基于营运资金信息匹配平台的供应链金融动态折扣决策研究

当前逐渐受到实业界关注的一种新型供应链金融模式是基于营运资金信息匹配平台的动态折扣。本文针对两级供应链的动态折扣决策问题进行建模,揭示了动态折扣的应用对于改善供应链参与方现金流的影响机理。首先通过考虑供需双方动态折扣的独立决策,得出日折扣率的边界条件、双方效用最大时的日折扣率、买方混合还款方式下营运资金的最优准备方案和最低边界值;其次考虑供需双方动态折扣的最优决策,推导出在不同折扣率和利率关系下的最优还款策略,研究表明动态折扣可以明显提升供需双方的利润情况。     

折扣支付部分拖后供给量的易变质物品经济批量模型

在假定备运期间费用函数为备运时间一般函数的前提下,将备运期和折扣率作为决策变量,建立了折扣支付部分拖后供给量的易变质物品经济批量模型,给出了寻求最优备运期、最优折扣率及最优订购周期的简单方法,并给出了参数的灵敏度分析和应用实例.     

基于销售商串货的供应链利润模型

为分析供应商采用数量折扣作为激励机制后,销售商串货对供应链整体利润及成员利润的影响,研究一个供应商和两个销售商组成的供应链,构造销售商无串货和串货两个Stackelberg博弈利润模型,通过模型推导确定供应商和销售商的最优决策,并用数值实验分析折扣率、销售成本与制造成本等参数的变化对无串货和串货两种情形下供应链整体利润差值和成员利润差值的影响.研究结果表明:在一定折扣率区间内串货能同时提高供应链整体利润及成员利润.因此,供应商作为供应链主导方,可通过设置不同折扣率调控销售商的串货行为,实现供应链整体利润及成员利润的提高.     

基于价格可变的占线优惠卡问题及其竞争分析

优惠卡问题是租赁问题的一个推广,已往的研究都是考虑只存在一种优惠活动的情况,并给出最优的单阀值购买策略。在本文中,则考虑更接近实际的情况,即存在多种优惠活动的问题,给出了当所有优惠卡价格在有界范围内的双阀值购买策略,分别给出了其竞争比上下界。最后,通过数值分析说明优惠卡价格和折扣率对消费者购买策略和竞争比的影响。     

供应商资金约束的绿色供应链融资策略研究

在含有单一资金约束供应商和单一零售商的二级供应链中,研究了供应商绿色产品的投入和融资策略,对比分析了银行信贷单一融资渠道和零售商提前支付部分货款与银行信贷的混合融资渠道下,供应商和零售商的运营和融资决策.研究表明,银行信贷单一融资渠道更能激励供应商提高产品的绿色水平和零售商的订购量;而当给定合适的批发价折扣率,零售商提前支付下的混合融资渠道可以实现零供双方的Pareto最优利润,并且,随着生产成本的增加,相对零售商而言,混合融资为供应商创造了更多利润.     

分段研究“薄利多销”问题

本文是2019年全国大学生数学建模E题后续研究,根据前期出现的一些不足之处,从数据本身入手,按照不同时期的数据特征,重点分析折扣率对销售额的影响情况,分析薄利多销带给商场的不同变化,并进一步分析了折扣率与商场盈利之间的关系,给出了切实可行的经营理念和营销策略,即"薄利多销"必须要依据经营环境准确把控折扣力度,商场要迎合大众消费心理,聚拢商场人气,商场经营要有大局观、做好宣传造势.     

可替代产品环境下基于数量折扣的供应链协调研究

研究一个供应商和一个零售商基于数量折扣的两种可替代产品供应链协调问题,建立以供应商为主导的可替代产品数量折扣Stackelberg博弈模型,并将数量折扣模型与一体化和非一体化情形作对比,分析产品折扣率和替代率的变化对供应链的影响.研究结果表明虽然整个供应链利润随折扣率和产品可替代程度的增加而增加,但只是增加了处于主导地位供应商的利润,降低了零售商的利润;在实际运营中,供应商需要考虑销售返利或其它转移支付手段将利润一部分转移给零售商来实现基于数量折扣的供应链协调.     

