Performance of Single-Hop WDM LANs Supporting Real-Time Services

Optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) local area networks are capable of fulfilling the enormous bandwidth demands of present and future applications. Up to now, the WDM LAN world is primarily dominated by the passive-star coupler (PSC) based architectures, for which many medium access control (MAC) protocols have been proposed. However, an arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer (AWGM)-based single-hop WDM network seems to be a very promising alternative. One of the most critical issues in designing next generation photonic LANs is the support of real-time services for applications with different time constraints. In this paper, different basic access protocols for the PSC as well as AWGM-based single-hop WDM LANs are considered and their performance in supporting real-time traffic is analyzed by means of extensive computer simulations. For evaluation of real-time performance, packet drop rates and deadline missing rates are taken as performance measures. Furthermore, new real-time message scheduling schemes are proposed which improve the performance of protocols accommodating mixed traffic. They can be differentiated between message scheduling at the source nodes transmit queues and scheduling based upon control information from a control channel. It is shown that both types of priority scheduling significantly improve the overall real-time performance.     

Design techniques of two‐layer architectures for WDM optical networks

A general method for designing multilayered WDM optical networks, based on the combined use of single‐and multi‐hop connection modes, is presented. It takes into account variable values for the number of users and wavelengths in each cluster. Closed form expressions are derived for the transmission capacity and the optimum number of channels for intra‐cluster communications, either in the case of uniform or non‐uniform traffic distribution. The analytical approach is particularly useful in the presence of constraints on the number of wavelengths, due to technological limits or non‐linear phenomena, when sub‐optimal solutions must be necessarily addressed. The proposed method is integrated with the adoption of well‐known selection procedures, like simulated annealing or genetic algorithms, to reduce the computational effort. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

波分复用技术及其在通信中的应用

波分复用 ( WDM)技术以其优异特征成为对现有光纤传输系统进行扩容、升级改造及建设新的高速、大容量通信网络的优选技术方案。文中阐述了它的主要技术特点 ,着重论述了它在通信领域中的应用 :长途通信干线传输、区域网、接入网等 ,并对 WDM技术的未来发展和应用进行了分析与展望。     

Measurement Based Resource Allocation for Interconnected WDM Rings

We present a measurement based resource allocation scheme for interconnected WDM rings in a metropolitan area network named DAVID (Data And Voice Integration over D-WDM). The network has a two level hierarchical structure, with a backbone of optical packet routers interconnected in a mesh, and metropolitan areas served by sets of optical rings connected to the backbone through devices called Hubs. The paper focuses on the operations of the media access protocol and on resource allocation schemes to be used in the metropolitan area network. A simple scheme for datagram (not-guaranteed) traffic is defined and its performance are examined mainly by simulation.     

未来全光网络的发展

运用排队论的知识 ,从理论上分析比较了在排队时光时分复用技术 (OTDM)较波分复用技术(WDM)在逗留时间上更具有优势 ,指出未来全光网的建设应该走 OTDM和 WDM结合的道路。     

An Efficient Distributed Control Scheme for Lightpath Establishment in Dynamic WDM Networks

An adaptive hybrid reservation protocol (AHRP) is proposed for the purpose of quickly and efficiently establishing a lightpath in dynamic wavelength routed networks. This protocol uses a special reservation-and-probe (RESV_PROB) packet and extends the signaling to integrate forward reservation and backward reservation into one monolithic process. To decrease the blocking probability that happens in cases where two end nodes associated with a specific link simultaneously reserve the same wavelength, an adaptive wavelength selection policy is specially employed in AHRP. A discrete-event simulation tool based on ns-2 is developed to investigate AHRP's performance, including its blocking probability, average lightpath setup delay, and signaling overhead. AHRP is also compared with existing protocols. Results show that during highly dynamic traffic conditions, AHRP possesses the lowest blocking probability, shorter setup delay, and less signaling overhead.     

Scheduling Combined Unicast and Multicast Traffic in Broadcast WDM Networks

This paper studies the performance of various strategies for scheduling a combined load of unicast and multicast traffic in a broadcast WDM network. The performance measure of interest is schedule length, which directly affects both aggregate network throughput and average packet delay. Three different scheduling strategies are presented, namely: separate scheduling of unicast and multicast traffic, treating multicast traffic as a number of unicast messages, and treating unicast traffic as multicasts of size one. A lower bound on the schedule length for each strategy is first obtained. Subsequently, the strategies are compared against each other using extensive simulation experiments in order to establish the regions of operation, in terms of a number of relevant system parameters, for which each strategy performs best. Our main conclusions are as follows. Multicast traffic can be treated as unicast traffic, by replicating all multicast packets, under very limited circumstances. On the other hand, treating unicast traffic as a special case of multicast traffic with a group of size 1, produces short schedules in most cases. Alternatively, scheduling and transmitting each traffic component separately is also a good choice.     

