verglichen worden. Die Übereinstimmung ist im Fall der ^{1 *}-Übergänge gut; bei den anderen verbleiben jedoch einige Unklarheiten, insbesondere in bezug auf die um 4,5 eV liegende Glyoxal-Bande.

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Résumé Les transitions »^{1 *} et n^{1,3 *} de certains composés conjuguées carbonyles appropriés ont été étudiées par la méthode des molécules dans les molécules. Les résultats sont comparés à l'expérience et aux résultats obtenus auparavant par la méthode P. Les résultats pour les transitions ¹* sont en accord avec l'expérience, mais plusieurs particularités non expliquées apparaissent dans les résultats relatifs aux transitions n ^{1 3 *}. En particulier, des doutes sont émis quant à l'attribution de la bande du glyoxal aux environs de 4,5 eV,

     

Some peculiarities of π—π interactions between tetraphenylporphine metal complexes and aromatic solvents

The — complexes of metal tetraphenylporphinates with benzene, toluene, and xylenes were characterized by means of thermogravimetry. The ability of metalloporphyrins to form — complexes with certain -donor molecules depends largely on the -acceptor capacity of the macroheterocycle, and on the peculiarities of the metal—porphyrin coordinative linkage. Stoichiometry, energy parameters, and thermal stability of the - complexes of metalloporphyrins with various aromatic ligands are determined to a great extent by the molecular structure of solvents.Translated fromIzyestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp.850–853, May, 1993.     

An ab initio study of formamide

Calculated energy and molecular properties of the ground and low-energy excited states of formamide are presented at the ground state geometry. Satisfactory results are obtained except for the ¹* energy which remains too high by 1 eV (which is nevertheless a large improvement over previous calculations). The predicted triplet energies lie at 5.4 eV (³ n*) and 5.8 eV (³*).     

Study of conjugation effects by means of NMR spectroscopy 21. Factor analysis of NMR parameters of alkyl phenyl ethers and sulfides

Conclusions Increases of effective volume of the alkyl group in the series of alkyl phenyl ethers does not lead to any decrease of -donor properties of the oxygen atom except in the case of the last member of the series investigated, tert-butoxybenzene; in contrast, in the series of alkyl phenyl sulfides, sharp inhibition of conjugation is observed even in isopropylthiobenzene, and in tert-butylthiobenzene, the sulfur atom manifests weak -acceptor properties.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1053–1059, May, 1983.The authors wish to thank V. A. Chertkov for assistance in performing the experiment and discussion of the results that were obtained.