多台机器流水作业中存在调整时间的Lot—streaming问题

多台机器流水作业的Lot-streaming问题（简称LS）,以往的研究都不考虑调整时间,固定分批数,寻找最优分批大小;本文对机器引入调整时间,研究同时决定最优分批数及分批大小,并给出了相应最优算法。     

复合Poisson 模型带比例与固定交易费用的最优分红与注资

研究了复合Poisson 模型带比例与固定费用的最优分红与注资问题. 每次分红与注资时, 存在比例及固定的交易费用. 通过控制分红与注资的时刻以及分红及注资量,实现破产前分红减注资的折现期望的最大化. 由于存在固定交易费用, 问题为一个脉冲控制问题. 根据问题的参数不同, 问题的解可分为两大类. 一类解为只进行最优分红不需要注资, 而另一类情况需要注资. 需要注资时, 最优注资策略由最优注资上界以及最优注资下界描述. 当赤字小于最优注资下界的绝对值时, 进行注资. 最后, 在理赔为指数分布时明确地给出了两类共七种最优策略以及值函数的形式. 从而彻底地解决了该问题.     

古诺竞争条件下分权组织企业的技术许可策略

在最终产品市场存在古诺竞争的条件下,构建了拥有成本降低型技术创新的分权组织企业的技术许可博弈模型.利用动态博弈的逆向归纳求解方法,分析了固定费用许可和纯产量提成许可两种许可机制.研究结果表明:非显著创新下的最优策略取决于创新规模的大小,显著创新下的最优策略为固定费用许可.最后,对集权和分权两种组织结构下的最优许可策略做了比较分析.     

允许缺货且带数量折扣的腐烂物质库存模型

在短缺量拖后率是等待时间的负指数函数、订购成本是批量的线性函数的条件下,建立了带数量折扣的腐烂物质库存模型,目标是优化总平均利润.在给定销售价格的情况下,证明了库存系统的最优补货策略存在且唯一;且若采用最优补货策略,平均利润函数是销售价格的凹函数;最后给出了模型的算法,并用数值例子说明了模型和算法的有效性.     

考虑线下渠道时销售商在团购网站上的最优销售策略研究

基于团购网站和销售商的典型合作模式,考虑了团购网站和线下市场的相互影响,用非线性优化理论为基础以销售商制定团购上限和团购项目定价为决策变量,考虑团购价格和最低团购数量的约束条件,建立模型优化,求解出销售商推出团购项目的最优策略。考虑到团购网站下限和团购网站销售成本以及网上销售的广告效用,分析了销售商是否应该制定团购上限,如何结合团购项目定价制定团购上限。探讨了在线低价限量销售的优势,以及顾客转移购买率和团购下限对销售商策略选择的影响。通过和单一线下渠道的最优销售策略相比较,得出销售商推出团购项目的前提条件。同时为团购网站运营商如何引导销售商推出低价团购项目提供了管理启示。     

An EOQ model for perishable products with discounted selling price and stock dependent demand

A single item economic order quantity model is considered in which the demand is stock dependent. After a certain time the product starts to deteriorate and due to visualization effect and other aspects of deterioration the demand becomes constant. In that situation a discount on selling price provides significant increment in demand rate. In this paper we investigate how much discount on selling price may be given during deterioration to maximize the profit per unit time and whether a pre-deterioration discount affects the unit profit or not. A mathematical model is developed incorporating both pre- and post deterioration discounts on unit selling price, where analytical results reveal some important characteristics of discount structure. A numerical example is presented and sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out.     

On optimal service capacity allocation policy in an advance selling environment in continuous time

Based on some general reasonable assumptions, this paper employs the techniques of calculus of variations and optimal control theory to derive 10 main propositions associated with a service provider who aims at maximizing the present value of revenues/profits over a planning horizon in continuous time. Employing an aggregate pricing-response function that is dependent on excess capacity and a convex service cost formulation, the results show that (i) for a zero discount rate and unanticipated competitive entry, units of service capacity are allocated evenly over time, (ii) for a zero discount rate and anticipated competitive entry, units of allocated service capacity are increasing over time, (iii) for a positive discount rate and unanticipated competitive entry, units of allocated service capacity are decreasing over time, and (iv) for a positive discount rate and anticipated competitive entry, units of allocated service capacity are increasing over time, or are decreasing at first then increasing later. In addition, the questions of how deep a service firm should advance sell, whether advance selling is optimal in continuous time, and whether excess capacity could be an optimal strategy have been addressed. Furthermore, related sensitivity analyses are performed and endpoint constraints together with alternative shapes of the service-cost function are discussed. The managerial implications of the study’s results have been demonstrated.     