Internetworking of Multiwavelength Local Optical Networks Based on a Wavelength-Tolerant Receiver Technology*

Robust-WDM is a technique to realize wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) local area networks (LANs) in the presence of laser wavelength drifts. Various medium access control (MAC) protocols have been proposed for Robust-WDM LANs. Among these protocols, the one with Aperiodic Reservation and Lenient Token-Passing control channel (the AR/LTP protocol) is the most promising. We discuss three internetworking strategies for AR/LTP Robust-WDM LANs. The aim is to explore the possibility to scale the AR/LTP Robust-WDM concepts to the metropolitan domain by looking at some basic medium-access arrangements and specifying the advantages and limitations of each. Special Remote Access Nodes (RANs) are proposed to facilitate interconnection. It is shown that by some modifications in the basic AR/LTP local area protocol and by parallel processing of connection requests, commands and control signals, the waiting time performance of a Robust-WDM interconnection can be improved. The improvement would be accomplished at the expense of some control sophistication. Further improvement can be achieved by designing a set of point-to-point links among the RANs of different Robust-WDM stars. In this case, control is relatively simplified, but the design of a RAN is made more complex and expensive.     

IP over WDM光网分层体系结构

介绍了传统的 IP over WDM光网实现方案 ,指出各种方案的优缺点。阐述了 IP directly overWDM光网的分层结构实现方案 ,分析了各层功能 ,详细讨论了光层和光适配层。在指出分层结构实现方案的利弊后 ,讨论了波长标记和多协议波长交换方案。     

OPNET平台下的实时WDM网络建模与仿真

针对实时性网络设计了一种混合式波分复用(Wavelength Division Multiplexing,WDM)网络结构,其中星形广播网作子网,波长路由网络作为骨干网连接各个子网.结合了不同WDM网络的优点,给数据流提供了良好的实时性.为评价其性能,在OPNET仿真平台上用层次化建模的方法对子网和骨干网分别进行了网络域、节点域和进程域的建模,同时定义和编辑了数据帧和链路模型.从网络延迟、网络吞吐量和链路利用率方面仿真了网络并对网络性能结果进行了分析,得出网络最大吞吐量、链路利用率和实时要求负载.     

A new approach for fast segment‐based protection in WDM mesh networks

We propose a new approach for developing segment‐based schemes for protection against single link/node failure in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) mesh networks. In the proposed approach, every request is allocated a pair of link disjoint but most coupled primary and backup paths. Two paths are said to be most coupled if they share the maximum number of end nodes of some existing requests. Coupled paths reduce the total number of hops need to be traversed by a failure signal and, hence, potentially reduces the overall recovery time. We show that the problem of finding a pair of disjoint and most coupled paths is NP‐complete. Accordingly, we propose an efficient and fast protection algorithm called SPXP—Segment Pre‐Cross‐Connected Protection, to allocate disjoint and most coupled paths. The proposed SPXP algorithm reduces the recovery time by ensuring that backup resources are pre‐configured along each backup segment and, hence, is readily available upon a failure. Simulation results for different incremental traffic models and network topologies show that, for most cases, the proposed SPXP exhibits better performance in terms of blocking probability, resource usage, and recovery time compared with existing protection schemes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reconfiguration and Dynamic Load Balancing in Broadcast WDM Networks*

In optical WDM networks, an assignment of transceivers to channels implies an allocation of the bandwidth to the various network nodes. Intuition suggests, and our recent study has confirmed, that if the traffic load is not well balanced across the available channels, the result is poor network performance. Hence, the time-varying conditions expected in this type of environment call for mechanisms that periodically adjust the bandwidth allocation to ensure that each channel carries an almost equal share of the corresponding offered load. In this paper we study the problem of dynamic load balancing in broadcast WDM networks by retuning a subset of transceivers in response to changes in the overall traffic pattern. Assuming an existing wavelength assignment and some information regarding the new traffic demands, we present two approaches to obtaining a new wavelength assignment such that (a) the new traffic load is balanced across the channels, and (b) the number of transceivers that need to be retuned is minimized. The latter objective is motivated by the fact that tunable transceivers take a non-negligible amount of time to switch between wavelengths during which parts of the network are unavailable for normal operation. Furthermore, this variation in traffic is expected to take place over larger time scales (i.e., retuning will be a relatively infrequent event), making slowly tunable devices a cost effective solution. Our main contribution is a new approximation algorithm for the load balancing problem that provides for tradeoff selection, using a single parameter, between two conflicting goals, namely, the degree of load balancing and the number of transceivers that need to be retuned. This algorithm leads to a scalable approach to reconfiguring the network since, in addition to providing guarantees in terms of load balancing, the expected number of retunings scales with the number of channels, not the number of nodes in the network.     

Models,Complexity and Algorithms for the Design of Multi-fiber WDM Networks

In this paper, we study multi-fiber optical networks with wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). We extend the definition of the well-known Wavelength Assignment Problem (WAP) to the case of k fibers per link and w wavelengths per fiber, generalization that we will call (k,w)-WAP. We develop a new model for the (k,w)-WAP based on conflict hypergraphs. Furthermore, we consider two natural optimization problems that arise from the (k,w)-WAP: minimizing the number of fibers k given a number of wavelengths w, on one hand, and minimizing w given k, on the other. We develop and analyze the practical performance of two methodologies based on hypergraph coloring.     