E-retailing of restaurant services: pricing strategies in a competing online environment

Establishing online channels and providing online discounts by building business partner relationships with third-party websites have emerged as important and effective marketing strategies in the restaurant industry. This study examines the optimal pricing strategy of restaurants in a competing environment when they participate in this relationship with a third-party website. Results suggest that neither participation nor online price discount should be encouraged for all restaurants. In particular, for a restaurant with a fixed service capacity, participation and online price discount are recommended when the number of offline loyal customers is relatively small. With the increase in the number of loyal offline customers, the optimal online discount rate decreases, whereas the unit commission fee for the third-party website remains constant. When the optimal discount rate reaches zero, the optimal decision for the restaurant is to decrease the unit commission fee. Based on these findings, this study analytically provides the optimal pricing strategies for restaurants and the corresponding boundaries for the strategy set.     

Optimal dynamic pricing of inventories with stochastic demand and discounted criterion

We consider a continuous time dynamic pricing problem for selling a given number of items over a finite or infinite time horizon. The demand is price sensitive and follows a non-homogeneous Poisson process. We formulate this problem as to maximize the expected discounted revenue and obtain the structural properties of the optimal revenue function and optimal price policy by the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. Moreover, we study the impact of the discount rate on the optimal revenue function and the optimal price. Further, we extend the problem to the case with discounting and time-varying demand, the infinite time horizon problem. Numerical examples are used to illustrate our analytical results.     

Service outsourcing under co-opetition and information asymmetry

Co-opetition refers to the phenomenon that firms simultaneously cooperate and compete in order to maximize their profits. This paper studies the contracting for an outsourcing supply chain (a user company vs. a service provider) in the presence of co-opetition and information asymmetry. The user company outsources part of his service capacity at a discount price to the service provider for sale. The service provider charges a commission for doing outsourcing work and competes with the user company for the service capacity to satisfy their respective demands. We solve for the service provider’s optimal commission decision and the user company’s optimal outsourcing decisions (outsourcing volume and price discount) when the user company has private information about his service capacity. Specifically, we highlight the following observations. For the service provider, a menu of two-part tariffs that consist of a fixed commission and a per-volume commission can reveal the true type of the user company’s capacity; the user company’s optimal outsourcing proportion is quasi-convex and the optimal price discount is non-decreasing in his capacity volume, which is counterintuitive.     

确定性需求下的最优保理融资与生产策略

企业为下游买方提供赊销,由于大量的资金被应收账款占用,企业可能因资金不足而无法生产足够的产品。企业可以通过保理(出售应收账款)进行融资,减小需求损失。在离散时间多周期的确定需求下,使用决策变量描述各周期的系统状态及其状态转移方程,将此问题建模为线性规划。通过分析此问题的结构特点,再提出了一种新颖且等价的建模方法,可以有效减少决策变量和约束条件的数量。在连续时间模型和混合模型中,这种建模方法同样适用,将优化问题写为连续线性规划,极大地降低了优化问题的复杂度。此连续线性规划问题可通过适当的区间划分进行离散化,用分片常量函数代替优化模型中的一般函数(无限维)决策变量,通过求解有限维线性规划得到原问题的可行近似解。最后,通过数值例子分析了贴现率对企业利润的影响。     

Pricing and lot-sizing for a deteriorating item in a periodic review inventory system with shortages

We consider a single product that is, subject to continuous decay, a multivariate demand function of price and time, shortages allowed and completely backlogged in a periodic review inventory system in which the selling price is allowed to adjust upward or downward periodically. The objective of this paper is to determine the periodic selling price and lot-size over multiperiod planning horizon so that the total discount profit is maximized. The proposed model can be used as an add-in optimizer like an advanced planning system in an enterprise resource planning system that coordinates distinct functions within a firm. Particular attention is placed on investigating the effect of periodic pricing jointly with shortages on the total discount profit. The problem is formulated as a bivariate optimization model solved by dynamic programming techniques coupled with an iterative search process. An intensive numerical study shows that the periodic pricing is superior to the fixed pricing in profit maximization. It also clarifies that shortages strategy can be an effective cost control mechanism for managing deterioration inventory.     

The role of retailer’s performance in optimal wholesale price discount policies

The main goal of this paper is to model the effects of wholesale price control on manufacturer’s profit, taking explicitly into account the retailer’s sales motivation and performance. We consider a stylized distribution channel where a manufacturer sells a single kind of good to a single retailer. Wholesale price discounts are assumed to increase the retailer’s motivation thus improving sales. We study the manufacturer’s profit maximization problem as an optimal control model where the manufacturer’s control is the discount on wholesale price and retailer’s motivation is one of the state variables. In particular in the paper we prove that an increasing discount policy is optimal for the manufacturer when the retailer is not efficient while efficient retailers may require to decrease the trade discounts at the end of the selling period. Computational experiments point out how the discount on wholesale price passed by the retailer to the market (pass-through) influences the optimal profit of the manufacturer.