WDM智能光网络与IP业务

详细分析了 ＷＤＭ光网络的结构以及联网技术的演进过程，对如何压扁网络层次，实现ＩＰ直接ｏｖｅｒ ＷＤＭ，发挥 ＷＤＭ光传送网的巨大带宽优势进行了研究，提出 ＭＰＬＳ是当前解决 ＩＰ层与光层的融合以及跨层管理问题的关键技术。     

WDM光传送网的设计与操作

综述一WDM光传送网的设计和操作问题，首先介绍了一些基本概念，然后给出了有关WDM光传送网的不同问题及其设计方法，最后描述了对WDM光传送网进行操作的一此算法。     

Design and evaluation of scheduling algorithms for TDM/WDM PON based on RSOA

This paper presents a scalable and costeffective hybrid time division multiplexing (TDM)/wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) passive optical network (PON), in which reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs) are used as optical network units (ONUs) and a shared tunable laser and photoreceiver stack locate at the optical line terminal (OLT). Especially,tunable transmitters are not only shared by all ONUs, but also used for both upstream and downstream transmissions. To solve resource contention problem and provide and the ONUs, two novel algorithms are proposed to manipulate the wavelength accessibility and the burst scheduling. The performance of both algorithms in terms of the average packet end-to-end delay and throughput were simulated and evaluated.     

Virtual Source Based Multicast Routing in WDM Optical Networks

Wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) networks using wavelength-routing are considered to be potential candidates for the next generation wide-area backbone networks. Multicasting is the ability to transmit information from a single source node to multiple destination nodes and is becoming an important requirement in high-speed networks. As WDM technology matures and multicast applications become increasingly popular, supporting multicast routing at the WDM layer becomes an important and yet a challenging topic. This paper concerns with the problem of optical multicast routing in WDM networks. A few nodes in the network may have wavelength conversion and/or splitting capabilities. In this paper, a new multicast tree construction algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is based on a concept called virtual source. A virtual source is a node having both the splitting and wavelength conversion capabilities. By exploiting the presence of virtual source nodes, the proposed algorithm achieves improved performance. To further improve the performance, the algorithm assigns priorities to nodes based on their capabilities. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified through extensive simulation experiments.     

波分复用星形单跳网的波长二次重用扩容

有限的数据信道波长数严格限制着波分复用星形单跳网容量.对此,本文提出了一种波长二次重用和多耦合器内连相结合的组网扩容方法.和常规波分复用星形网相比,该方法不但将网络所支持的节点数增加两倍;而且网络的所有数据信道波长都得到二次重用,网络最大吞吐量也增加两倍;在网络节点数不变的条件下,通过波长的二次重用,可大大减小网络中通信节点的排队时延,缓和各通信节点对数据信道波长使用权的竞争矛盾,有效地改善网络性能.此外,该方法结构简单,易于实施.     

基于半导体光放大器的波长转换技术 及其在WDM 全光网络中的应用

本文在简单地介绍了各种波长转换技术之后,对基于半导体光放大器的交叉增益调制,交叉相位调制,以及四波混频效应的波长转换技术进行了深入地分析,为了阐明波长转换技术在WDM全光网络的中的应用,研究了一种分析模型。     

Design methodology for WDM backbone networks using FWM-aware heuristic algorithm

The problem of lightpath topology design (LTD) and traffic routing over the lightpaths for wavelength-routed optical backbone networks has been investigated extensively in the past using heuristic as well as linear-programming based approaches. Sensitivity of such long-haul backbones to physical-layer impairments is required to be adequately addressed during LTD phase to improve overall performance. For optical communication using wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) over a long-haul fiber backbone, four-wave mixing (FWM) may become one of the significant transmission impairments. Intrinsically, for a WDM-based wavelength-routed network with wavelengths assigned using equally-spaced channels, the generated FWM components are found to remain more crowded at the center of the fiber transmission window. Using this observation, we propose an LTD scheme employing a unique wavelength assignment (WA) technique, wherein long lightpaths (traversing through a larger number of fiber links) are allocated wavelengths at the either edges of the fiber transmission window whereas short lightpaths (consisting of fewer fiber links) are placed in the middle of the transmission window, thereby reducing the FWM crosstalk for long lightpaths. Since long lightpaths comprise of large numbers of fiber links and intermediate nodes, they experience large amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and switch crosstalk. Therefore, by using the proposed WA technique, long lightpaths while suffering from more ASE noise and switch crosstalk get subjected to lesser FWM crosstalk leading to a more uniform distribution of overall optical signal-to-noise ratio for all the lightpaths across the network. Analysis of our results indicates that the proposed FWM-aware LTD scheme with the novel WA technique can achieve similar congestion levels (of lightpaths) and bandwidth utilization efficiency without any need of additional network resources as compared with the existing FWM-unaware LTD schemes.